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A major PROJECT REPORT
ON
national HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTIONS
Session 2009-13
Under guidance of
Er. S.K.Gupta
H.O.D CIVIL ENGINEERING)
SUBMITTED BY
CHANDRADEEP SHUKLA 0307CE091017)
ABHINAV JAISWAL 0307CE091001)
AMAR DEEP GAUTAM 0307CE091006)
PRAKASH NARAYAN MISHRA 0307CE091030)
PAWAN GAUTAM 0307CE091029)
SUBMITTED TO
Er. S.K.Gupta
H.O.D CIVIL ENGINEERING)
ADITYA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
SATNA (M.P.)
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Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal(M.P)
Aditya College of Technology & Science
Satna (M.P)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled asnational
HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTIONS which has been completed &submitted by CHANDRADEEP SHUKLA , ABHINAV JAISWAL, AMAR DEEP
GAUTAM , PRAKASH NARAYAN MISHRA,PAWAN GAUTAMin partialfulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelorof Engineering in CIVIL ENGINEERINGfor the session 2009-2013 is a bonafied work by them and has been completed under my
guidance and supervision. It has not been submitted elsewhere for anyother degree.
H.O.D Principal Guided By
Er.S.K.Gupta Dr.J.S. Parihar Er.S.K.GUPTA
(Civil Engg)
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RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL(M.P)Aditya College of Technology & Science
Satna (M.P)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project entitled as national
HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTIONS which has been completed &
submitted by CHANDRADEEP SHUKLA , ABHINAV JAISWAL, AMAR DEEP
GAUTAM , PRAKASH NARAYAN MISHRA , PAWAN GAUTAM in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of Engineering in CIVIL ENGINEERING for the session 2009-
2013.
(External Examiner) (Internal Examiner)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A Project report like this one involves many people and would be
incomplete without the mention of all those people whose guidance and
encouragement helped in the successful completion of this report.
Our heartily thanks to all faculty members of Department of
CIVIL ENGINEERING ,Aditya College of Technology Science,
Satna for their effort towards our report.
I would like to thanks our H.O.DER. S.K. GUPTAwho has been
a great source of inspiration for us and without whose humble guidance
the report was never to shape.
I am also thankful to many people whose timely help but paucity
of space is restricting us from mentioning their name. And finally we also
thank to all my colleagues who were constant support during the whole
report.
CHANDRADEEP SHUKLA 0307CE091017)
ABHINAV JAISWAL 0307CE091001)
AMAR DEEP GAUTAM 0307CE091006)
PRAKASH NARAYAN MISHRA 0307CE091030)
PAWAN GAUTAM 0307CE091029)
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DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the
Training report entitled national HIGHWAY
CONSTRUCTIONSin partial fulfillment of the requirement of the
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in CIVIL ENGINEERING
branch is an authentic record of our work carried out under the
guidance of ER. S.K.GUPTA . The work has been carried out at
Aditya College of Technology Science, Satna.
CHANDRADEEP SHUKLA 0307CE091017)
ABHINAV JAISWAL 0307CE091001)
AMAR DEEP GAUTAM 0307CE091006)
PRAKASH NARAYAN MISHRA 0307CE091030)
PAWAN GAUTAM 0307CE091029)
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INTRODUCTION
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In a National Highway project, the engineer has to
plan, design and construct either a network of new
roads or road link.
Once a highway is constructed, development takes along the
adjoining land and subsequent changes in alignment in geometric
standards become very difficult. A badly aligned highway is not
only a source of potential traffic hazard, but also causes a
considerable increase in transportation cost and strain on the
drivers and the passengers. Therefore, proper investigation and
planning are most important in a road project, keeping in view
the present day needs as well as the future development of the
region
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NATIONAL HIGHWAY
PROJECT
DEFINITIONS
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In the contract the following words and expressions shall
have the meanings here by assigned to them, except
where the context otherwise requires:
i) A BOLLARD is a short vertical post typically found
where large ships docks. While originally it only meant a
post used on a quick for mooring, the word now also
describes a variety of structure to control or direct road
traffic. The term may be related to bole, meaning the
lower trunk of a tree.
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ii) A BYEPASS is a road or highway that avoids or
bypasses a built up area, town, or village, to let
through traffic flow without interference from local
traffic, to reduce congestion in the built up area, and to
improve road safety.
If there are no strong land use controls, buildings are
built a bypass, converting it into an ordinary town road,
and the bypass may eventually become as congested as
the local streets it was intended to avoid.
iii) A CURB or KERB is the edge where a raised
pavement/footpath, road median, or road shoulder meets
an unraised street or other roadway. Typically made from
concrete, asphalt, or long stones, the purpose is twofold:
first as a gutter for proper drainage of the roadway, and
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second for safety, to keep motorist from driving into the
shoulder, median, sidewalk, or pavement.
iv) EMPLOYERS means the person named as such in
part II of these conditions and the legal successors in
title to such person. But not any assignee of such
person.
V) CONTRACTOR means the person whose tender has
been accepted by the employer and the legal successors in
title to such person. But not any assignee of such
person.
Contractmeans the conditions, the specification,
the drawings, the bill of quantity, the tender, the
letter of acceptance; the contract agreement and
such further documents as may be expressly
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incorporated in Letter of Acceptance or Contract
Agreement.
