Civ Pro Case Digest Finals

8/20/2019 Civ Pro Case Digest Finals

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CIVIL PROCEDURE CASE DIGESTS

I. BASIC CONCEPTS

Procedural Law v. Substantive Law

BUSTOS V LUCERO, OCTOBER 20, 1948

G.R. NO. L-2068

TUASON, J.:

FACTS: Th !"#"#$%& h&#%, '% '(()*+ #% ' (#%' ('*,

+ ' $"#$% /#"h "h C$)&" $ F#&*" I%*"'%( $ P'!'%'

'"& h h'+ % $)%+ $3& "$ "h'" ($)&" $& "', !&'#%

"h'" "h &($&+ $ "h ('* &'%++ "$ "h 5)*"#( $ "h

!'( ($)&" $ '*'%"$, "h ($)&" $ $#%, #% $&+& "h'" "h

!"#"#$%& #h" (&$**-7'#% "h ($!'#%'%" '%+ h&

/#"%*** #% ($%%("#$% /#"h "h#& "*"#$%, $% "h *"&%"h$ /h#(h /'&&'%" /'* #**)+ $& "h '&&*" $ "h '(()*+. Th

$"#$% /'* +%#+ '%+ "h'" +%#' #* "h *)5(" '""& $ "h#*

!&$(+#%.

A(($&+#% "$ "h $&'%+) *)#""+ "h !"#"#$%&*

'""$&% "$ "h C$)&" $ F#&*" I%*"'%( #% *)!!$&" $ h#* $"#$%,

"h '(()*+, '**#*"+ ($)%*, '!!'&+ '" "h !&##%'&

#%3*"#'"#$%. I% "h'" #%3*"#'"#$%, "h 5)*"#( $ "h !'(

#%$&+ h# $ "h (h'&* '%+ '*+ h# # h !'++

)#" $& %$" )#", )!$% /h#(h h %"&+ "h !' $ %$")#". Th% h#* ($)%* $3+ "h'" "h ($!'#%'%" !&*%"

h& 3#+%( *$ "h'" *h '%+ h& /#"%*** ($)+ 7'#%+

'%+ (&$**-7'#%+ #% "h '%%& '%+ $& !&$3#++ '/.

Th *(' '%+ "h !'" !&$*()"$& $5("+, #%3$#%

*("#$% 11 $ &) 108, '%+ "h $5("#$% /'* *)*"'#%+. I%

3#/ "h&$, "h '(()*+* ($)%* '%%$)%(+ h#* #%"%"#$% "$

&%$)%( h#* h" "$ !&*%" 3#+%(, '%+ "h 5)*"#( $ "h

!'( $&/'&++ "h ('* "$ "h ($)&" $ &*" #%*"'%(.

L'3#% '*#+ "h ;)*"#$% /h"h& "h '(()*+, '"&

&%$)%(#% h#* h" "$ !&*%" 3#+%(, '%+ &'*$% $

"h'" /'#3& h /'* ($#""+ "$ "h ($&&*!$%+#% ($)&" $&

"', #* *"$!!+

I**): D#+ "h &*!$%+%" 5)+ '("+ #% 7(** $ h#*

5)*+#("#$% $& #% ')* $ +#*(&"#$% #% &)*#% "$ &'%" "h'(()*+* $"#$% "$ &")&% "h &($&+ $& "h !)&!$* *" $)"

"h&#%<

=+: R#"&'"#% "h ('* $ Dequito and SalingBuhay vs.

Arellano, "h S)!& C$)&" h+ "h'" Th ($%*"#")"#$%' h"

$ '% '(()*+ "$ ($%&$%"+ "h /#"%*** ''#%*" h#

+$* %$" '!! "$ !&##%'& h'%*> %$& /# "h '*%( $

' !&##%'& 7'#%'"#$% '% #%%%" $ h#* h" "$

($%&$%" /#"%**. A* ' '""& $ '(", !&##%'& #%3*"#'"#$%

' +$% '/' /#"h %"#& /#"h$)" #%%#% "h

($%*"#")"#$%' h" $ '% '(()*+ )%+& "h +) !&$(**

(')* "$ ' '#& "'.

? *'#+ "h'" /h# *("#$% 11 $ R) 108 +%* "h $)%+*

$ "h +%+'%"* h" #% "h !&##%'& #%3*"#'"#$%, "h&

#* %$"h#% #% #" $& '% $"h& '/ &*"("#% "h ')"h$",

#%h&%" #% ' ($)&" $ 5)*"#(, "$ !)&*) ' ($)&* $ '("#$%

&'*$%' ('()'"+ "$ % $)" "h "&)"h.

