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4. RESULTS
4.1 Biochemical composition of fresh seaweeds
The biochemical composition of seven species of seaweeds viz, Ulva lactuca,
U reticulata, Caulerpa racemosa, C.scalpellzformis, Padina tetrastromatica,
Sargassum ilicfolium and Gracilaria corticata was studied in the present
investigation. Different parameters like protein, carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid,
nitrogen, carbon, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, crude fibre, ash, caloricity
and dry weight were analysed and the average values obtained are given in Table 2.
Among the different species, Sargassurn ilic?folium registered the highest
protein (349 mg g) and carbohydrate value (421.61 mg g 1 ). In the case of lipid,
Padina teirastromatica showed the highest value of 107.20 mg g' which was closely
followed by Sargassum ilicfolium (84.80 mg gd ). The lowest values of protein and
carbohydrate were recorded in Caulerpa racemosa. The lowest lipid value (29.40 mg
g') was observed in Caulerpa scalpellformis. On the contrary, the highest value of
amino acid was present in C.racemosa closely followed by C.scalpelliformis and Ulva
laciuca.
Sargassum iIicf hum showed the highest nitrogen content of 49.32 mg
while the lowest 9.2 mg g' was recorded in C.racemosa. Carbon and potassium
content of Gracilaria corticata registered uniformly higher values when compared to
other species. Highest values of calcium (132.0 mg g') and magnesium (55.0 mg g)
were exhibited by U.reticulaia and S.i1ic1olium respectively. Whereas highest value
30
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of sodium was recorded in C.scalpellformis. Urecticulata and P.ietrastromatica
registered the highest crude fibre and ash content respectively. From the present
observation, the caloricity value recorded for S.ilicfolium was the highest
(10.229 KJ g'). A dry weight of 12.00, 11.50 and 11.25 mg g' was recorded in
P.tetrastrornatica, Ulactuca and C.scalpellformis respectively.
4.2 Decomposition experiments
All the seven species of seaweeds chosen for the present study were
decomposed in the coastal water to investigate the in situ variation caused by their
biochemical constituents. Similarly, experiments on the aerobic decomposition of all
the seven species of seaweeds in fresh water were also studied under laboratory
conditions.
4.2.1 Decomposition in coastal water
The weekly variations observed in the protein content of the four species of
green seaweeds are shown in Figure 1. Freshly collected seaweeds of U.lactuca,
U.reticulala, C.racemosa and C.scalpellformis registered a protein content of 120,
150, 60 and 100 mg g' respectively. With advancing period of decomposition, the
protein content of seaweeds was observed to show gradual increment up to the end of
the 6t11 week for U.lactuca (310mg g) and U.reticulala (410 mg g- 1 ), the 7th week for
C.scalpellformis (320 mg g 1 ) and the 8th week for C.racemosa (260 mg g'). Figure 2
shows the weekly variations observed in the protein content of one species of red
seaweed (G.cortica(a) and two species of brown seaweeds (P.tetratstromatica and
S.ilicfoliuni). Freshly collected seaweeds of G.corticata, P.tetrastromatica and
S. ilicifoliurn recorded a protein content of 156, 264 and 349 mg g' respectively. With
31
4501400
350
300
a' 250
200c 150
'6 100U)
50
0
0
-.-- Ulactuca
—s— U.reticulata
—e— C.racemosa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
WEEK
Fig 1. Changes in the Protein content of Ova reticulata, U.lactuca, Caulerpa racemosaand C.sca1pe1I/'ormis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the coastalwater (field)
_._700
GracilariaI---Padina
600 rgassum
L" 500
400
L
a-0
WEEK
Fig 2. Changes in the Protein content of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassum iicqfolium,Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in the coastalwater (field)
the progress of decomposition, the protein content was found to show gradual
increment upto the 6th week in the case of P.tetrastromatica (456 mg g') and the 8th
week for G.corlicata (380 mg g) and S.ilicfolium (628 mg g1).
In the case of carbohydrate, there was a decline in the concentration from the
very beginning to the end of the experiment in all the seven seaweeds. However it was
a steady decline in both the species of Caulerpa and Gracilaria corticata (Fig. 3 and
Fig. 4). The lipid level of all the species of seaweeds also exhibited a steady decline
(Fig. 5 and Fig. 6). Amino acid content of the decomposed seaweeds showed weekly
variations with increase up to the end of the 6th week for Ureticulata and for both the
species of Caulerpa, the 7th week for P.tetrastromatica and the 8th week for
U.Iactuca G.corticata and S.ilicfolium (Fig. 7 and Fig. 8).
The nitrogen content of these seaweeds steadily increased from the beginning
of the decomposition (Fig. 9 and Fig. 10) up to the end of the 6th week in the case of
U.lactuca (47.69 mg g'), U.reticulata (63.08 mg g') and P.tetrastromatica
(70.15 mg g1 ), the 7th week in C.scalpellzformis (49.20 mg g1 ), and the 81h week in
C.racemosa (40.00 mg gd), G.corticata (58.42 mg g) and S.ilicifolium
(92.35 mg g').
The converse (declining trend) was true in the case of carbon even though it
was erratic during different stages of decomposition (Fig. 11 and Fig. 12). C/N ratio
of the seven seaweeds steadily declined from the start of the experiment (Fig. 1 3 and
Fig. 14). Caloricity of the decomposed seaweeds showed an increasing trend upto
week for both the species of Ova, 91h week for C.racemosa and 81h week for rest of
32
- T -_UIactuca
---- U.reticulata
—1a--C.racemosa
is
350
300
.' 250
200
co 500
0
•1 - - 1 Ir
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
WEEK
Fig 3. Changes in the Carbohydrate content of Ova reficulata, U.Iactuca, Caulerparacemosa and C.scalpelljformis observed during different weeks ofdecomposition in the coastal water (field)
450
400
• 350V•7, 300
250
. 200
150
100
50
0
.—e--Gracilaria
---Padina
Sargassum
------
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
WEEK
Fig 4. Changes in the Carbohydrate content of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassumiicj[olium, Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in thecoastal water (field)
—o--Uiactuca70
—.—U.reticulata60 C.racemosa
E 30
CL
WEEK
Fig S. Changes in the Lipid content of Ova reticulata, U.lactuca, Caulerpa racemosaand C.scalpelljformis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the coastalwater (field)
8 9 10
120
100
? 80
0)a)E:2 40a.-J
20
0 -0 1 2 3
—.--Gracilana
-g--- Padina
L-- Sargassum
• 1
4 5 6 7
WEEK
Fig 6. Changes in the Lipid content of Padina teirasiromatica, Sargassum iicjfolium,Gradilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in the coastalwater (field)
-0 100)0)8E
C
0
- .
1 2 3 4 5 6
WEEK
Gracilaria
Padina
Sargassum
L..
7 8 9 10
14
12
HfIM 8
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
WEEK
-- .... -. ----- -- -
.1 -- -
6 7 8 9 10
--U.Iactuca -.