Specifications means the specification of the work
included in the contract and any modification
therefore or addition.
Drawings means all drawings, calculations and
technical information of a like nature provided by
the Engineer to the contractor under the contract
and all drawings, Calculations, Samples, Pattern,
Models, Operations and maintenance, manuals and
other technical information of a like nature
submitted by the contractor and approved by the
Engineer.
Bill of Quantities means the priced and completed
bill of quantities forming part of tender.
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Section means a part of the works specifically
identified in the Contract as a section.
Site means the places provided by the Employer
where the works are to be executed and any other
places as may be specifically designated in the
Contract as forming part of the site.
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SETTING OUT
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The contractor shall establish working Bench marks tied
with the reference Bench Mark in the soon after taking
possession of the site. The reference Bench Mark for the
area shall be as indicated in the contract document of
the values of the same shall be obtained by the
Contractor from the Engineer. The working bench mark
shall be at rate of 4 per km and also at or near all
drainage structures, over bridges and under passes. The
working Bench Mark/levels should be got approved from
the Engineer. Check must be based on this Bench Mark
once every month and adjustments, if any, got agreed
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with the Engineer and recorded. An up-to-date record of
all Bench Mark including approved adjustments, if any,
shall be maintained by the contractor and also a copy
supplied to the Engineer for his record.
The lines and levels of formation, side slopes, drainage
works, carriageways and shoulders shall be carefully set
out and frequently checked, care being taken to ensure
that correct gradients and cross sections are obtained
everywhere.
In order to facilitate the setting out of the works, the
centreline of the highway must be accurately established
by the contractor and approved by the engineer. It must
then be accurately referenced in a manner satisfactory to
the engineer, every 50m intervals in plain and rolling
terrains and 20m intervals in highly terrain and in all
curve point as directed by the engineer, with marker pegs
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and chainage boards sets in or near the fence line, and
schedule of reference dimensions shall be prepared and
supplied by the Contractor to the Engineer. These
markers shall be maintained until the works reach finished
formation levels are accepted by the Engineer.
On construction reaching the formation level stage, the
centre line again be set out by the contractor and when
approved by the Engineer, shall be accurately referenced
in a manner satisfactory to the Engineer by markers pegs
set at the outer limits of the formation.
No marker pegs or markers shall be moved without the
approval of the Engineer and and no earth work shall be
commenced until the centre line has been referenced.
The contractor will be the sole responsible party for
safeguarding all survey monuments, bench marks, etc. The
Engineer will provide the Contractor necessary for setting
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out of the centre line. All dimensions and levels shown on
the drawing or mentioned in documents forming part of
the or issued under the contract shall be verified by the
Contractor on the site and he shall immediately inform
the engineer of any apparent error in such dimensions.
The Contractor shall in connection with the staking out
of the canter line, survey the terrain along the road and
shall submit the engineer for his approval, a profile along
the road centre line and cross section at intervals as
required by the Engineer.
After obtaining approval of the engineer, work on
earthwork can commence and the profile and cross section
shall from the basis for measurements and payments.
The work of setting out shall be deemed to be a part of
general works preparatory to the execution of work and
no separate payments shall be made for the same..
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TEST DONE IN
PROJECT
LABORATORY
TEST ON SUB GRADE SOIL
(I)
GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION:
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Most of the method for the soil identification and
classification are based on certain physical properties of
the soil. The commonly used properties for the
classification are the grain size distribution liquid limit
and plasticity index. These properties have also been used
in empirical design method for flexible pavement; and in
deciding the suitable of sub grad soil.
Grain size analysis also known as mechanical analysis of
soil is the determination of the percent of individual
grain size present in the sample. The results of the test
are of great value in soil classification. In mechanical
stabilization of soil and for designing soil aggregates
mixture the result of gradation test are used .correlation
have also made between the grain size distribution of soil
and the general soil behavior as the sub grade material
and the performance such as susceptibility to frost
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action, pumping of rigid pavement etc.also permeability
characteristics, bearing capacity and some other
properties, are approximately estimated based on grain
size distribution of the soil. The soil is generally divided
into four parts on the particle size. The fraction of the
soil which is larger than 2.00 mm size is called gravel,
between 2.00 mm and 0.06 mm is sand 0.002mm silt
and that is smaller than 0.002 mm size is clay. Two
type of sieves are available, one type with square
perforation on plate to sieves course aggregate and
gravel, the other type being mesh sieves made of woven
wire mesh to sieves finer particle such fine aggregate and
soil fraction consisting of sand silt and clay. However the
sieves opening of the smallest mesh sieves commonly
available is about 0.075 mm, which is commonly known
as 200 mesh sieves therefore all soil particle consisting of
silt and clay which are smaller than 0.06 mm size will
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pass through the fine mesh sieves with 0.075 mm
opening. Therefore the grain size analysis of course
fraction of soil is carried out using sieves the principle of
sedimentation in water.
The sieves analysis is a simple test consisting of sieving a
measured quantity of material through successively
smaller sieves. The weight retain on each sieves. The
weight retain on each sieve is expressed as a percentage
of the total sample. The sediment principle has been used
for finding the grain size distribution of fine fraction;
two methods are commonly used pipette method and the
hydrometer method.
The grain size distribution of soil particle of size greater
than 63 micron is determine by sieving the soil on set
of sieves of decreasing sieve opening placed one below the
other and separating out the different size ranges.