B)" / '+ #" ('& "h'" "h +%+'%" ('%%$", '* ' '""&

$ h", ($! "h ($!'#%" '%+ h#* /#"%*** "$ &!'" #%h#* !&*%( /h'" "h h'+ *'#+ '" "h !&##%'&

7'#%'"#$% $& "h #**)'%( $ "h $&+& $ '&&*". ?

('+ '""%"#$% "$ "h '(" "h'" "h ($%*"#")"#$%' h" $ '%

'(()*+ "$ ($%&$%"+ "h /#"%*** ''#%*" h# +$*

%$" '!! "$ !&##%'& h'%* %$& /# "h '*%( $ '

!&##%'& 7'#%'"#$% '% #%%%" $ h#* h" "$

($%&$%" /#"%***. A* ' '""& $ '(", !&##%'&

#%3*"#'"#$% ' +$% '/' /#"h %"#& /#"h$)"

1


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#%%#% "h ($%*"#")"#$%' h" $ '% '(()*+ )%+& "h +)

!&$(** (')* "$ ' '#& "'.

U!$% "h $&$#% ($%*#+&'"#$%*, "h !&*%" !"#"#$% #*

+#*#**+ /#"h ($*"* ''#%*" "h !"#"#$%&.

DISSENTING OPINIONS OF J. F', J. P&("$,

I% "h ('* $ D;)#"$ '%+ S'#%B)h' 3*. A&'%$, N$. L-

1@@6, / +#+ %$" +#*()** '%+ +(#+ "h ;)*"#$% $ 3'#+#" $&

($%*"#")"#$%'#" $ *'#+ *("#$% 11 #% ($%%("#$% /#"h *("#$% 1

$ R) 108, (')* "h'" ;)*"#$% /'* %$" &'#*+ "h&#%, '%+

/ & ($%*"&)+ "h !&$3#*#$%* $% !&##%'&

#%3*"#'"#$% $& R) 108.

B)" %$/ "h ;)*"#$% $ "h 3'#+#" $ *'#+ *("#$% 11, R)

108, #* *;)'& !&*%"+ "$ "h#* C$)&" $& +(#*#$%, / h'3

!&$&( "$ !'** )!$% #".

Section 13, Article VIII, of the Constitution prescribes

that "the Supree Court shall have power to

proul!ate rules concernin! pleadin!, practice and

procedure in all courts, but said rules shall not

diinish, increase or odif substantive ri!hts." Th

($%*"#")"#$% '+++ "h '*" !'&" $ "h '$3-;)$"+

($%*"#")"#$%' !&(!" #% $&+& "$ !h'*# that the

Supree Court is not epowered, and therefore cannot

enact or proul!ate substantive laws or rules, for it isobvious that rules which diinish, increase or odif

substantive ri!hts, are substantive and not ad#ective

laws or rules concernin! pleadin!, practice and

procedure.

Th h" &'%"+ '/ )!$% ' +%+'%" "$ ($%&$%"+

/#"h '%+ (&$**-7'#% "h /#"%*** $& "h !&$*()"+ #%

!&##%'& #%3*"#'"#$% '* / '* #% "h "' $ "h ('* #* '

*)*"'%"#3 h". I" #* *)*"'%"#3 h" (')* 7&(#*#%

#", '% '(()*+ !&*$% ' *h$/, 3% # h h'* %$ 3#+%( #%

h#* '3$&, "h'" "h "*"#$%#* $ "h /#"%*** $& "h

!&$*()"#$% '& %$" *)(#%" "$ #%+#('" "h'" "h& #* '

!&$'##" "h'" ' ( h'* % ($#""+ '%+ h #* )#"

"h&$, '%+ "h&$& "h '(()*+ #* %"#"+ "$ &'*+

'%+ %$" ($#""+ "$ !*$%, '%+ "h)* '3$#+ '% $!% '%+

!)#( '(()*'"#$% $ (, "h "&$), 7!%*, '%+ '%7#"$ ' !)#( "', '%+ "h ($&&*!$%+#% '%7#" $& $&'

*)% /h#(h ' (#%' !&$*()"#$% '/'* %"'#*.

$his ri!ht is not a constitutional but a statutor ri!ht

!ranted b law. B)" "h#* h", "h$)h %$" ' ($%*"#")"#$%'

$%, ('% %$" $+#+, '++, $& +##%#*h+ "h

S)!& C$)&", 3#&") $ "h &) '#% !$/& ($%&&+

)!$% "h#* C$)&" "h C$%*"#")"#$%.

Since the provisions of section 11 of %ule 1&' as

construed b this Court in several cases, (in which the

)uestion of constitutionalit or validit of said section

had not been s)uarel raised* do awa with the

defendant+s ri!ht under discussion, it follows that said

section 11 diinishes the substantive ri!ht of the

defendant in criinal case, and this Court has no power

or authorit to proul!ate it and therefore is null and

void.