—s-- U.reticulata
-*-- C.racemosa
—e— C.scaipelliformis
Fig 7. Changes in the Amino acid content of Viva reticulata, U.Iactuca, Cauierparacemosa and C.scaIpeIi/'ornus observed during different weeks of decomposition in thecoastal water (field)
Fig 8. Changes in the Amino acid content of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassumi1ic/'oiium, Graciaria corticata observed during the different weeks of decomposition inthe coastal water (field)
-.----U.relicuIata
60 C.racemosa
1^1 50
z 10
I 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
WEEK
Fig 9. Changes in the Nitrogen content of Ulva reficulata, U.lactuca, Caulerpa racemosaand C.scalpe!Iijormis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the coastalwater (field)
100190
80
cam) 30
---Gracilaria 1----Padina
Ii
L_sam
1.) 1- Il --I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
WEEK
-.--- .__ -.-.-...--...- ....--..- .........- .......- ....-- -
Fig 10. Changes in the Nitrogen content of Padina tetrastromatica, SargassumiicfoIium, Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in thecoastal water (field)
--- : .--- .-- . - J-.-- U.Iactuca—a— U.reliculata—e--- C.racemosa
IC.scalpeHiforrnis
450400
.350300
0) 2500)
. 200g 150Co 100o
50 1
0-----.--r-0 1 2 3 4
- - I
5 6 7 8 9 10
WEEK
Fig 11. Changes in the Carbon content of Ulva reficulata, Udacluca, Caulerpa racemosaand C.sca!pelljforinis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the coastalwater (field)
-•--- Gracilaria500-
—D— Padina450 A
250200
I Cc 100
U -1— ------ - - I I - r - -r - V
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
WEEK_-j
Fig 12. Changes in the Carbon content of Padina fetrastromatica, Sargassum iicfo1ium,Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in the coastalwater (field)
20Zj50
10
5
0
DUlactuca
o U.reticulataED C.racemosa IDC.scalpellikrmis
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 TjT1lhuh1],huhh1
Week
Fig 13. Changes in the C : N ratio of Ulva reticulata, U.Iactuca, Caulerpa racemosa andC.scaIpellformis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the coastal water(field)
20 - -- - -- -Gradlaha
OPadina18 16 LwSargaurn
140 12CMDW 10
6flhfl]Week I
Fig 14. Changes in the C : N ratio of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassum iicjfolium,Gradiaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in the coastalwater (field)
the seaweeds (Fig. 15 and Fig. 16). Dry weight of all the seaweeds decreased
gradually at different stages of decomposition (Fig. 17 and Fig. 18).
The amount of potassium showed a declining trend during the first live weeks
of decomposition followed by a fluctuating pattern (Fig. 19 and Fig. 20). In the case
of calcium, there was a sharp decline in the beginning and thereafter a fluctuating
pattern prevailed (Fig. 21 and Fig. 22). The same was true for the magnesium content
in the decomposing seaweeds (Fig. 23 and Fig. 24). The sodium content of the
seaweeds showed a steady decline from the beginning to the end of the study period
(101h week) (Fig. 25 and Fig. 26).
The crude fibre percentage of these seaweeds steadily decreased from the
beginning of the experiment (Fig. 27 and Fig. 28).
In the case of percentage of ash content in the green seaweeds, there was an
increment upto the end of 4th week for U reticulata and C. racemosa, 5th week for
C.sca1pe11formis and 6th week for U.lactuca (Fig. 29). The ash content increased upto
the end of 4th week in P.tetrastromatica, 6th week for S.ilicifolium and 7th week in
G.corlicata and there after declined (Fig. 30).
Correlation observed between the duration of decomposition and values of
biochemical characteristics of seaweed decomposed in coastal water is depicted in
Table 3. Positive correlation was observed between the duration of decomposition and
the protein content but at significant level only in some of the seaweeds. However, a
highly significant positive correlation was observed between the duration of
decomposition and caloricity for most of the species of the seaweeds. Nitrogen and
amino acid contents exhibited a positive correlation with the duration of the
33
-9--U.Iactuca
-6 14 C.scalpelliformis
hl^ 10
I
0.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
WEEK I
......__
Fig 15. Changes in the Calorific value of Ova reticulata, U.Iactuca, Caulerpa racemosaand C.sca!pelljformis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the coastalwater (field)
-•-- Gracilaria
18: -L7- Padina—e—Sargassum
14
121
U -i--- •__l•___ I
0 1 2 3 47 8 9 10
WEEK
Fig 16. Changes in the Calorific value of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassum ilicV'olium,Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in the coastalwater (field)
14 -
12
10
0)a,
04
2
14 . 1—-U1actucaI —o-- U.reticulata
I0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week
L........._ .___ __Fig 17. Changes in the Dry weight of Ova reliculala, U.Iactuca, Caulerpa racemosa andC.scalpelljformis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the coastal water(field)
-.-- Gracilana
-g--- Padina
-*- Sargassum
U - F - ---i--- .1 I -
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week-----..
Fig 18. Changes in the Dry weight of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassum iicjfolium,Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in the coastalwater (field)
- -60
U.1actuca
--a-- U.
50 —*—C.racemosa
._C.scaIpethform40
CM
E 30
0 10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Week
Fig 19. Changes in the Potassium content of U/va reticulala, U.Iactuca, Caulerparacemosa and C.scalpelljformis observed during different weeks of decomposition in thecoastal water (field)
I—.—Gracilaria!120
I—Q—Padina
100 Harssum
Cn
4i
2:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Week
Fig 20. Changes in the Pottasium content of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassumilic?folium, Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in thecoastal water (field)
I 0
120
100ID
80
60E
• 40Co
20
0
—._U.Iactuca - 1
—i—U.reticuIata
-h-- C. racemosa I
—.—C.scalpelhformis I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Week
Fig 21. Changes in the Calcium content of Ulva reticulata, U.Iactuca, Caulerparacemosa and C.scalpelljformis observed during different weeks of decomposition in thecoastal water (field)
120
=. 100
80
60
E 400Coo 20
0 I - .- --. . --; -1-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Week
—-Padina
L---- sargassumj
10 I
Fig 22. Changes in the Calcium content of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassumiicjfolium, Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in thecoastal water (field)
501
y3530
C)g25E 20
10
2 5 ^Il
1—..--U.Iactuca -I —n--- U.reticulata
I —*---C.racemosaC. scalpel liformis
U 1• - --- --- ---- - - --- -- I -- -I - .-.--I-I I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week
Fig 23. Changes in the Magnesium content of Ova reticulala, U.Iactuca, Caulerparacemosa and C.scaIpell/'ormis observed during different weeks of decomposition in thecoastal water (field)
v -r ----------- I
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week
Fig 24. Changes in the Magnesium content of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassumilicijolium, Gradilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in thecoastal water (field)
60
50
- 40C). 30
Eu 20- a)C
0II0 1 2
--- Gracilana
--Padina
L-• Sargassr
160.1
E 60
-- - - -0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week
—.—U.Iactuca
--U.reticuIata
-i-- C. racemosa
—.—C.scalpelliformis._ .........ii
Fig 25. Changes in the Sodium content of Ulva reticulata, U.!actuca, Caulerpa racemosaand C.scalpe!Ijformis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the coastalwater (field)
120
100
80
60
E 40
Cl) 20
010 1 2
J—._--Gracilana
—e--- Padina
I_-h-- Sargassurn
I !