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APPARATUS:
Various apparatus set of standard sieves of different
sieves size, balance, and rubber covered pestle mortar,
oven, riffle, sieves shaker.
Procedure
For the fraction retained on 2.0 mm sieves.
Sufficient quantity of dry soil retained on 2.0 mm
sieves is weighed out. The quantity of sample taken
may be increased when the maximum size of particle
is higher. The sample separated into various fraction
by sieving through the set of sieves of size100, 63,
20, 6, 4.75, and 2 mm is sieves. After initial
sieves, material retained on each sieves carefully
collected and weighed.
For fraction passing 2.0 mm sieves and retained on
0.63 mm size.
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The required quantity of soil sample is taken by
riffling or quartering method, dried in oven at 105
to 110 c and is subjected to dry sieves analysis using
a set of sieves with sieves opening 2.0, 0.6, 0.425,
0.15, and 0.075 mm, pan lid. The material collected
on the each sieves and on the pan are separately
collected and weighed.
CALCULATION:
The weight of dry soil fraction retained on each sieve is
calculated as a percentage of the total dry weight of the
sample taken. The gravel, sand , silt ,and clay contain in
percentage.
RESULT:
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The gravel, silt sand clay contents are marked as result.
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(II) CONSISTENCY LIMITS &
INDICES
The physical properties of fine grained soil, especially of
clay differ much at different water content. Clay may be
almost in liquid state, or it may snow plastic behavior or
may be very stiff depending on the moisture content.
Plasticity is a property of outstanding importance for
clayey soil, which may be explained as the ability to
undergo changes in shape without rupture.
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Liquid limit it may be defined as the minimum content
at which soil will flow under the application of a very
small shearing force. The liquid limit is usually determined
in the laboratory using mechanical device.
Plastic limit may define in general term, as minimum
terms, as minimum moisture content at which the soil
remain in a plastic state. The lower limit is arbitrarily
defined and determined in the laboratory by prescribed
test procedure.
Plastic index is defined as the numerical difference
between the liquid and plastic limit.
p.i thus indicates the range of moisture content over
which the soil in plastic condition.
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Consistency limit and plasticity index vary for different
type. Hence properties are generally used in the
identification and classification of soil
LIQUID LIMIT TEST:
Liquid limit is the moisture content at which 25 blow in
standard liquid limit apparatus will just close a groove of
standardized dimension cut in the sample by grooving tool
by a specified amount.
APPARATUS:
Mechanical liquid limit device consists of a cup and
arrangement for raising and dropping through a specified
height, grooving tool. Other apparatus include spatula,
moisture containers, and balance of capacity 200g
sensitive to0.01 g oven to maintain 105 to110c.
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PROCEDURE:
About 120 g of dry pulverized soil sample passing 425
micron sieve is weighted, and mixed thoroughly with
distilled water in the evaporating dish to from a uniform
thick paste. The liquid limit device is adjusted to have a
free fall of cup through 10mm.a portion of the paste is
placed above the lowest spot, and squeezed down with
the spatula to have a horizontal surface . the specimen is
trimmed by firm strokes of spatula in a such a way that
the maximum depth of soil sample in the cup is 10 mm.
the soil in the cup is divided along the diameter through
the center line pf the cam followed by firm strokes of
the grooving tool. So as to get a clean and sharp groove.
The crank is rotated at the rated at the rate of two
revolutions per second by hand so that the cup is lifted
and dropped. This continued till the two halves of the
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soil cake come in to contact at the bottom of the
groove along a distance of 10 mm, and the number of
blows given is recorded . a representative soil is taken,
placed in moisture container, lid placed over it and
weighed. The container in dried in oven and the dry
weight determined the next day for finding the moisture
content of the soil. The operations are repeated for at
least three more trial with slightly increased moisture
content each time, nothing the number of blows so that
there at least four uniformly distribute reading of
number of blows between 10 and 40 blows.
CALCULATION:
the flow index The flow cure is plotted by taking the
number of blows in the log scale on the x-axis, and the
water content in arithmetic scale on the y-axis, of
format sheet .the flow curve is straight line drawn on
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semi-logrithmetic plot. The moisture content
corresponding to 25 blow is read from this curve
rounding off the nearest whole number and is reported as
the liquid w1 of the soil. The slope of the straight line
flow cure is flow index. It may be calculated from the
following formula;
For index, If=
=
=w
Hence if the flow curve is extrapolated and moisture
w10 and w100 corresponding to 10and 100 blows
respectively are found, then the difference in these
water content would give of the soil.
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PLASTIC LIMIT TEST
Plastic limit is the moisture content at which a soil when
rolled in to thread of smallest diameter possible, start
crumbling and has diameter of 3 mm.
APPARATUS:
Evaporating dish, spatula, glass plate, moisture
containers, rod of 3 mm diameter , balance sensitive to
0.01 g, drying oven controlled at temperature 105
to110c.