Th '(" "h'" "h '5$" $ "h#* C$)&" h'* &)+ #% "h '$3

(#"+ ('* $ D;)#"$ '%+ S'#%B)h' 3*. A&'%$, "h'" "h

#%$& $& 5)*"#( $ "h !'( ($)&"* h'3 +#*(&"#$% "$ &'%"

' +%+'%"* &;)*" "$ h'3 "h /#"%*** $& "h

!&$*()"#$% &('+ "$ "*"# ''#% #% "h !&*%( $ "h

+%+'%" '%+ (&$**-7'#%+ "h '""&, +$* %$"

3'#+'" *'#+ !&$3#*#$%> (')* "$ ' "h 7&(#* $ '%

'*$)" h" +#*(&"#$%'& $& +!%+%" )!$% "h /# $&

+#*(&"#$% $ "h ($)&" $& $(& '#% "h !&##%'&

#%3*"#'"#$%, #* 3#+%" "$ +##%#*h $& $+# #".

2


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+%*, )" $!&'"* $% #% ' ##"+ '%+ )%*)*"'%"#'

'%%& "$ h#* +#*'+3'%"'. F$& "h C$)&"* !$/& #* %$"

& "$ ($!#, &3#* $& ($+# "h &)* $ !&$(+)&

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#* "$ !&$)'" &)* ($%(&%#% !'+#%, !&'("#(, '%+

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%/ '%+ +#&%" &)* /#"h$)" &'&+ "$ "h#& *$)&( '%+

+#*('&+#% $+ $%*.

Th $"#$% #* +%#+.

$&'%, C.J., P'&'*, P'$, B%$%, B$%*, '%+ $%"'$&,

JJ., ($%()&.

DISSENTING OPINION OF J.FERIA, J. PERFECTO

I +#**%".

Th $"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$% )*" &'%"+.

A(($&+#% "$ "h &*$)"#$%, "h h" $ ' +%+'%" "$

($%&$%"+ /#"h '%+ (&$**-7'#% "h /#"%*** $& "h

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!&$3#++ $& #% G%&' O&+&*, N$. 8, '* '%++, #% $&(

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*)*"'%"#3 h" )" ' & '""& $ !&$(+)&, '%+

"h&$& "h#* C$)&" ('% *)!!&** #" #% *("#$% 11, R) 108, $

"h R)* $ C$)&", $& "h $$/#% &'*$%*:

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('% %$" "'& +$/% *("#$% 11 $ R) 108 $% ($%*"#")"#$%'

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+#&%( #* *$/h'" ' ;)*"#$% $ +& . . . I" #* +#()"

"$ +&'/ ' #% #% '% !'&"#()'& ('* $%+ /h#(h #*'"#3

!$/& $3& &+ '%+ !&$(+)& ('% !'** /#"h$)" "$)(h#%

)!$% "h *)*"'%"#3 h"* $ !'&"#* '("+, '* #" #*

#!$**# "$ 7 "h'" $)%+'& %&' ($%+#"#$%. . . . Th#*

#% *$, #" #* #%3#"' "h'" "h S)!& C$)&" #% '#%

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'%%& $& +! h# $ ' +%*, )" $!&'"* $% #% '

##"+ '%+ )%*)*"'%"#' '%%& "$ h#* +#*'+3'%"'.

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)%+&*"$$+. S)*"'%"#3 '/ #* "h'" !'&" $ "h '/ /h#(h

(&'"*, +%*, '%+ &)'"* h"* '* $!!$*+ "$ $5("#3

$& !&$(+)&' '/ /h#(h !&*(* "h "h$+ $ %$&(#%

h"*. ?h'" ($%*"#")"* !&'("#( '%+ !&$(+)& #% "h '/ #*

"h $+ $& !&$(+#% /h#(h ' ' h" #* %$&(+,

"h'" /h#(h &)'"* "h $&' *"!* #% '% '("#$% $& 5)+#(#'

!&$(+#%*> "h ($)&* $ !&$(+)& #% ($)&"*> "h $&,

'%%& '%+ $&+& #% /h#(h !&$(+#%* h'3 %, '%+ '&

'(()*"$+ "$ h'+> "h $&, '%%& '%+ $&+& $ ('&&#%

$% '%+ ($%+)("#% *)#"* $& !&$*()"#$%* #% "h ($)&"* "h&$)h

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"h#& 3'$)* *'* '(($&+#% "$ "h !%(#!* $ '/ '%+ "h

&)* '#+ +$/% "h &*!("#3 ($)&"*.