3 4 5 6
Week
7 8 9 10
Fig 26. Changes in the Sodium content of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassumilicjfolium, Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in thecoastal water (field)
5.'4.54I
I1 II3 IVI-
LL 2.5.
2
IE1
6 7 8 9 10
O GracilariaDPadinaOSrgassum
3 4 5Week
10U.Iactuca -0 U.reticulatao C.racemosaLe11iformis
o0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-Week
Fig 27. Changes in the Crude fibre content of Ova reficulata, (I.Iactuca, Caulerparacemosa and C.scalpelljformis observed during different weeks of decomposition in thecoastal water (field)
6J
Fig 28. Changes in the Crude fibre content of Padina fetrastromatica, Sargassumiicjfolium, Gracilaria corficata observed during different weeks of decomposition in thecoastal water (field)
P50 0—ca 7
45 a
ii:::: I
30 C scalpelhformis I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I Week
Fig 29. Changes in the Ash content of Ulva reticulata, U.Iactuca, Caulerpa racemosaand C.sca!peI1formis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the coastalwater (field)
- ---Gracilaria—8—Padina
H -Sargassu J60 -
50
40
:-30U)
20
10
0 -I -i- -- 1 I-.-.-- -I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week
Fig 30. Changes in the Ash fibre content of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassumilicifolium, Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in the
coastal water (field)
Table 3 : Correlation and regression equations obtained for various biochemicalcomponents as a function of experimental period in chosen seaweeds during
decomposition in coastal water (Field)
Biochemical r valueSignificance Regression equation
S.No Species component level (p) Y = a + bX
Ulactuca 0.3870 P> 0.05 Y 236.400+ 10.2182X
Ureticulata 0.1177 P> 0.05 Y194.0000 + 2.5455 X
C.racemosa 0.8381 P <0.01 Y=92.6667± 14.0242 X
1. C.scalpellformis Protein 0.6311 P<0.05 Y146.1333+13.3939X
G.corticata 0.7816 P <0.01 Y140.9333+18.3394 X
P.tetrastromatica 0.0352 P> 0.05 Y=376.8667+0.5879 X
S.ilicfollium 0.6238 p < 0.05 Y386.6667+17.9697 X
Ulactuca -0.9899 p <0.01 Y297.4407-25.0454 X
Ureticulata -0.9872 p <0.01 Y308.876-28.2456 X
C.racemosa -0.9911 P<0.01 Y143.1713-10.4235 X
2. C.scalpellformis Carbohydrate -0.9936 p < 0.01 Y206.0073-12.3452 X
G.corticata -0.9712 P <0.01 Y330.468-32.4505 X
P.tetrastromatica -0.9518 P <0.01 Y=332.2793-15.3990 X
S.ilicfo1lium -0.9858 P <0.01 Y=451.9453-34.9952 X
U.lactuca -0.9839 P <0.01 Y=54.71067-4.6618 X
Ureticulata -0.9646 p <0.01 Y=71.70667-5.2703 X
C.racemosa -0.9685 P <0.01 Y=39.86-2.8964 X
3. C.scalpeIlformis Lipid -0.9887 P <0.01 Y=30.80667-2.1339 X
G.corticata -0.9440 P <0.01 Y39.14667-2.3449 X
P.tetrastromatica -0.9608 p <0.01 Y108.0833-8.5015 X
S.ilicfol1ium -0.9818 P <0.01 Y85.74-5.9873X
Ulactuca 0.3715 P> 0.05 Y5.5401+0.2663X
Ureticulata 0.8677 - P <0.01 Y4.2892+0.6686X
C.racemosa 0.5897 P>0.05 Y6.8762+0.3516X
4. C.sca1pe11formis Amino acid 0.5365 P> 0.05 Y=7.2892+0.3 145X
G.corticata 0.8694 P <0.01 Y3.5729+0.6639X
P.tetrastromatica 0.0394 P> 0.05 Y2.5677+0.0157X
S.ilicfollium 0.0058 P> 0.05 Y5.2089+0.0032X
Ulactuca 0.3871 P>0.05 Y36.3700+1.5725X
Ureticulata 0.2601 P>0.05 Y28.3613+0.7832X
C.racemosa 0.8533 P<0.01 Y13.8133+2.2898X
5. C.sca1pellformis Nitrogen 0.6319 p <0.01 Y22.4580+2.0615X
G.corticata 0.8059 P <0.05 Y=23.8847+2.6702X
P.tetrastromatica 0.0353 P <0.01 y=57.9793+0.0907X
S.ilicfollium ____________ 0.5868 P> 0.05 Y60.8473+2.4476X J
Contd...
Biochemical r valueSignificance Regression equation
S.No Species component level (p) Y = a + bX
Ulaciuca -0.9254 P<O.O1 Y311.56+-14.1709X
Ureiiculaia -0.9492 P <0.01 Y410.5+-27.9982X
C.racemosa -0.8533 P<0.01 Y13.8133+-2.2898X
6. C.scalpellformis Carbon -0.6319 P <0.05 Y=22.458+-2.0615X
G.corticata -0.8059 P <0.01 Y23.8847+-2.6702X
P.tetrastromatica -0.03 53 P> 0.05 Y57.9793+-0.0907X
S.i1icfollium -0.5868 P> 0.05 Y'60.8473+-2.4476X
Ulactuca -0.9377 P <0.01 Y=13.75933-1.1713X
Ureticulata -0.9496 P <0.01 Y15.68867-1.3219X
C.racemosa -0.9594 P <0.01 Y=18.81533-l.5872X
7. C.scalpellformis C:Nratio -0.9425 P<0.01 Y=r14.744671.262lX
G.corticata -0.9874 P < 0.01 Y16.4633-1.1808X
P. tetrastromatica -0.9431 P <0.01 Y7.642-0.403 1X
S.ilic?follium -0.9627 P <0.01 Y6.684-0.4336X
Ulactuca 0.1294 P> 0.05 Y8.1084+0.0557X
Ureticulata 0.4845 P>0.05 Y= 10.4262+0.4403 X
C.racemosaCalorific0.9762 P <0.01 Y6.9030+0.8814X
8. C.scalpellformis value0.8085 P <0.01 Y=7.1285+0.6365X
G.corticata 0.8770 P <0.01 Y6.4447+0.8397X
P.tetrastromatica 0.7711 P <0.01 Y9.8743+0.4944X
S.ilicfollium 0.8597 P <0.01 Y10.9607+0.5263X
Ulactuca -0.976 P <0.01 Y10.4613-0.6999X
Ureticulata -0.4911 P> 0.05 Y10.06-0.7886X
C.racemosa -0.9932 P < 0.01 Y=10.0367-0.6605X
9. C.scalpel1formis Dry weight -0.9966 p <0.01 Y=1 1.5753-0.9957X
G.coriicaia -0.9937 P <0.01 Y5.9667-0.4794X
P.tetrastromatica -0.9898 p < 0.01 Y1 1.7273-0.9468X
S.ilicfol!ium -0.9853 P <0.01 Y7.4153-0.5493X
Ulactuca -0.9035 P <0.01 Y31.9333-3.07879X
Ureticulata -0.8060 P <0.01 Y27.26667-1.77576X
C.racemosa -0.9393 P <0.01 Y27.4667-2.68485X
10. C.scalpellformis Potassium -0.9108 P <0.01 Y33.66667-2.48485X
G.corticata -0.9343 p <0.01 Y74.26667-6.5394X
P.tetrastromatica -0.7224 P <0.05 Y=16.1333-0.8788X
S.ilicfollium -0.8621 P <0.01 Y16.0667-1.4485X
Ulactuca -0.9795 P <0.01 Y1 17.3333-11.2242X
Ureticulata -0.9688 P <0.01 Y1 14.6-11.4909X
C.racemosa -0.8791 p <0.01 Y=32.8667-3.4121 X
11. C.sca1pe1lformis Calcium -0.8433 p <0.01 Y=55.7333-5.0061X
G.corticata -0.9146 P <0.01 Y65.3333-6.4243X
P.tetrastromatica . -0.8696 P <0.01 Y25.9333-1.5333X
9iIicfo1liun -0.9714 P <0.01 Y52-4.7091X
Contd...