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PROCEDURE:
About 20 g of dry, pulverized soil passing 425 micron IS
sieve is weighed out. The soil is mixed thoroughly with
distilled water in the evaporating dish till the soil paste
is plastic enough to be easily molded with fingers. A small
ball is formed glass plate to a thread. The pressure just
sufficient to roll into a thread of uniform diameter
should be used. The rate of rolling should be between 80
and 90 strokes per minute counting a stroke as one
complete motion of hand forward and back to starting
position again. The rolling is done till the diameterof thread is 3
mm . then the soil is kneaded together to a ball and
roller again to from therad this process of alternate
rolling and kneading is continude untill the thread. This
process of alternate rolling and kneading is continude until
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th ethread crumbles under prassure required for rolling
and the soil can no longer to roll into a thread.
If the crumbling start at diameter less than 3 mm, then
moisture content is more than the plastic limit and if
the diameter is greater while crumbling starts, the
moisture content is lower.
CALCULATION:
The plastic limit (w0) is expressed as a whole number by
obtaining the mean of the moisture content of the
plastic limit.
Plastic index is calculated as the diffrence between liquid
limit and plastic limit.
Plastic index = liquid limit plastic limit
W1-wp
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(III)
COMPACTION TEST
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Compaction of soil is a mechanical process by which by
which the soil partical are constrained to be packed more
closley together by reducing the air void. Soil compaction
causes decreases ia air void and consequently an increase
in dry density. This may result in increase in shearing
strength., the possible of future settelment or
compressibility decrease. Degree of compaction is usually
measured quantitativily nby dry density.
APPARATUS:
(a)
Cylindrical mould of capacity 1000 cc. with an
internal diameter of 10 cm and height 12.73 cm. the
mould is fitted with a detachable base plate and
removable collar extension of about 6 cm hight.
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(b) For the light compaction, a metal rammer having 5
cmdiameter circular face, and weight 2.6 kg is used
which has drop oif 31 cm.
For heavy compaction, the rammer has 5 cm diameter
circular face, but havin g weight 4.89 kh free
drop of 45 cm.
(c) Steel straight edge having behaving beveled edge for
trimming top of the specimen.
(d)
Other accessories include moisture container, balance
of capacity 10kg and 200kg, oven, sieves, mixing tools.
PROCEDURE:
In case of soil sample has particle bigger than 4075 mm
sieve, about 20 kg of the representstive soil is air dried,
mixed pulerized and sieved through 20 mm and 4.75 m
sieve is not use in the test the percentage passing 20
mm sieve and retained on 4075 mm sieve is noted and if
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this is less than 20 percen this sample is used as such.
It is more than this phenomenon is repeated. In case the
sample passes 4075 sieves, than the bdry pulverized
sample is sieved through 4.75 mm sieve and the portion
passing this sievesis only used for the test. About 16 kg
of dry soil in total may be neccessery for the compaction
test in the 1000 cc mould. For compaction the soil in
the mould every time the required quantity quantity will
depend on the soil type, size of mould, moisture content
and amount of compaction. As arough guidance, for each
test 2.5 kg of soil may taken for light compaction. As
arough guidance, for each test 2.8 kg for heavy
compaction, and than the required water ia added. The
estimated weight to be added to the soil every time may
be measured in in a jet graduated in cc. enough water is
added to to the specimen to bearing the moisture
content to about 7% less than the estimated o.m.c. for
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sandy soil and 10% less for clay soils. The processed soil
stored in an air tight container for about 10 to 20
enable moisture to spread uniform in the soil mass.
The mould with base fitted in is weighed. The process
soil water mixture throughly and divided into eight equal
part.
(1) For light compaction the wet soil is compacted
into the mould in three equal layers, each layer being
25 blow of the 2.6kg rammer.
(2) For heavy compaction the wet soil mix is
compacted in the mould in five equal layer being 25
bloq of 4.89 kg hammer.
The blow should be uniform ly disributed over the surface
of each layer. Each layer of the compacted soil is scored
with a spatula before placing the soil for the succeeding.
The amount of the soil used should be just sufficient to
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fill the mould leaving about 5 mm to strike off on the
top after compacting the final layer.
The coller is removed and the compacted soil is leveled to
th top of the mould by mean of straight edge. The
mould and the soil are then weighed. The soil is then
ejected out of the mould and cut in the middle and a
representative specimen is determine by finding the wet
weight, keeping in the oven at 105c to 110c and finding
the dry weight the next day.
CALCULATION:
Let weight of mould copacted soil be = W1 g
Weight of empty mould =W2 g
Volume of mould = W
Wet density =
g/cc
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Then dry density =
()
RESULT:
The result are dry density and wet density.
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CALIFORNIA BEARING
RATIO TEST
INTRODUCTION:
The California bearing ratio (CBR) test was developed by
the California division of highway as a method of
classification and evaluating soil-subgrade and base course
material for flexible pavements. Just after world war-2,
the U.S.Crops of engineers adopted the C.B.R. test for
use in designing base course for air field pavement. The
test is empirical and result can not be related accurately
with any fundamental property of the material. The CBR
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is a measure of resistance of a material to penetration of
a standard plunger under controlled density and moisture
conditions. The test procedure should be strictly adhered
if high degree of reproducibility is desired. The CBR test
may be conducted in remould or undisturbed specimen in
the laboratory. U.S. crops of engineers have also
recommended a test procedure for in-situ test. Many
methods exist today which utilize mainly CBR test value
for designing pavement structures. The test is simple and
has been extensive investigated for field correlation of
flexible pavement thickness requirement briefly, the test
consist of causing a cylindrical plunger of diameter 50
mm to penetrate component material at 1.25
mm/minute. The loads, for 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm are
recorded. This load is expressed as a percentage of
standard load value at a respective deformation level to
obtain CBR value.
