Biology 2

Exam 4 Lecture Packet

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Vertebrate Adaptations

Chordate Evolution:

Key Fish Characteristics

All:

Most:

Classification:

Modes of Reproduction:

Ovuliparous:

Oviparous:

Ovoviviparous:

Viviparous:

Fish Classification:

Superclass: Agnatha

Hagfish:

Lamprey:

Superclass: Gnathostomata

Class: Chondrichthyes

Subclass: Elasmobranchii

Sharks:

Order: Lamniformes (16 species)

Order: Carcharhiniformes (210 species)

Order: Orectolobiniformes (44 species)

Order Rajiformes (Skates)

Order Myliobatiformes (Rays)

Subclass: Holocephali

Osteichthyes

Class: Sarcopterygii

Class: Actinopterygii

Basic anatomy

Fish Classification

Class: Sarcopterygii

Coelocanths

Lungfish

Class: Actinopterygii

Infraclass: Holostei

Infraclass: Teleostei

Superorder: Osteoglossomorpha

Superorder: Elopomorpha

Superorder: Clupeiformorpha

Superorder: Ostariphysi

Superorder: Protacanthopterygii

Superorder: Stomiatii

Superorder: Scopelomorpha

Superorder: Acanthopterygii

Origin of Tetrapods

Advantages of Terrestriality

Lungs and Double Circulatory System

Nasal Openings

Body Density

Girdles

Pectoral

Pelvic

Vertebrae

Ribs

Skull and Neck

Cervical vertebrae

Second vertebrae

“Fishapod” – Tiktaalik

Fish Features:

Tetrapod Features:

Class: Amphibia

Order: Urodela

Order: Anurans

Order: Apodans

Evolution of the Amniotic Egg

Amnion:

Yolk Sac

Albumin:

Allantois:

Chorion:

How Reptiles Differ from Amphibians

Reptile Classes:

Anapsids:

Synapsids:

Diapsids:

Class: Testidunes (Chelonia)

Class: Sphenodontia

Class: Squamata

Lizards:

Snakes:

Feeding Adaptations

Class: Crocodilia

Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs

Animal Circulation and Gas Exchange

Circulation in Animals

Gastrovascular Cavity

Open Circulatory Systems

Closed Circulatory Systems

Cardiovascular Systems

Heart:

Arteries:

Arterioles:

Capillaries:

Venules:

Veins:

Circulation in Invertebrates:

Clam:

Worm:

Crayfish

Circulation Patterns

Evolution of the Vertebrate Heart

Two Chambers:

Two Chambers plus Septa:

Three Chambers:

Four Chambers:

Human Heart

Anterior and Posterior Vena Cava

Right Atria

Atrioventricular (AV) Valve (tricuspid)

Right Ventricle

Semilunar Valve

Pulmonary Arteries

Lungs

Pulmonary Veins

Left Atria

Atrioventricular (AV) Valve (bicuspid)

Left Ventricle

Semilunar Valve

Aorta

Body

Circulatory Schemes

Cardiac Cycle:

Diastole Atrial Systole Ventricular Systole

Contract

Valves

Time

Function

Cardiac Output:

Two Factors:

Average Human:

Cardiac Control:

Annelids and Mollusks:

Arthropods:

Vertebrates:

Control of Heart Rhythm:

Sinoatrial node:

Atrioventricular node:

Blood Vessels:

Vessels:

Arteries:

Veins:

Capillaries:

Lymphatic System:

Interchange of Fluids

Hydrostatic Pressure:

Osmotic Pressure:

Mammalian Blood Composition:

Plasma Cellular Elements:

Erythrocytes:

Leukocytes:

Platelets:

Blood Clotting:

Blood Pressure:

Systolic:

Diastolic:

Cardiovascular Disease:

Hypertension:

Heart Attack:

Stroke:

Atherosclerosis:

Arteriosclerosis:

LDL’s

HDL’s

Cardiovascular “Surgeries”

Angiogram:

Angioplasty

Stents:

Bypass Surgery:

Gas Exchange

Conditions for Respiratory Surfaces:

Aquatic vs. Terrestrial Habitats

Respiratory Surfaces

Cutaneous Respiration:

Gills:

Countercurrent Gas Exchange:

Tracheal Systems:

Tracheae:

Spiracles:

Tracheoles:

Muscle:

Lungs:

Diffusion:

Ventilation Lungs:

Diffusion Lungs:

Ventilation Lungs:

Ventilating the Lung

Avian Respiration:

Breathing Control

Oxygen Transportation:

Carbon Dioxide Transportation:

Deep Diving Mammals

The Body Defenses

Innate Immunity:

Acquired Immunity

Innate Immunity

In Invertebrates:

In Vertebrates:

Barrier Defenses:

Internal Defenses:

Phagocytic White Blood Cells

Neutrophils:

Monocytes:

Eosinophils:

The Inflammatory Response

Antimicrobial Proteins

Compliment System:

Interferon:

Natural Killer Cells:

Acquired Immunity - Lymphocytes

B Cells:

T Cells:

Epitopes:

Antigen Recognition by Lymphocytes

B Cells:

T Cells:

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Class I MHC

Class IIMHC

Immune Response

Primary Immune Response:

Secondary Immune Response:

Immune Responses:

Humoral Immunity:

Cell-Mediated Immunity:

Responses to Nearly all Antigens

Helper T Cells:

Cell-mediated Responses

Cytotoxic T Cells:

A Response to Extracellular Pathogens

B Cells:

Plasma B Cells:

Memory B Cells:

Antibodies

Immunity in Health and Disease

Acquired Immunity:

Passive Immunity:

Abnormal Immune Function:

HIV Infection – an example