S.No SpeciesBiochemical r value
Significance Regression equationcomponent level (p) V = a + bX
U.lactuca -0.9225 P <0.01 Y=26.6-1 .9455X
Ureticulata -0.8295 P <0.01 Y31.4667-2.2667X
C.racemosa -0.7166 P <0.05 Y24.6-1.2364X
12. C.scalpell?formis Magnesium -0.8942 P <0.01 Y=35.3333-2.7879X
G.corticata -0.8416 P <0.01 Y=26.4-1.3091X
P.tetrastromatica -0.8437 P < 0.01 Y36.6-2.5091X
S.ilicfollium -0.9708 p <0.01 Y=50.9333-4.0061X
U.lactuca -0.9915 p <0.01 Y56.7333-4.60606X
Ureticulata -0.9940 p <0.01 Y61.8667-4.77576X
C.racemosa -0.9928 P<0.01 Y91.5333-6.5696X
13. C.scalpellformis Sodium -0.9890 P <0.01 Y135.7333-8.91515X
G.corticata -0.9973 p <0.01 Y96.8-7.03636X
P.tetrastromatica -0.9943 p <0.01 Y89.5333-6.15152X
S.ilicjfollium -0.9982 p <0.01 Y77.6667-6.33939X
U/act uca -0.9840 p <0.01 Y=4.26867-0.32358X
U.reticulata -0.9917 P<0.01 Y5.57933-0.49515X
C.racemosa -0.9957 P <0.01 Y1.97667-0.15903X
14. C.scalpellformis Crude fibre -0.9874 p <0.01 Y1.554-0.1307X
G.corticata -0.9354 p <0.01 Y=2.10467-0.1847X
P.tetrastromatica -0.9551 p <0.01 Y4.0467-0.4176X
S.i/icfo11ium -0.9479 p <0.01 Y2.686-0.2771X
U/act uca -0.5379 P> 0.05 Y35.5807-0.0578X
Ureuiculata -0.7735 P <0.01 Y37.934-2.6758X
C.racemosa -0.7291 p <0.05 Y39.0 127-1.51 70X
15. C.scalpellformis Ash -0.8631 p <0.01 Y53.15-2.956X
G.corticata -0.2260 P>0.05 Y25.3267-0.55 lOX
P.tetrastromatica -0.8996 p <0.01 Y53.798-2.2215X
______ S.i/icfollium -0.4885 P> 0.05 Y=20.914-0.5884X
decomposition. However other parameters like carbohydrate, lipid, carbon, C/N ratio,
dry weight, all the four minerals, crude fibre and ash showed significant negative
correlations with the duration of decomposition.
4.2.2 Aerobic decomposition in the laboratory using fresh water
The results in variations of protein content observed in all the seven species of
seaweeds during decomposition in the laboratory using fresh water are shown in
Figures 31 and 32. During the period of decomposition, the protein content of
seaweeds was observed to increase steadily up to the end of 7th week for Ulactuca
(285 mg gd), 8th week for U,reticulata (360 mg gd ), C.racemosa (240 mg g•1),
C.scalpellformis (280 mg gt) and P.tetrastromatica (374 mg g- 1 ) 91h week for
G.corlicata (266 mg g') and S.iliczfolium (527 mg g 1 ). However, a declining trend
was recorded in the case of carbohydrate (Fig. 33 and Fig. 34) and lipid (Fig. 35 and
Fig. 36) right from the beginning upto the end of the aerobic decomposition (10th
week) of the seven seaweeds. On the other hand, a steady increase was observed in
the case of amino acid (Fig. 37 and Fig. 38) and nitrogen contents (Fig. 39 and Fig.
40). In the case of amino acid, its level increased upto the end of 6th week for
Cracemosa, 7th week for U.reticulata, 8th week for C.scalpellzformis, G.corticata and
S.ilic[olium, 91h week for U.lactuca and P.tetrastromatica (Fig. 37 and Fig. 38).
Nitrogen content steadily increased upto the end of 7 th week for Ulactuca, 8th week
for U reticulata, both the species of Caulerpa and P. tetrastromatica and 9th week for
G.corticata and S.ilicifolium. (Fig. 39 and Fig. 40). The carbon content steadily
decreased throughout the investigation (Fig. 41 and Fig. 42).
34
- I-o U.1actuca 7I—.—U.reiicuiata I-•-- C.racemosa I—s-- C.scaIPeIIiformiJ
350
300
° 250
200E
150a,—0 100a-
50
00 1 2 3 4 5 6
Week7 8 9 10
Fig 31. Changes in the Protein content of Ova reficulala, U.Iactuca, Caulerpa racemosaand C.scalpellj/'ormis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the laboratoryusing fresh water
-
- —.--GracdariaT600 ---Padina
500 —A T!
p400
300
• 200 -.
