Class Instructions

• Get out your Unit 3 packet and turn to page 27 to check your work

Paragraph 1

• 1. The wealth and power had declined.• 2. It was too expensive- the pharaohs could

not collect enough taxes.• 3. They used their government positions to

take power away from the pharaoh.

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1. The Old Kingdom had fallen by 2200 BC.2. Local nobles battled each other for power.3. People faced economic hardship and famine.

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1. Mentuhotep II defeated his rivals and united Egypt.

2. It created the period of the Middle Kingdom where order and stability lasted until around 1750.

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1. A group from southwest Asia called the Hyksos invaded.

2. They conquered lower Egypt through the use of horses, chariots, and advanced weapons. They ruled for 200 years.

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1. They did not like it.2. They disliked having to pay taxes to a foreign

ruler.3. Ahmose of Thebes is important because he

drove the Hyksos out of Egypt and became the next king.

The New Kingdom

• The New Kingdom of Egypt is most remembered as a time of great wealth, power, and prosperity for Egypt.

Building an Empire

• During the New Kingdom the leaders of Ancient Egypt turned Egypt into an empire to prevent future invasions. They first conquered the Hyksos and continued their invasions of other lands until they controlled all of the eastern shore of the Mediterranean. By the 1400s Egypt’s vast empire stretched from the Euphrates river to southern Nubia. This vast kingdom made Egypt rich, and other nations added to their wealth by offering gifts to prevent the Egyptians from conquering them.

Growth and its Effects on Trade

• Trade routes• Examples: turquoise & copper• Queen Hatshepsut first female pharaoh of

Egypt. She sent traders out throughout the Mediterranean to trade with new nations. She used the wealth from trade to support the arts and architecture.

Pharaoh Hatshepsut: Promoter of Egyptian Trade

• Ruled from 1473-1458 B.C.E• First female pharaoh- art & architecture flourished,

encouraged trade along the Nile into the Middle East• Greatest trade mission was to the African Kingdom of

Punt• Gained and kept power by having loyal advisors,

demanded respect• Sometimes represented herself as a male and spread

stories her father was a god• Stunning monument of her reign- great temple at Dayr

al-Bahri, temple flanked by obelisks, and the entrance lined with 2000 sphinx statues

Invasions of Egypt• Ramses the Great- one of the longest reigning pharaohs in history,

fought the Hittites, created the world’s first peace treaty with the Hittites to create an alliance

• Invasions by the Tehenu- this group invaded the Nile delta area, Ramses II also fought these, built a series of forts to protect this area from future invasions

• Invasions by the Sea People- Strong warriors that attacked after the death of Ramses II, took the Egyptians 50 years to defeat them

• The End of the New Kingdom- After multiple invasions the New Kingdom ended leaving Egypt in a period of violence and disorder. Never again would Egypt be as power as it was during this time.

Pharaoh Ramses II: Military Leader and Master Builder

• Ruled from 1290-1224 B.C.E. during the New Kingdom• Known as Ramses the Great- one of the most famous

pharaohs, ruled for over 60 years• Military leadership and numerous monuments• Over 100 wives and more than 100 children• Build hundreds of statues of himself, some more than 60

feet tall• Fearless solider, led as a captain at the age of 10• Famous campaigns against the Hittites• Was a peacemaker- signed first peace treaty with the

Hittites

8.6 Continued

• Temple Complex of Abu Simbel was most impressive project- four giant statues of Ramses framed the entrance (some of the finest examples of Egyptian art)

• Inside the temple were 3 large rooms, called Halls, alter contained statues of Ramses and Gods

• Built so once a year beams of sunlight would shine and light up the halls and statues

• Built more temples and monuments than any other pharaoh in history

• He is one of the best preserved mummies ever found

Tablet of treaty between Hattusili III of Hatti and Ramesses II of Egypt, at the Istanbul Archaeology Museum

Scribes

• Other than Priest and Government Officials most honored

• Worked for Government & Temples• Did not have to pay taxes• Many were wealthy

Artisans, Artist, & Architects

• Required advanced skills• Most artisans worked for the government or

temples where they made statues, furniture, jewelry, pottery, footwear, and other items

• Architects designed the temples and royal tombs.

• Artist- worked in the temples often painting detailed works

Soldiers

• Were part of Egypt’s permanent army• Were paid in land and spoils of war• Could excel and be promoted into officer

positions

Farmers

• Bottom of social scale, made up largest part of population- 80%

• Farmed the land with plows and wooden hoes• Paid taxes to the Pharaoh in the form of goods• In off season had to complete “special duty”

work for the pharaoh

Slaves

• Lowest class• Worked on farms, building projects, and in

households• Had some legal rights and sometimes could

earn freedom

Family Life

• Married young- children were important• Egyptian women typically stayed home and raised their

families• Some did work outside of the home as priestess,

administrators, and artisans• Women had more rights in Egypt than in other parts of the

ancient world- own property, make contracts, & divorce• Children played with toys, enjoyed sports & hunting• Most all boys received an education but left at 14 to enter

an apprenticeship under their father