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APPARATUS:
Loading machine: Any compression machine which can
operate at a constant rate of 1.25 mm/minute can be
used for this purpose. If such machine is not available
then a calibrate hydraulic press with proving ring to
measure load can be used. A metal penetration piston or
plunger of a diameter 50 mm is attached to the loading
machine.
Cylindrical moulds: Mould of 150 mm diameter and 175
mm height provided with a collar of about 50 mm
length and detachable perforated andbase are used for
this purpose. A spacer disc of 148 mm diameter and
47.7 mm thickness is used to obtain a exactly 127.3
mm height
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Compaction rammer: The material is usually compacted
as specified for the work, either by dynamic
compaction or ISI are given in table bellow:-
TYPE OF
COMPACTION
NUMBER
OF
LAYERS
WEIGHT
OF
HAMMER,
Kg
FALL,
cm
NUMBER
OF
BLOWS
Light
compaction
3 2.6 31 56
Heavy
compaction
5 4.89 45 56
Adjustable stem, perforated plate, tripod and dial
gauge: the standard procedure require that the soil
sample before testing should be soaked in water to
measure swelling.
Annular weight: in order to stimulate the effect of
the overlying pavement weight, annular weight each of
2.5 kg and 147 mm diameter are placed on the top of
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the specimen, both at the time of soaking and testing
the sample, as surcharge.
Beside above equipment, coarse filte r paper, sieves,
oven, balance, etc. Required
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TEST ON
CEMENT
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(1) FINENESS TEST:
INTRODUCTION:
The object of this is to check the proper grinding of
cement. The rate of hydration depends on the fineness
of cement. The finer is the cement, the earlier the
hydration and the faster and greater is the gaining of
strength. This because of hydration starts at the surface.
Larger the surface area (i.e. finer the cement), faster
will be hydration. However, very fine cement is
susceptible to air set and deteriorates earlier. The
grinding of cement shall be as fine as to conform to the
standard specification and also shall be uniformly fine .If
the cement is not uniformly fine, the concrete made out
of it will have poor workability and will require a large
quantity of water while mixing. Also bleeding of concrete
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can occur i.e. even before the concrete is set , water will
come out of the surface due to the settlement of
concrete particle. To check the fineness of the cement
IS: 4031-1998 gives three methods:
By drying sieving.
1.
Blaine air permeability method.
2.
By wet sieving.
First method is used to find the fineness of cement in
the project laboratory.
DRY SIEVING METHOD:
The fineness of the cement depends on the particle size
distribution. A small mass of fine cement may have
surface area have large surface area than a large mass of
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coarser particle of cement. It is therefore necessary to
reduce the percentage of coarse particles to get require
fineness of cement .In this test mass of coarser cement
particle is found out which is limited to specified
percentage for various cements as per respective Indian
standard. Take 100g of various cements from samples and
breakdown any air set lumps with finger. Place it on a
standard IS sieve no.9. Continuously sieve the sample
with a gentle wrist motion for 15 minutes. The mass of
residue shall not exceed 10g in case of ordinary Portland
cement and 5g in case of rapid hardening cement.
CALCULATION AND RESULT:
The weight of cement retained is divided by weight taken
and is multiplied by 100 so the percentage retained
cement on 90 micron sieve is calculated. Three trials are
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done and the average of percentage.
Cement retained is calculated. The average
percentage of cement retained should not be more than
the specified limit.
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(II) TEST FOR
CONSISTENCY, INITIAL &
FINAL SETTING TIME OF
CEMENT
CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT
PASTE:
INTRODUCTION:
This test determines the quantity of water required to
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produce a cement paste of standard consistency for the
use of other test. The vicat apparatus is used for this
purpose. The consistency of standard cement paste is
defined as that consistency which will permit the vicat
plunger 50mm long and having 10mm diameter to
penetrate to a point 5mm to 7mm from the bottom of
the vicat mould. The unit of the consistency is
percentage of water by mass of dry cement and denoted
by P.
PROCEDURE:
Take 400g cement and add to it 30% water on a glass
plate or any non porous surface. Mix thoroughly and fill
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the mould of vicat apparatus. The interval from the time
of adding water to the dry cement until commencing to
fill the mould is known as the time of gauging and must
be not less than 3 minutes and not more than 5
minutes. Lower plunger gently to touch the surface of
test block and quickly release it, allowing it to sink into
the paste. Note the settlement of the plunger. The
settlement of the plunger should be 5mm to 7 mm from
the bottom of the mould. If not, repeat the procedure
using fresh cement and other percentage of water until
the described penetration of theplunger is obtained.
The consistency of standard cement paste is expressed
as the amount of water as percentage by mass of dry
cement.
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Let, m1= mass of cement taken
m2= mass of water added when the plunger
has a penetration of 5mm to
. 7mm from the bottom of the
mould.
Then the percentage of water or standard
consistency is
P = (m2/m1)x100
Usually standard consistency P lies between 26 to
33 percent.
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TEST FOR SETTING
TIMES
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INTRODUCTION:
The change of the cement paste from fluid to rigid state
may be referred to as setting. The gaining of strength of
a cement of a set cement paste is known as hardening.