100-
0 t
-I-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Week
Fig 32. Changes in the Protein content of Padina letrastromatica, Sargassum iicfoIium,Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in the laboratoryusing fresh water
350
300
Y250CM
cD 200
M 500
00 1 2 3 4
-C- I --
5 6 7 8 9 10
Week
--U.reticuIata
--C.racemosa—o—C.scalpelliform is
Fig 33. Changes in the Carbohydrate content of Ova reticulala, U.Iacluca, Caulerparacemosa and C.scalpelljformis observed during different weeks of decomposition in thelaboratory using fresh water
r450
400
..350
D) 300
250
2 200Ct
150
100
0 500
0 1 2
--r--- •• I ----- - IV 1
6 7 8 9 10
Gracilana
—.---Padina
—a--- Sargassum
3
4 5
Week
Fig 34. Changes in the Carbohydrate content of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassumilicj/'olium, Gradiaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in thelaboratory using fresh water
120
100
. 80
600)E
400.-j
20
00
—,---Gracilaria
---Padina
-- Sargass
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week
70-+--- U.Iactuca
—w-- U.reticulata60 -----C.racemosa
3: 50—.—C.scalpellifomiis
10 1
0
Week
Fig 35. Changes in the Lipid content of Ova reticulala, U.Iactuca, Caulerpa racemosaand C.sca!pellformis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the usinglaboratory using fresh water
Fig 36. Changes in the Lipid content of Padina tetrastromalka, Sargassum iicj/'olium,Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in the usinglaboratory using fresh water
8
•O) 50)E4
. 30C
E
0-0 1 2 3
'-•-- Gracilana—w—Padina-A-- Sargassum
I -- I I•• I I
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8 9 10
10—9
07
0)E524C)
1<30
2
o -T0
---- U.Iactuca—s-- U.reticulata—e-- C.racemosa—o--- C.scalpelliformis
1 i I
2 3 4 5 6 7
Week
Fig 37. Changes in the Amino acid content of Ova relkulata, U.Iacluca, Caulerparacemosa and C.scalpellj/'ormis observed during different weeks of decomposition in thelaboratory using fresh water
Week
Fig 38. Changes in the Amino acid content of Padina tetrasiromatica, Sargassumiicijolium, Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in thelaboratory using fresh water
—e--U.Iactuca
40a
0E: m1i1CO
z 10
0 -._-.-.--.- ---•-- --- - -I 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week I
Fig 39. Changes in the Nitrogen content of Ulva reticulata, U.Iactuca, Caulerparacemosa and C.scaIpeIIformis observed during different weeks of decomposition in thelaboratory using fresh water
___-- - ---- .-- I90 -
-.-- Gracilana---Padina
80EE
—e—Sargassum
0 r I --
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Week
Fig 40. Changes in the Nitrogen content of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassumiicj/'olium, Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in thelaboratory using fresh water
450400350300250
0). 200
Co 150100
500
0
-- Ulactuca—w-- U.reliculata-h--- C.racemosa
C.scalpelliformis
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week......... ____________________________________
Fig 41. Changes in the Carbon content of Ulva reticulata, U.lactuca, Caulerpa racemosaand C.scalpelljformis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the laboratoryusing fresh water
P500 - J._GraciIaria -
450 J—*--Padina
I F
—rgsum
iooj50
0 -- I -r I - - _____- .
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week
Fig 42. Changes in the Carbon content of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassum ilicjfolium,Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in the laboratoryusing fresh water
The C/N ratio of the seaweeds steadily declined from the start of the
experiment (Fig. 43 and Fig. 44). The caloricity showed a steady increase upto the
end of 8th week for U.reticulata and 9111 week for the rest of the six seaweeds (Fig. 45
and Fig. 46). The dry weight of all the seven seaweeds showed a gradual decrement
throughout the study (Fig. 47 and Fig. 48).
The potassium content showed declination in the beginning stages of
decomposition and fluctuations in later stages in Ulactuca, Ureticulata and
C.scalpelliformis (Fig. 49). In C.racemosa (Fig. 49), G.corticata and S.ilicifolium
(Fig. 50), the decline in potassium content was more or less steady. In the case
P.tetrastromatica (Fig. 50) the potassium content decreased initially followed by a
slight rising trend. Both calcium (Fig. 51 and Fig. 52) and magnesium contents
(Fig. 53 and Fig. 54) exhibited a declining trend with fluctuations. All the seven
seaweeds showed a steady decline in the sodium levels (Fig. 55 and Fig. 56). Crude
fibre content gradually decreased with the progress in decomposition (Fig. 57 and
Fig. 58). The ash percentage exhibited an initial increment followed by a gradual
declination (Fig. 59 and Fig. 60).
Correlation- Regression analysis between the duration of decomposition and
values of biochemical characteristics of seaweeds decomposed under laboratory
condition using fresh water is shown in Table 4. Significant positive correlation was
observed between the duration of decomposition and protein content. Similar
significant positive correlation was observed between the duration of decomposition
and caloricity. Nitrogen and amino acid contents showed positive correlation with
duration of decomposition. Whereas other parameters like carbohydrate, lipid, carbon,
35
o Gracilana
DPadina
3J Sargassum
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
035
U.Iactuca
QU.reUculata
30 DC.racemosa
25 oC.scaIpeIiformis
10 f0
Week
Fig 43. Changes in the C : N ratio of Ulva reticulata, U.lactuca, Caulerpa racemosa andC.scalpelljformis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the laboratoryusing fresh water
20118
1614
a12
(5
> 10 •_z
80
6
2to-r
Week
Fig 44. Changes in the C N ratio of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassum iic'o1ium,Gracilaria corticala observed during different weeks of decomposition in the laboratoryusing fresh water
I ..
1 4a
- 1 6-14
, 12
—+_ Gracilanaj—a-- Padina,—e--Sargassum
-—U.Iactuca—p— U.reticulata—a-- C. racemosa—s— C.scalpelliformis
Fig 45. Changes in the Calorific value of Ulva reticulala, U.Iactuca, Caulerpa racemosaand C.scalpell(formis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the laboratoryusing fresh water
LWeek
-- -
-
6 7 - 8 - 9 10
Fig 46. Changes in the Calorific value of Padina letrastromatica, Sargassum ilicjfolium,Gradilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in the laboratoryusing fresh water
2 3 4
-- U.Iactuca—a— U.reticulata----C.racemosa
H,_c.s1peuu1uuus
4A
Fig 47. Changes in the Dry weight of Ulva reticulata, U.Iactuca, Caulerpa racemosa andC.scalpellj/'ormis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the laboratoryusing fresh water
14—.—GraciIaa
1Padina12 —e--Sargassum
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Week
Fig 48. Changes in the Dry weight of Padina tetrastromafica, Sargussum i1ic[o1ium,Gracilaria corticata observed during the different weeks of decomposition in thelaboratory using fresh water
-I
9 10
60
.50
400)0)E 30E.20
no 10
00 1 2 3 4
-.---- U.Iactuca—0--- U.reticulata—*-.- C. racemosa-.---- C.scalpelliformis
5 6 7 8Week
Fig 49. Changes in the Potassium content of Ulva reticulata, U.Iactuca, Caulerparacemosa and C.scalpellj/'ormis observed during different weeks of decomposition in thelaboratory using fresh water
120
E 60
0 20a.
012345678910Week
I - ...............
-.- Gracilana]—0— Padina—.— Sargassum
Fig 50. Changes in the Pottasium content of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassumiicifolium, Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in thelaboratory using fresh water
140
120
100
D) 80a)
60E
40
020
01-
1-.-- U.