S)*"'%"#3 h"* ' (&'"+ $& &'%"+ #"h& #% "h

C$%*"#")"#$% $& #% '% &'%(h $ "h '/, (#3#, (#%',

'+#%#*"&'"#3 $& !&$(+)&' '/. I% $)& $+ C$+ $ C#3#

P&$(+)&, A(" N$. 190, '* '%++, "h& '& !&$3#*#$%*/h#(h (&'", +% '%+ &)'" *)*"'%"#3 h"*, '%+

'% $ "h$* !&$3#*#$%* *)(h '* "h$* &'"#% "$

)'&+#'%*h#!, '+$!"#$%, 3#+%( '%+ '% $"h&* '&

#%($&!$&'"+ #% "h R)* $ C$)&" $& "h *' $ ($%3%#%(

'%+ %$" (')* "h#* C$)&" #* !$/&+ "$ !&$)'" "h

'* &)* $ ($)&".

1 A* "$ "h &*" '&)%", "h !&#* "h !&##%'&

#%3*"#'"#$% #* #%%" '%+ **%"#' &+#' #* %$"

($&&(". U%+$)"+ "h '5$" '%* "$ *' !&$(+)&', #%

#% /#"h "h ($%()*#$% #% "h &*$)"#$%, (')* &+#'

'/ #* $% "h#%, '%+ !&$(+)&' '/ #* '%$"h&. O3#$)* "h

'& +#&%" &'%(h* $ "h '/. "%eedial statute" is "a

statute providin! a reed for an in#ur as

distin!uished fro a penal statute. A *"'")" #3#% '

!'&" ' $+ $ &+ $& ' /&$% /h& h h'+ %$% $& '

+#&%" $% $&. . . . R+#' *"'")"* '& "h$* /h#(h

'& '+ "$ *)!! *)(h +("*, '%+ '+ *)(h

*)!&H)#"#* #% "h ($$% '/, '* '* #"h& &$ "h

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+"&#%'"#$% $ )%'&%+ $& 3% '&%+ 5)+*, $& &$

'% $"h& (')* /h'"*$3&.

It is also not correct to ar that section 11 of %ule

1&' relatin! to ri!ht of defendant after arrest "is a rule

of evidence and therefore is also procedural." I% "h &*"

!'(, "h !&$3#*#$%* $ *'#+ *("#$% "$ "h (" "h'" "h

+%+'%", '"& "h '&&*" '%+ h#* +#3& "$ "h ($)&" h'*

"h h" "$ #%$&+ $ "h ($!'#%" $& #%$&'"#$% +

''#%*" h#, '%+ '*$ "$ #%$&+ $ "h "*"#$% '%+

3#+%( !&*%"+ ''#%*" h#, '%+ ' '$/+ "$ "*"#

'%+ !&*%" /#"%*** $& 3#+%( $& h# # h *$ +*#&*,

'& %$" &)* $ 3#+%(> '%+ #% "h *($%+ !'(, #" #* 3#+%"

"h'" $*" $ "h &)* $ 3#+%(, # %$" ', '& *)*"'%"#3

'/* "h'" +%, (&'" $& &)'" h"*, '%+ %$" !&$(+)&'."%ules of evidence are substantive ri!hts found in

coon law chie4 and !rowin! out of reasonin!,

eperience and coon sense of lawers and courts."

I" #* "&) "h'" /#h#% $ 3#+%( '%+ "h &)* $ !&'("#(

/#"h &*!(" "h&"$ $& !'&" $ "h '/ $ !&$(+)&, )" "h

('**#('"#$% $ !&$$* #* *$"# +"&#%+ "h

*)*"'%"#3 '/. U. S. 3*. G%'"$, 1 Ph#., 10, 16. =$/

('% "h '/ $% 5)+#(#' %$"#(, ($%()*#3 '* / '*

5)*"'%") !&*)!"#$%, h'&*' '%+ *" 3#+%( &),

!'&$ 3#+%( &), #%"&!&"'"#$% $ +$()%"*, ($!"%($ ' !&*$% "$ "*"# '* ' /#"%** ($%*#+&+ !&$(+)&'<

Th&$&, "h '&)%"'"#3 ($%()*#$% "h'" / ('% %$" "'&

+$/% *("#$% 11 $ R) 108 $% ($%*"#")"#$%' &$)%+* /#"h$)"

"h&$/#% $)" "h /h$ ($+ $ 3#+%( $+#+ #% "h*

R)*, #* 3#+%" /&$%, %$" $% $& "h &'*$% 5)*" *"'"+,

)" (')* $)& ($%"%"#$% "h'" "h +%+'%" ('% %$"

+!+ $ h#* h" "$ ($%&$%"+ /#"h '%+ (&$**-7'#%

"h /#"%** $ "h !&$*()"#$% #* ' !&##%'& #%3*"#'"#$%

)%+& ($%*#+&'"#$% /$)+ %$", # )!h+, %(**' "'&+$/% *'#+ *("#$%. O)& "h$&, #* "h'" *'#+ *("#$% 11 *h$)+