During the setting, cement acquires some strength,
however it is not considered in definition to distinguished
setting from hardening, where hardening is gain of
strength of a set cement paste.
Objects of these tests are:-
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1.
To find initial and final setting times of cement.
2.
To distinguished between quick setting and normal
setting types of cement
3.
To detect deterioration due to storage.
When water is added to cement and mixed properly. The
chemical reaction soon starts and the paste of cement
remains plastic for a short period. During this period, it
is possible to remix the paste for a short period. During
this period, it is possible to remix the paste. This period
is called initial setting time. It is assumed that no
hardening will starts in this period .As time lapses, the
reaction is continued and cement begins to harden. At
some stages it gardens also called finally set and the
time elapsed since the water was added is called final
setting time. It is not possible to express the exact
state of hardening and hence empirical measurements are
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taken.
This is purely a conventional one and does not relate to
the setting and hardening of actual concrete.
PROCEDURE:
Mix 400g of cement with 0.85 P percentage of water
where P is the consistency of standard cement paste.
Start the stop watch at the instant when water is
added to cement. Fill the vicat mould with this paste
and smooth of the surface of the paste making it level
with the top of the mould attach 1mm* 1mm square
cross section needle to the vicat rod. Lower the needle
gently near the surface of the block. Note whether the
needle pierces completely .If so, wait for a while drop
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the needle at a fresh place. Repeat the procedure till
the needle fails to pierce the block for 5+ 0.5mm
measured from the bottom of the mould. The interval
between the time when water was added to cement and
the time at which the needle fails to pierce the block by
5 + 0.5mm is known as initial setting time.
Replace the needle by the needle which has a sharp
pointing, projecting in the centre with a annular
attachment and release it on the same test block as
before. Note the time when needle makes an impression,
but the attachment fails to do so. The interval between
these time and the time when water was added is known
as the final setting time.
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The initial setting time for a ordinary Portland cement
should not be less than 30 minutes and the final setting
time should not more than 10 hours. For quick setting
cement, the initial setting time should not be less than
5 minutes and the final setting not more than 30
minutes.
The minimum limits on initial setting are specified
because:
Concrete once placed should not be distributed after the
initial setting has taken place.
There must be sufficient time for placing of second batch
which may be distribute the first batch of the concrete.
The transportation of concrete from the place where
concrete is prepared to the placing of concrete requires
some finite time.
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The maximum limits of the final setting time are
specified because the concrete should achieve the desired
strength as early as possible so that the shuttering can
be remove and reused.
(I) AGGREGATES IMPACT TEST
INTRODUCTION:
Toughness is the property of the materials to resist
impact. Due to traffic loads, the load stones are
subjected to the pounding action or impacts and there
possibility of stones breaking into smaller pieces. The road
stones should therefore be tough enough to resist
fracture under impact. A test designed to evaluate the
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toughness of the stones therefore the resistance of the
two fractures under repeated impacts may be called an
impact test for road stones. Impact test may either
carry out cylindrical stone specimens as in page impact
test or stone aggregates as in a aggregate impact test.
The aggregate test has been standardized by the British
Standard Institution and the Indian Standard Institution.
The aggregate impact value indicates the a relative
measure of the resistant of aggregate to sudden shock or
an impact, which in some aggregate differ from its
resistant to slow compressive load. The method of test
covers the procedure for determine the aggregate impact
value of coarse aggregates.
APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of an impact testing machine, a
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cylindrical measure temping rod, IS sieve, balance and
oven.
Impact Testing Machine: The machine consist of
a matter base with a plane lower surface supported
well on a firm flour, without rocking detachable
cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter 10.2cm and
depth 5.0cm is rigidly fastened centrally to the base
plate. A matter hammer of weight between 13.5 and
14 kg having the lower and cylindrical in shape, 10cm
in diameter and 5.0 cm long, with 2.0 mm chamber
at the lower edge is capable of sliding freely between
vertical guides, and fall concentric over the cup. There
is an arrangement for raising the hammer and allowing
it to fall freelybetween vertical guides from a height
of 38 cm on the test sample in the cup, the height
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fall being adjustable up to 0.5 cm a key is provided
for supporting the hammer while fastening.
Measure: A cylindrical metal measure having internal
diameter 7.5 cm and depth 5.0 cm for measuring
aggregates.
Tamping rod:A straight metal tamping rod of
circular cross section, 1.0 cm in diameter and 23 m
long, rounded at one end.
Sieve:IS sieve of size 12.5mm, 10mm and
2.36mm for sieving the aggregates.
Balance: A balance of capacity not less than 500g
to weight accurate up to 0.1g.
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Oven: A thermostatically controlled drying oven
capable of maintaining constant temperature between
100oC and 110oC.
PROCEDURE:
The test sample consist of aggregates passing 12.5mm
sieves and retained on 10mm sieve and dried in an oven 4
hours at a temperature 100oC to 110oC and cooled. The
aggregates are filled up to about one third full in the
cylindrical measure and tamped 25 times with rounded
and of the tampering rod. Further quantity of aggregates
is then added up to about two third full in the
cylinder and 25 strokes of the tamping rod are given.
The measure is now filled with the aggregates to over
flow, tamped 25 times. The surplus aggregates are stuck
off using the tamping rod as straight edge. The net
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weight of the aggregates in the measures determined to
the nearest gram this weight of the aggregates is used
for carrying out duplicate test on the same materials.