—s---- U. reticulataI
C. racemosa
-.- C.scalpelliformis
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910
Week
Fig 51. Changes in the Calcium content of Ulva reticulata, U.Iacluca, Caulerparacemosa and C.scalpellj/'ormis observed during different weeks of decomposition in thelaboratory using fresh water
---- Gracilaria120
—Q--Padina
—a— Sargassum
CD
E 40
0 20
Week
Fig 52. Changes in the Calcium content of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassumilicifolium, Gradilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in thelaboratory using fresh water
-.-- U.Iactuca—n-- U. reticulata—e— C. racemosa-.--- C.scalpelliformis
E 25
E 20
cc
0 - i -- - ---I I ----- ----- .
0 1 2
346
78 9 10
Wk
Fig 53. Changes in the Magnesium content of Ulva reliculala, U.lacluca, Caulerparacemosa and C.scaIpellfor,nis observed during different weeks of decomposition in thelaboratory using fresh water
601 GraciIaa
E 30
2 20
Week
........... ..- ----------------------------Fig 54. Changes in the Magnesium content of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassumiic/'oIium, Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in thelaboratory using fresh water
---U.Iactuca160
1 ---U.reticuIata140 1 —*—C.racemosa120 747C.scalpelliformis
E 60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week -
Fig 55. Changes in the Sodium content of Ova ret/cu/ala, U.!acluca, Caulerpa racemosaand C.sca1pe/1formis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the laboratoryusing fresh water
120
100
v 80
60
40
C5 20
0 1 2-y--- ..........r -i--•
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week
--- Gracitaria
—s-- Padina
—e-- Sargassum
Fig 56. Changes in the Sodium content of Padina letrastromatica, Sargassumiicfo1ium, Gradilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in thelaboratory using fresh water
O U.IactucaG U.reticulata0 C.racemosa0C.scaIpeIIformis
76
I
0
Week
L. ......... ... ..___Fig 57. Changes in the Crude fibre content of Ulva reticulata, U.Iactuca, Caulerparacemosa and C.scalpelljftrmis observed during different weeks of decomposition in thelaboratory using fresh water
O GracilanaOPadina
4 O Sargassum]
4 5 67 8910Week
Fig 58. Changes in the Crude fibre content of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassumilicjfolium, Gracilaria corticata observed during different weeks of decomposition in thelaboratory using fresh water
3025
U,<20
1510
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week
50 -- 45 1
--U.reticuIata
40—At—C.racemosa
35 i-- C.scalpellrformis
Fig 59. Changes in the Ash content of Ulva reticulata, U.Iactuca, Caulerpa racemosaand C.scalpelljformis observed during different weeks of decomposition in the laboratoryusing fresh water
—4-- Gracilana—a— Padina—h— Sargassum
Week
-
Fig 60. Changes in the Ash content of Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassum iIicfoIium,Gracilaria cortkata observed during different weeks of decomposition in the laboratoryusing fresh water
P
Table 4: Correlation and regression equations obtained for various biochemicalcomponents as a function of experimental period in chosen seaweeds during
decomposition in fresh water (Lab)
S.No Species Biochemical r valueSignificance Regression equation
component level (p) Y = a + bX
Ulactuca 0.7477 P<0.01 Y138.5333+12.7939XUreticulata 0.7066 P<0.05 Y= 168.0000 + 15.9091XC.racemosa 0.9374 P<0.01 Y 63.7333+18.8845X
I. C.sca1pel1f/ormis Protein 0.9034 P<0.01 Y= 83.4667+ 18.5333XG.corticata 0.7416 P <0.01 Y= 158.2667+ 9.0788XP.tetrastromatica 0.3315 P> 0.05 Y291.3333 + 3.8848XS. ilic Vollium 0.9621 P <0.01 Y=325.5333 + 19.7030XUlactuca -0.9765 P<0.01 Y=305.1567- 18.9667XUreticulata -0.9942 P <0.01 Y314.4753 - 23.1277XC.racemosa -0.9889 P<0.01 Y= 154.7860 - 11.5796X
2. C.scalpel/formis Carbohydrate -0.9854 P<0.01 Y= 196.8040 - 7.2116XG.corticata -0.9888 P<0.01 Y381.5307- 25.3308XP.tetrastromatica -0.9933 P <0.01 Y336.1460 - 20.2344XS.iIicfol1ium -0.9798 P <0.01 Y=463.8460 - 34.5907XUlactuca -0.9829 P <0.01 Y= 67.9667 - 2.8739XUreticulata -0.9858 P <0.01 Y 54.5333 -3.206 IXC.racernosa -0.9651 P <0.01 Y 39.14-2.0527X
3. C.sca1pe11formis Lipid -0.9840 P<0.01 Y 31.5533-I.8715XG.corticata -0.9504 P < 0.01 Y= 42.06-2.3182XP.tetrastromatica -0.9895 P <0.01 Y 108.8093-5.8890XS.ilicfollium -0.9413 P <0.01 Y 98.9833-7.2297XUlactuca 0.8220 P <0.01 Y3.8752+0.4215X
Ureticulata 0.0969 P> 0.05 Y4.2921+0.0324XC.racemosa 0.5504 P> 0.05 Y6.3842+0.2431X
4. C.sca1pe/lformis Amino acid 0.5819 P>0.05 Y4.5361+0.1526XG.corticata 0.8825 P <0.01 Y2.5929+0.4349XP.tetrastromatica 0.4541 P> 0.05 Y2.61 18+0.1018XS.ilic follium 0.2023 P> 0.05 Y4.1776+0.0732XUlactuca 0.7234 P <0.05 Y21.6267+1.7973XUreticu/ata 0.8933 P <0.01 Y22.9653+3.2730XC.racemosa 0.9467 P <0.01 Y9.608+2.9595X
5. C.sca1pel1formis Nitrogen 0.9060 P <0.01 Y= I 2.714+2.8907XG.corticata 0.9231 P <0.01 Y24.4973+2.0616XP.tetrastromatica 0.2597 P> 0.05 Y46.2027+0.4582XS.ilicfollium 0.9499 P <0.01 Y47.658+2.5102X
Contd...