*$ ($%*"&)+ '* "$ 3'#+ '%+ ("#3, "h'" #*, "h'" # "h

+%+'%" '** "h ($)&" "$ &(' "h /#"%** $& /#"%*** $&

"h !&$*()"#$% "$ "*"# ''#% #% h#* !&*%(, '%+ "$ '$/

"h $&& "$ (&$**-7'#% "h '""&, "h ($)&" $& $(&

'#% "h !&##%'& #%3*"#'"#$% #* )%+& $#'"#$% "$

&'%" "h &;)*". B)" # "h +%+'%" +$* %$" *$ '* "h

($)&", h *h$)+ ($%*#+&+ '* /'#3#% h#* h" "$

($%&$%"+ /#"h '%+ (&$**-7'#% "h /#"%** ''#%*" h#.


6/71

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"h'" "h !&##%'& #%3*"#'"#$% '* !&$3#++ $& #% "h

G%&' O&+&*, N$. 8, '* '%++, #* %$" '% **%"#' !'&" $

+) !&$(** $ '/, (')* +) !&$(** $ '/ #* %$" #&$%

('+ #% #"* '%#%> #"* +$* %$" %(**' '% ' !'&"#()'&

!&$(+)&. D) !&$(** $ '/ *#! &;)#&* ' !&$(+)&

"h'" ) !&$"("* "h #, #&" '%+ !&$!&". F$& "h'" &'*$%"h #%3*"#'"#$% "$ '+ "h C#" F#*(' $ "h C#" $

'%#' )%+& A(" N$. 612, %$/ *("#$% 246 $ "h

A+#%#*"&'"#3 C$+, $& #% '% #%$&'"#$%, /'*

($%*#+&+ "h#* C$)&" '* *)(#%" "$ *'"#* "h +)

!&$(** $ '/ ($%*"#")"#$%' &;)#&%". B)" #" #* '*$ "&)

"h'" / h'3 '&'+ '%+ ($&&(" h+ "h'": Th '/ h'3#%

7!#(#" &($%#+ '%+ *"'#*h+ "h'" %$ !&*$% (h'&+

/#"h "h ($#**#$% $ ' ( *h' +!+ $ h#* #&"

$& *)5("+ "$ "' /#"h$)" !$& !&##%'& #%3*"#'"#$%

"h'" *h' *h$/ "h'" "h& '& &'*$%' &$)%+* "$ #3h# )#", "h& ('% %$ +$)" "h'" "h '(()*+ /h$ #*

+!+ $ h#* #&", "+ '%+ *%"%(+ /#"h$)" "h !&$!&

!&##%'& #%3*"#'"#$% h'3#% % '+ #% h#* &'&+, #*

($%3#("+ /#"h$)" "h !&$(** $ '/,

Th &)#% #% B' 3*. Oh#$, 269 U. S. 16, 0 L'/. +., 216,

;)$"+ #% "h &*$)"#$%, h'* %$ '!!#('"#$% "$ "h !&*%"

('*, $& "h ;)*"#$% #%3$3+ "h&#% /'* "h !$/& $

C$%&** "$ '"& "h &)* $ 3#+%( '%+ !&$(+)& /#"h$)"

3#$'"#% "h ($%*"#")"#$%' !&(!" "h'" !&$h##"* "h !'**#%$ 7 !$*" '("$ '/, /h# "h ;)*"#$% h&#% #%3$3+ #* "h

!$/& $ "h S)!& C$)&" "$ !&$)'" &)* $ !'+#%,

!&'("#( '%+ !&$(+)&, /h#(h +##%#*h "h *)*"'%"#3 h"

$ ' +%+'%", 7!&** !&$h##"+ "h *' !&$3#*#$% $

"h C$%*"#")"#$% "h'" ($%&* )!$% "h#* C$)&" "h !$/& "$

!&$)'" *'#+ &)*.

@ Th '*" &'*$% $& '&)%" !&#*+ $% "h ($%()*#$%

"h'" "h +#*"#%("#$% "/% &+ '%+ *)*"'%"#3 h" #*

#%('!' $ 7'(" +%#"#$%> #%++ "h +#&%( #*

*$/h'" ' ;)*"#$% $ +&, #* #'"', (')*, '*

/ h'3 '&'+ *'#+ #% &)"#% "h '5$"* &*" &'*$%,

&+ '%+ !&$(+)& '& "/$ ($!" +#&%" "h#%*.