The impact machine is placed with its bottom plate on
the flour so that the hammer guide columns are vertical.
The cup is mixed firmly in position on the base of the
test sample from the cylindrical measure is transferred to
the cup and compacted by tamping with 25 strokes.
The hammer is raised until its lower face is 38 cm above
the upper surface of the aggregates in the cup ,and
allowed to fall freely on the aggregates. The test sample
is subjected to a total 15 such blows, each being delivered
at an interval of not less than one second. The crushed
aggregates is then removed from the cup and whole of it
sieve on the 2.36mm sieve until no further significant
amount passes. The fraction passing the sieve is also
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weighed accurate to 0.1gm.The fraction retained on the
sieve is also weighed and if the total weight of the
fraction passing and retained on the sieve is added, it
should not be less than the original by 1g, the result
should be discarded and a fresh test made
METHODOLOGY OF PQC.
SCOPE:
The work shall consist of construction of un-reinforced,
dowel jointed plain cement concrete pavements in
accordance with the requirements of MOST specification
and in conformity with the lines grades and cross sections
as shown on the approved drawings. The work shall
include furnishing of all plant and equipment, materials
and labour as directed by the Engineer.
MATERIALS:
CEMENT:
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Ordinary part land cement 43 grade confirming IS: 8112.
ADMIXTURES:
Admixtures used conforming to IS: 9625 and IS: 9103.
COARSE AGGREGATE
The maximum size of aggregate is 20 mm. the coarse
aggregate complying with IS: 383
FINE AGGREGATE:
As approved in mix design confirm to IS: 383.
WATER:
It shall meet the requirement as stipulated in IS: 456.
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Bitumen testing
Bitumen is a mixture of organic liquids that is black,
highly viscous, sticky product used for paving roads,
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waterproofing products (used in sealing roofs). There are
many tests which are conducted to check the quality of
bitumen. Bitumen is very important component of many
construction sites like roads, highways. Many tests are
done to ensure the quality of bitumen. Some of these are
given below :-
1 Bitumen Content
2 Ductility Of Bitumen
3 Penetration of Bitumen
4 Specific Gravity of Bitumen
5 Softening Point Of Bitumen
6 Flash And Fire Point Of Bitumen
7 The Marshall Stability of Bituminous Mixture
This test is done to determine the bitumen content as
per ASTM 2172. The apparatus needed to determine
bitumen content are -
http://www.engineeringcivil.com/determining-bitumen-content.htmlhttp://www.engineeringcivil.com/determining-the-ductility-of-bitumen.htmlhttp://www.engineeringcivil.com/determining-penetration-of-bitumen.htmlhttp://www.engineeringcivil.com/determining-specific-gravity-of-bitumen.htmlhttp://www.engineeringcivil.com/determining-softening-point-of-bitumen.htmlhttp://www.engineeringcivil.com/determining-flash-and-fire-point-of-bitumen.htmlhttp://www.engineeringcivil.com/determining-the-marshall-stability-of-bituminous-mixture.htmlhttp://www.engineeringcivil.com/determining-the-marshall-stability-of-bituminous-mixture.htmlhttp://www.engineeringcivil.com/determining-flash-and-fire-point-of-bitumen.htmlhttp://www.engineeringcivil.com/determining-softening-point-of-bitumen.htmlhttp://www.engineeringcivil.com/determining-specific-gravity-of-bitumen.htmlhttp://www.engineeringcivil.com/determining-penetration-of-bitumen.htmlhttp://www.engineeringcivil.com/determining-the-ductility-of-bitumen.htmlhttp://www.engineeringcivil.com/determining-bitumen-content.html7/25/2019 civil project report
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i) Centrifuge extractor
ii) Miscellaneous bowl, filter paper, balance and
commercial benzene.
A sample of 500g is taken.
Procedure to determine bitumen content
i) If the mixture is not soft enough to separate with a
trowel,place 1000g of it in a large pan and warm upto
100oC to separate the particles of the mixture uniformly.
ii) Place the sample (Weight A) in the centrifuge
extractor. Cover the sample with benzene, put the filter
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paper on it with the cover plate tightly fitted on the
bowl.
iii) Start the centrifuge extractor, revolving slowly and
gradually increase the speed until the solvent ceases to
flow from the outlet.
iv) Allow the centrifuge extractor to stop. Add 200ml
benzene and repeat the procedure.
v) Repeat the procedure at least thrice, so that the
extract is clear and not darker than the light straw colour
and record the volume of total extract in the graduated
vessel.
vi) Remove the filter paper from the bowl and dry in the
oven at 110 + 5o
C. After 24hours, take the weight of
the extracted sample (Weight B).
REPORTING OF RESULTS
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Bitumen content = [(A-B)/B]100 %
Repeat the test thrice and average the results.
Determining the Ductility Of Bitumen
This test is done to determine the ductility of distillation
residue of cutback bitumen, blown type bitumen and other
bituminous products as per IS: 1208 1978. The principle
is : The ductility of a bituminous material is measured by
the distance in cm to which it will elongate before
breaking when a standard briquette specimen of the
material is pulled apart at a specified speed and a
specified temperature.