S.No SpeciesBiochemical r value
Significance Regression equationcomponent level (p) V = a + bX
Ulactuca -0.9071 P <0.01 Y389.7867-13.7485X
Ureticulata -0.9728 p <0.01 Y430.5-17.5182X
C.racemosa -0.9803 P <0.01 Y313.1933-9.9206X
6. C.scalpe1lformis Carbon -0.9155 P<0.0I Y=339.3267-11.1739X
G.corticata -0.9139 P <0.01 Y=444.0467-11.6812X
P.tetrastromatica -0,9020 P <0.01 Y412.6533-15.3061X
S.ilicfollium -0.8992 P <0.01 Y=392.18-7.9873X
Ulactuca -0.9395 P <0.01 Y17.42-1.2195X
Ureticulata -0.9627 P <0.01 Y16.134-1.2787X
C.racemosa -0.9441 P <0.01 Y23.376-2.0527X
7. C.scalpellformis C: N ratio -0.9775 P <0.01 Y=20.0213-1.6113X
G.corticaia -0.9772 P <0.01 Y1 6.7213-1 .0181 X
P.tetrastromatica -0.9796 P <0.01 Y9-0.4018X
S.i1icfollium -0.9894 P <0.01 Y7.7933-0.3639X
Ulactuca 0.8777 P <0.01 Y6.4184+0.2916X
Ureticulata 0.5238 P> 0.05 Y9.4785+0.3111X
C.racemosa . 0.9426 P <0.01 Y7.0271+0.5763X
8. C.sca1pellformisCalorific
0.9433 p < 0.01 Y=6.1948+0.4157Xvalue
G.corticata 0.9230 P <0.01 Y6.2767+0.7016X
P.tetrastromatica 0.9463 P <0.01 Y9.5066+0.4052X
S.ilicfollium 0.7378 P <0.01 Y10.6897+0.2455X
Ulactuca -0.9624 P <0.01 Y12.0453-0.7617X
Ureticulata -0.9892 P <0.01 Y10.6973-0.7968X
C. race mosa -0.9922 P<0.01 Y10.7573-0.6612X
9. C.scalpelIformis Dry weight -0.9707 P <0.01 Y12.3323-0.9296X
G.coriicaia -0.9868 P <0.01 Y6.23-0.4764X
P.tetrastromatica -0.9971 P <0.01 Y = I 2.4133-0.9497X
S.iliqfollium -0.9920 P <0.01 Y8.3433-0.5390X
Ulactuca -0.9231 P <0.01 Y38.5333-3.2970X
Ureticulata -0.9140 P <0.01 Y36.4667-2.3212X
C.racemosa -0.9322 p < 0.01 Y32.0667-2.7030X
10. C.scalpellformis Potassium -0.9613 P <0.01 Y38.4-2.6909X
G.corticata -0.9681 P <0.01 Y=87.7333-7.1152X
P.tetrastromalica -0.3131 P <0.01 Y= I 8.9333-0.3152X
S.ilicfo1lium -0.9403 P <0.01 Y20.6-1.8909X
Ulactuca -0.9858 P <0.01 Y121.1333-10.8242X
Ureticulata -0.9907 P <0.01 Y132.8667-11.8121X
C.racemosa -0.9604 P <0.01 Y44.6-4.0909X
11. C.scalpel1 formis Calcium -0.9472 P < 0.01 Y73.4667-6.5758X
G.corticata -0.9339 P <0.01 Y77.2-7.2546X
P.tetrastromatica -0.9071 P <0.01 Y32.6-2.1091X
S.i1icfo1liurn -0.9763 p <0.01 Y=60-4.909lX
Contd...
S.No SpeciesBiochemical r value
Significance Regression equation
component level (p) Y = a + bX
Ulactuca -0.9193 P<O.O1 Y31.7333-2.1697X
Ureticulata -0.9544 p <0.01 Y=38.9333-2.8242X
C.racemosa -0.7513 P <0.01 Y=29.9333-1.5697X
12. Cscalpell/ormis Magnesium -0.9646 p <0.01 Y40.8667-3.5576X
G.corticata -0.8238 P<0.01 Y29.5333-1.7515X
P.tetrastromatica -0.9097 p <0.01 Y44.4-3.OX
S.ilicfollium 0•9774 p < 0.01 Y53.9333-3.9697X
Ulactuca -0.9975 P <0.01 Y=63.1333-4.1697X
Ureticulata -0.9910 p < 0.01 Y64.2667-4.5758X
C.racemosa -0.9962 P <0.01 Y=97.1333-6.6242X
13. C.scalpellformis Sodium -0.9871 P <0.01 Y141.2667-8.3394X
G.corticata -0.9897 p <0.01 Y106-7.0727X
P.tetrastromatica -0.9715 P <0.01 Y=97.4-5.8727X
S.ilicfollium -0.9901 P <0.01 Y82.1333-5.7333X
Ulactuca -0.9907 P <0.01 Y5.2393-0.3344X
Ureticulata -0.9977 P <0.01 Y5.8620-0.4576X
C.racemosa -0.9959 P <0.01 Y=2.1893-0.1532X
14. C.scalpel1 formis Crude fibre -0.9859 P <0.01 Y1.6947-0.1299X
G.corticata -0.9918 P <0.01 Y2.5347-0.1989X
P.tetrastromatica -0.9962 P <0.01 Y4.6367-0.411 OX
S.ilic follium -0.9789 P <0.01 Y2.8627-0.2658X
Ulactuca -0.7319 P <0.05 Y35.7453-1.7701x
Ureticulata -0.4825 P> 0.05 Y31.1613-1.0504X
C.racemosa -0.8631 P <0.01 Y=35.0693-1.1352X
15. C.scalpell?formis Ash -0.6707 P <0.05 Y46.8107-1.4847X
G.corticata -0.0002 P> 0.05 Y23.0993-0.0002X
P.tetrastromatica -0.9553 P <0.01 Y52.9073-2.5799X
______ S.ilicfol1ium -0.5444 P> 0.05 Y21.3547-0.5876X
ON ratio, dry weight, all the four minerals, crude fibre and ash exhibited significant
negative correlation with the duration of decomposition.
4.2.3 Student's 't' test analysis
The protein contents of the seven species of seaweeds during the process of
decomposition in two different treatments showed interesting results. The level of
highest protein content was subjected to student's 't' test to confirm the level of
significance and the results obtained are shown in Tables 5 and 6. The results
confirmed that in both the treatments (field & laboratory), the protein content of both
the species of Caulerpa showed significantly (P <0.001) lower values than the others.
However Sargassum ilic?folium and Padina leirastromalica registered highly
significant (P < 0.001) values closely followed by Ulva reticulata and Gracilaria
corticata.
4.2.4 Fatty acid analysis
The fatty acid composition as methyl esters of five selected seaweeds viz.
Ova lactuca, Caulerpa racemosa, Gracilaria corticata, Padina retrastromatica and
Sargassum ilicfolium in fresh and decomposed states (at the end of the 10th week)
was determined and their relative percentages are presented in Table 7.
The fatty acids viz, lauric acid, tridecanoic acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic
acid, palmitic acid, heptadecanoic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic
acid, nonadecanoic acid, archidic acid, heneicosonic acid and behinic acid were
present in all the five seaweeds.