As above de-ned, substantive law is clearl

di2erentiated fro procedural law and practice. B)"3% '**)#% '&)%+$ "h'" #" #* +#()" "$ +&'/ "h #% #%

'% !'&"#()'& ('* $%+ /h#(h "h !$/& $ "h ($)&" $3&

!&$(+)& ('% %$" !'** /#"h$)" "$)(h#% )!$% "h *)*"'%"#'

h" $ "h !'&"#*, /h'" "h#* C$)&" *h$)+ +$ #% "h'" ('*

/$)+ "$ '*"'#% &$ !&$)'"#% *)(h &) $ !&$(+)&

/h#(h '% #%(&'*, +##%#*h $& $+# *)*"'%"#3 h" #%

$&+& "$ '3$#+ 3#$'"#% "h ($%*"#")"#$%' !&$h##"#$% '$3

&&&+ "$. 5ecause as this Supree Court is not

epowered b the Constitution to le!islate on or

abro!ate substantive ri!hts, but onl to proul!aterules of pleadin!, practice and procedure which "shall

not diinish, increase or odif substantive ri!hts,"

this Court can not step on the in ain! the rules,

and the Constitution ust be presued not to tolerate

nor epect such incursion as would a2ect the

substantive ri!hts of the accused in an anner.

B*#+*, +!#% '% '(()*+ $ h#* h" "$ ($%&$%"+

'%+ (&$**-7'#% "h /#"%** ''#%*" h# #% ' !&##%'&

#%3*"#'"#$% /$)+ '(" "h '(()*+ %$" #% ' ##"+ '%+)%*)*"'%"#' )" #% ' h'&*h '%+ '&#"&'& '%%&. Th

"*"#$% $ ' /#"%** #3% #% "h '*%( $ "h +%+'%"

'%+ /#"h$)" '% $!!$&")%#" $% "h !'&" $ "h '""& "$ (&$**-

7'#% h# #* ' h'&*' 3#+%(, '%+ #" *h$)+ %$"

'+#""+ ''#%*" "h +%+'%" #% ' !&##%'& #%3*"#'"#$%

"h'" #* &'%"+ "$ "h '""& '* ' !&$"("#$% ''#%*" h'*",

'#(#$)* '%+ $!!&**#3 !&$*()"#$%*. O"h&/#*, '% '(()*+

/h$ #* #%%$(%" '%+ *h$)+ %$" '&&*"+, $& # '&&*"+

*h$)+ &'*+ #+#'" ' *h$&" "# '"& h#* '&&*"

6


7/71

'"& "h !&##%'& #%3*"#'"#$%, /$)+ h'3 "$ h+ $&

"' '%+ /'#" $& ' ($%*#+&' !$+ $ "# )%"# "h ('* #*

"+ '%+ '(;)#""+ '"& "' "h C$)&"* $ F#&*" I%*"'%( #%

!&$3#%(* $% '(($)%" $ "h '+#**#$% $ *)(h 3#+%( #% "h

!&##%'& #%3*"#'"#$%, 3#+%( %$" '+#**# '" "h "'.

Th&$&, "h $"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$% #* &'%"+, '%+ '"&"h %(**'& !&$(+#%* "h +(#*#$% $ "h '5$"

&3&*+ $& $+#+ #% '(($&+'%( /#"h +#**%"#%

$!#%#$%.

%etroactive Application of Procedural Law6 7resh0Period

%ule 8epes 9octrine

RODRIGUE V. PEOPLE, OCTOBER 24, 2012

G.R. NO. 19299

VELASCO, JR., J.:

FACTS: Th RTC ($%3#("+ !"#"#$%& $& U%'#& C$!"#"#$%

!%'#+ )%+& "h I%"(")' P&$!&" C$+ $ "h

Ph##!!#%* '%+ *%"%(+ h# "$ *&3 #!*$%%" $ "/$

2 '&*, "$ !' ' % $ PhP 0, 000 '%+ '(")' +''* $

PhP ,000.

A"& !&$)'"#$% $ "h D(#*#$% #% C#%' C'* N$. 02-

206499 ($%3#("#% h# $& )%'#& ($!"#"#$%, !"#"#$%& + '

$"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$% $& "h RTC $% "h 1"h $& "h'*" +' $ "h &%"'& !$+ "$ '!!'. F$)&"% 14

+'* '"& &(#!" $ "h RTC O&+& +%#% h#* $"#$% $&

&($%*#+&'"#$%, !"#"#$%& + h#* N$"#( $ A!!'. Th)*, "h

+%#' $ h#* N$"#( $ A!!' $% "h &$)%+ $ #"* #% +

$)" $ "# )%+& S(. 6, R) 122, R3#*+ R)* $ C#%'

P&$(+)&. B$& "h RTC, "h CA '%+ %$/ h&, !"#"#$%&

/'* )%/'3% #% h#* '**&"#$% $ "h '!!#('##" $ "h

&*h !$+ &) '* '#+ +$/% #% N!* 3. C$)&" $ A!!'*.