The apparatus required for this test:
i) Standard mould
ii) Water bath
iii) Testing machine
iv) Thermometer Range 0 to 44oC, Graduation 0.2oC
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Procedure to determine the Ductility Of Bitumen
i) Completely melt the bituminous material to be tested
by heating it to a temperature of 75 to 100oC above the
approximate softening point until it becomes thoroughly
fluid. Assemble the mould on a brass plate and in order
to prevent the material under test from sticking,
thoroughly coat the surface of the plate and the interior
surfaces of the sides of the mould with a mixture of
equal parts of glycerine and dextrin. While filling, pour the
material in a thin stream back and forth from end to end
of the mould until it is more than level full. Leave it to
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cool at room temperature for 30 to 40 minutes and
then place it in a water bath maintained at the specified
temperature for 30 minutes, after which cut off the
excess bitumen by means of a hot, straight-edged putty
knife or spatula, so that the mould is just level full. ii)
Place the brass plate and mould with briquette specimen
in the water bath and keep it at the specified
temperature for about 85 to 95 minutes. Remove the
briquette from the plate, detach the side pieces and the
briquette immediately.
iii) Attach the rings at each end of the two clips to the
pins or hooks in the testing machine and pull the two
clips apart horizontally at a uniform speed, as specified,
until the briquette ruptures. Measure the distance in cm
through which the clips have been pulled to produce
rupture. While the test is being done, make sure that the
water in the tank of the testing machine covers the
specimen both above and below by at least 25mm and the
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temperature is maintained continuously within 0.5oC of
the specified temperature.
REPORTING OF RESULTS
A normal test is one in which the material between the
two clips pulls out to a point or to a thread and rupture
occurs where the cross-sectional area is minimum. Report
the average of three normal tests as the ductility of the
sample, provided the three determinations be within
0.5 percent of their mean value.
If the values of the three determinations do not lie
within 0.5 percent of their mean, but the two higher
values are within 0.5 percent of their mean, then
record the mean of the two higher values as the test
result.
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Determining Penetration of Bitumen
This test is done to determine the penetration of
bitumen as per IS: 1203 1978. The principle is that
the penetration of a bituminous material is the distance
in tenths of a mm, that a standard needle would
penetrate vertically, into a sample of the material under
standard conditions of temperature, load and time. The
apparatus needed to determine the penetration of
bitumen is
i) Penetrometer
ii) Water bath
iii) Bath thermometer Range 0 to 44oC, Graduation
0.2oC
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SAMPLE
Bitumen should be just sufficient to fill the container to a
depth of at least 15mm in excess of the expected
penetration.
Procedure to determine the penetration of bitumen
i) Soften the bitumen above the softening point
(between 75 and 100oC). Stir it thoroughly to remove
air bubbles and water.
ii) Pour it into a container to a depth of at least 15mm
in excess of the expected penetration.
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iii) Cool it at an atmospheric temperature of 15 to 30oC
for 11/2hours. Then place it in a transfer dish in the
water bath at 25.0 + 0.1oC for 11/2hrs.
iv) Keep the container on the stand of the penetration
apparatus.
v) Adjust the needle to make contact with the surface of
the sample.
vi) Adjust the dial reading to zero.
vii) With the help of the timer, release the needle for
exactly 5 seconds.
viii) Record the dial reading.
ix) Repeat the above procedure thrice.
REPORTING OF RESULTS
The value of penetration reported should be the mean of
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not less than three determinations expressed in tenths of
a mm.
MACHINERY USED IN
CONSTRUCTION
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LIST OF PLANT & MACHINERY
DEVELOPED AT SITE:
WM M M ixing plant
Tailor
Stone Crusher unit 100TPH
Tipper 6/8)
GSB Crusher unit 100 TPH
Tipper 14cum)
Weight Bridge
Tractor
Concrete Batching Plant
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Plate Compactor
Transit Mixer
Concrete Mixer
Motor Grader
Generator set 250KVA
Front end loader
Generator set 180KVA
Generator set 125KVA
Generator set 100KVA
Generator set 22KVA
Generator set 17.5KVA
Generator set 5KVA
Excavator
J.C.B
Soil Compactor
Sensor Pavers
WM M Pavers
Vibratory Tandem Roller
Static Roller
Hydra
Air Compressor
Needle Vibrator
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Water Pump
Bitumen Spryer
Welding set with Generator 8KVA
Mechanical Boomer
Vehicles
Water Tanks
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SUGGESTION AND
CONCLUSION
1.Civil engineer should perform the work at their
level best so that it will give better result and
improve the production of the company.
2. Infrastructure of Civil Contractor Cell should be
more developed for giving the contract to the
best contractor.
3. Welfare facilities should be increase in for civil
engineers of Construction Company.
4. For the safety of civil engineers at the
construction, company should give the best
equipments of safety to the civil engineers.
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5. The hostel facility and amenities should be
improved so that the civil engineers could work
with more efficiency.
6. The civil engineers are advised to do their work
in slot as they do it bulk which create adverse
problems for example the road was dug during the
rainy season in one flow which resulted in heavy
loss of material, money and machinery of the
company. The work should have been done in small
phases and according to the circumstances. The
clipping can be seen on the next page as to how
destruction was made during the time when I was
undergoing my training.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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1.
I.S. specification book on highway.
2.
Highway material testing book by
3.
S.K. Khanna, C.E.G Justo.
4.
Organizations Laboratory.
5.
Organizations Engineers.
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