36
Table 5 : Students 't' test analysis of the data on the highest protein content ofthe seven species of seaweeds decomposed in the field (coastal water)
Highest protein content ofdecomposed seaweeds 't' value *
xl x2U.l - P U.r — P 73.824
U.1—P C.r — P 62.354U.1 - P C.s - P 66.792U.! - P G.c - P 68.578U.! P P.t - p 97.094
U.1—P S.i — P 83.433U.r - P C.r - P 71.946
U.r — P C.s — P 75.877
U.r — P G.e — P 77.348U.r — P P.t — P 104.717U.r — P S.i — P 90.646C.r — P C.s — P 64.632C.r - P G.e - p 66.355C.r - P P.t - p 97.207C.r — P S.i — P 81.649C.s — P G.e — P 70.570C.s — P P.t — P 99.552C.s - P S.i - P 85.086G.e — P P.t — P 100.290G.e - P S.i - P 86.404P.t — P S.i — P 107.839
- The highest protein content recorded for Ova lactuca
- The highest protein content recorded for U. reticulata
- The highest protein content recorded for Caulerpa racemosa
- The highest protein content recorded for C. sca1pe11formis
- The highest protein content recorded for Gracilaria corticata
- The highest protein content recorded for Padina tetrastromatica
- The highest protein content recorded for Sargassum ilicfolium
U.l — P
U.r — P
C.r— P
C.s — P
G.c — P
P.t —P
S.i —P
* Highly significant - P < 0.001
The degrees of freedom for all analysis was 18.
Table 6 : Students 't' test analysis of the data on the highest protein content ofthe seven species of seaweeds decomposed in the laboratory (fresh water)
Highest protein content ofdecomposed seaweeds 't' value
*
xl x2U.1 - P U.r - P 79.493U.1—P C.r — P 66.673U.! - P C.s - P 69.480U.1 - P G.c - P 84.639U.l — P P.t — P 106.951U.1—P S.i — P 113.329U.r — P C.r — P 66.182U.r — P C.s — P 68.687U.r — P G.e — P 80.378U.r — P P.t — P 99.249U.r — P S.i — P 107.450C.r — P C.s — P 56.552C.r - P G.e - P 67.456C.r — P P.t — P 86.916C.r — P S.i — P 96.409C.s - P G.e - P 70.286C.s — P P.t—P 89.667C.s — P S.i — P 98.851G.e — P P.t — P 108.770G.e — P S.i — P 114.722P.t — P S.i — P 134.474
U.! — P
U.r — P
C.r — P
C.s — P
G.e — P
The highest protein content recorded for Ulva lactuca
The highest protein content recorded for U reticulata
- The highest protein content recorded for Caulerpa racemosa
- The highest protein content recorded for C. scalpellformis
- The highest protein content recorded for Gracilaria corticala
P.t - P - The highest protein content recorded for Padina tetrastromatica
SA - P - The highest protein content recorded for Sargassum ilicfolium
* Highly significant - P < 0.001
The degrees of freedom for all analysis was 18.
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fatty acid (18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 carbon atoms) content.
Interestingly, on decomposition, Ulacruca, C.racemosa and G.corticata
showed reduced levels of the two saturated fatty acids viz., palmitic acid and stearic
acid but increased levels of remaining saturated fatty acids and the three unsaturated
fatty acids viz, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. On the other hand, the two
brown seaweeds P.tetrastromatica and S.ilicfolium exhibited an increase in palmitic
acid content with a drastic reduction in oleic acid and linoleic acid.
4.2.5 Bacteriological Analysis
The ten week old decomposed Ulva lactuca sample was used for determining
total heterotrophic bacteria. The heterotrophic bacterial population was 37.7 x 105
CFUg 1 (Table 8). Total number of bacterial isolates were twenty five. Serratia,
Pseudomonas, E. coli, Aeromonas, Flavobacterium, Moraxella, Bacillus and
!vuicrococcus occurred in the decomposed thalli (Table 9). Among these,
Pseudomonas (16%) and Bacillus (16%) dominated (Fig. 61).
4.3 Feed trial experiments
4.3.1 Food conversion efficiency and growth in Cyprinus carpio fed on different
feeds prepared using decomposed seaweeds
The results of the feed trial experiments conducted using four species of
decomposed seaweeds viz., Ureticulata, G.corticata, P.tetrastromatica and
S. ilic/olium are given in Table 10. The test animals, Cyprinus carpio consumed more
37
Table 8: Total viable heterotrophic bacterial population of thedecomposed seaweed, Ova lactuca
Bacterial densityS.No Dilution Factor CFU g1
Original Replicate
1 10 TNTC TNTC
2 10 200 180
3 10 28 30
64 10 7 6
5 10 2 2
TNTC - Too numerous to count
Table 9 : Generic composition of bacterial isolates from the decomposedseaweed, Ulva lactuca
S.No Bacterial Genera Number of isolates Total number of
isolates
1 Serratia 2
2 Pseudomonas 4
3 E.coli 3
4 Aeromonas 2
5 Flavobacterium 3 25
6 Moraxella 2
7 Bacillus 4
8 Micrococcus 2
9 Unidentified 3
012% 08%
• Serratia08%
16% UPseudomonasDE.coli• Aeromonas• Flavobacterium
016%
• Moraxella012% • Bacillus
DMicrococcus
08%
08% • Unidentified
012%
Fig. 61. Percentage of bacterial isolates from the decomposedseaweed U/va lactuca
(I,
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quantity of DSF (2.840 g), DUF (2.610g) and DOF (2.530g) than in the control CF
(2.470g). However, the consumption rate was higher for all the four decomposed
seaweed based feeds than the control feed. Accordingly, the production or conversion
rate was much higher in the case of DGF, DUF and DSF and slightly higher in DPF
over the control CF. The SGR was higher for DSF (5.19 %), DGF (5.00 %) and DUF
(4.95 %) while lesser for DPF (4.00 %) when compared to the control CF (4.71 %).
4.3.2 PER, PCR and calorific gain in Cyprinus carpio fed on different feeds
prepared using decomposed seaweeds
The results of protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein conversion ratio (PCR)
and calorific gain in C.carpio are given in Table 11. Except DPF, rest of the diets
showed a lower PER value when compared to that of the control (CF). However, PCR
and calorific gain for the decomposed seaweed based feeds exceeded over that of the
control, CF.
4.3.3 Food conversion efficiency and growth in Cat/a cat/a fed on different feeds
prepared using decomposed seaweeds
The values of the feed trial experiments conducted using the four species of
decomposed seaweeds viz., Ureticulata, G.corticata, P.tetrastromatica and
S.ilicifolium are given in Table 12.
C.catla consumed more quantity of DGF (4.650 g) followed by DSF (4.400 g).
The consumption rate was more for the feed of DGF, DSF and DUF. The production
or conversion rate was the highest for DGF (8.569 mg g'day') and very closely
followed for DUF (8.523 mg g 1 day) and DSF (8.012 mg g'day'). In the case of
DPF, the production was lesser than that of the control (CF). SGR was higher for
38
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DGF (8i9 %) followed by DUF (8.048 %) and DSP (7.429 %), while lesser for CF
(7.238 %) and DPF (5.7 14 %).
4.3.4 PER, PCR and Calorific gain in C.catla fed on different feeds prepared
using decomposed seaweeds
The results of protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein conversion ratio (PCR)
and calorific gain in C.catla are given in Table 13. Compared to control, PER value
was higher only in DPF. However, PCR and calorific gain values in the case of
seaweed based feeds were higher than the control, CF.
39