ISSUE: I* "h &*h !$+ &) '!!#(' $% "h *'#+ ('*<

=ELD: T$ *"'%+'&+# "h '!!' !$+* !&$3#++ #% "h R)*

'%+ "$ '$&+ #"#'%"* '#& $!!$&")%#" "$ '!!' "h#& ('**,

"h C$)&" +* #" !&'("#(' "$ '$/ ' &*h !$+ $ 1 +'*

/#"h#% /h#(h "$ "h %$"#( $ '!!' #% "h R#$%' T'

C$)&", ($)%"+ &$ &(#!" $ "h $&+& +#*#**#% ' $"#$%$& ' %/ "' $& $"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$%.

=%($&"h, "h#* &*h !$+ &) *h' '*$ '!! "$ R) 40

$3&%#% '!!'* &$ "h )%#(#!' T' C$)&"* "$ "h

R#$%' T' C$)&"*> R) 42 $% !"#"#$%* $& &3#/ &$ "h

R#$%' T' C$)&"* "$ "h C$)&" $ A!!'*> R) 4@ $%

'!!'* &$ ;)'*#-5)+#(#' '%(#* "$ "h C$)&" $ A!!'*

'%+ R) 4 $3&%#% '!!'* (&"#$&' "$ "h S)!&

C$)&". Th %/ &) '#* "$ &#%" $& ' "h '!!'

!$+ )%#$&, "$ ($)%"+ &$ &(#!" $ "h $&+&

+%#% "h $"#$% $& %/ "', $"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$%

/h"h& ) $& !'&"#' $& '% %' $&+& $& &*$)"#$%.

Th !#3$"' ;)*"#$% #* /h"h& "h &*h !$+ &) #*

'!!#(' "$ '!!'* &$ ($%3#("#$% #% (#%' ('**

$3&%+ S(. 6 $ R) 122 /h#(h !&"#%%"

Sec. 6. When appeal to be taken. An appeal must be taken

within fteen !"#$ days rom promulgation o the %udgment or

rom notice o the fnal order appealed rom. &his period or

perecting an appeal shall be suspended rom the time amotion or new trial or reconsideration is fled until notice o

the order overruling the motion has been served upon the

accused or his counsel at which time the balance o the period

begins to run.

?h# N!* /'* *#%" $% "h '!!#('##" $ "h &*h

!$+ &) "$ (#%' ('**, "h #**) /'* *;)'&

'++&**+ #% 'u v. &atad, /h#(h epanded the scope of the

doctrine in 8epes to criinal cases in appeals of


8/71

conviction under Sec. :, %ule 1;; of the %evised %ules

of Criinal Procedure. Th)*, "h C$)&" h+ "h'":

7 777

?& / "$ *"(" #%"&!&" "h &*h !$+ &) #% N!*

'%+ ' #" '!!#(' $% "$ "h !$+ "$ '!!' #% (#3#

('**, / *h' ("#3 $*"& '%+ %($)&' '% '*)&+

*#")'"#$% /h& ' #"#'%" #% ' (#3# ('* /# h'3 ' ""& h"

"$ '!!' "h'% '% '(()*+ #% ' (#%' ('*' *#")'"#$% "h'"

#3* )%+) '3$& "$ (#3# #"#'%"* '%+ )%5)*" +#*(#%'"*

''#%*" "h '(()*+-'!!'%"*. It su!!ests a double

standard of treatent when we favor a situation where

propert interests are at stae, as a!ainst a situation

where libert stands to be pre#udiced.

Th)*, / '& /#"h "h OSG* 3#/ "h'" # ' +' #% "h #%

$ '% '!!' ' 7()*+ $% &$)%+* $ *)*"'%"#' 5)*"#(#% (#3# '("#$%*, /#"h $& &'*$% *h$)+ "h *' "&'"%"

'(($&++ "$ "h '(()*+ #% *#% "h &3#/ $% '!!' $

' (#%' ('* /h& %$ ** "h'% "h #&" $ "h '(()*+ #*

'" *"'. Th ($%(&% '%+ "h !&$"("#$% / )*" 7"%+ "$

'""&* $ #&" ('%%$" $3&*"'"+.

It is, thus, now settled that the fresh period rule is

applicable in criinal cases, lie the instant case,

where the accused -les fro a #ud!ent of conviction

a otion for new trial or reconsideration which isdenied b the trial court. $he accused will have a fresh

1


9/71

Th OP, #% ' &*$)"#$%10 +'"+ J) 26, 200, +%#+ "h

!"#"#$%&* $"#$% /#"h %'#", *"'"#% "h'" "h &*h !$+

&) '!!#* $% "$ 5)+#(#' '!!'* '%+ %$" "$ '+#%#*"&'"#3

'!!'*, *)(h '* #% !"#"#$%&* ('*. Th !"#"#$%&* "h%

'!!'+ "$ "h CA 3#' !"#"#$% $& &3#/ )%+& R) 4@ $ "h

R)* $ C$)&".

I% #"* '**'#+ +(#*#$%, "h CA +%#+ "h !"#"#$%&* !"#"#$%

$& &3#/. Th CA, #/#*, +%#+ "h !"#"#$%&* $"#$% $&

&($%*#+&'"#$%> h%(, "h #% $ "h !&*%" !"#"#$% $&

&3#/ $% (&"#$&' /#"h "h#* C$)&".

ISSUE: I* "h &*h !$+ &) #% N!* '!!#* "$

'+#%#*"&'"#3 '!!'*<

=ELD: I" #* *""+ "h'" "h &*h !$+ &) #% N!*

'!!#* $% "$ 5)+#(#' '!!'* '%+ %$" "$ '+#%#*"&'"#3

'!!'*.

I% P'%$#%$ 3. T'5'', "h C$)&" /'* ($%&$%"+ /#"h ' *##'&

#**) $ /h"h& "h &*h !$+ &) '!!#* "$ '% '!!'

+ &$ "h +(#*#$% $& $&+& $ "h DENR &#$%' $( "$

"h DENR S(&"'&, '% '!!' /h#(h #* '+#%#*"&'"#3 #%

%'")&. ? h+ #% P'%$#%$ "h'" "h &*h !$+ &) $%

($3&* 5)+#(#' !&$(+#%* )%+& "h 199 R)* $ C#3#

P&$(+)&:

Th &*h !$+ &) #% N!* +('&*:

T$ *"'%+'&+# "h '!!' !$+* !&$3#++ #% "h R)* '%+ "$

'$&+ #"#'%"* '#& $!!$&")%#" "$ '!!' "h#& ('**, "h C$)&"

+* #" !&'("#(' "$ '$/ ' &*h !$+ $ 1 +'* /#"h#%

/h#(h "$ "h %$"#( $ '!!' #% "h R#$%' T' C$)&",

($)%"+ &$ &(#!" $ "h $&+& +#*#**#% ' $"#$% $& '

%/ "' $& $"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$%.

=%($&"h, "h#* &*h !$+ &) *h' '*$ '!! "$ R) 40

$3&%#% '!!'* &$ "h )%#(#!' T' C$)&"* "$ "h

R#$%' T' C$)&"*> R) 42 $% !"#"#$%* $& &3#/ &$ "h

R#$%' T' C$)&"* "$ "h C$)&" $ A!!'*> R) 4@ $%

'!!'* &$ ;)'*#-5)+#(#' '%(#* "$ "h C$)&" $ A!!'*>

'%+ R) 4 $3&%#% '!!'* (&"#$&' "$ "h S)!&

C$)&". Th %/ &) '#* "$ &#%" $& ' "h '!!'!$+ )%#$&, "$ ($)%"+ &$ &(#!" $ "h $&+&

+%#% "h $"#$% $& %/ "', $"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$%

/h"h& ) $& !'&"#' $& '% %' $&+& $& &*$)"#$%.

7 777

A* &H("+ #% "h '$3-;)$"+ !$&"#$% $ "h +(#*#$% #%

N!*, "h &*h !$+ &) *h' '!! "$ R) 40M'!!'*

&$ "h )%#(#!' T' C$)&"* "$ "h R#$%' T' C$)&"*>

R) 41 '!!'* &$ "h R#$%' T' C$)&"* "$ "h C$)&" $

A!!'* $& S)!& C$)&"> R) 42 '!!'* &$ "h

R#$%' T' C$)&"* "$ "h C$)&" $ A!!'*> R) 4@ '!!'*

&$ ;)'*#-5)+#(#' '%(#* "$ "h C$)&" $ A!!'*> '%+ R)

4 '!!'* (&"#$&' "$ "h S)!& C$)&". O3#$)*,

"h* R)* ($3& 5)+#(#' !&$(+#%* )%+& "h 199 R)* $

C#3# P&$(+)&.

P"#"#$%&* !&*%" ('* #* '+#%#*"&'"#3 #% %'")& #%3$3#%

'% '!!' &$ "h +(#*#$% $& $&+& $ "h DENR &#$%'

$( "$ "h DENR S(&"'&. S)(h '!!' #* #%++ $3&%+

S("#$% 1 $ A+#%#*"&'"#3 O&+& N$. 8, S* $ 1990. A*'&#& ;)$"+, S("#$% 1 ('& !&$3#+* "h'" # "h $"#$% $&

&($%*#+&'"#$% #* +%#+, "h $3'%" *h' !&(" h#* '!!'

+)% "h &'#%+& $ "h !$+ $ '!!', &($%+ &$

&(#!" $ "h &*$)"#$% $ +%#'> /h&'* # "h +(#*#$% #*

&3&*+, "h '+3&* !'&" h'* ' &*h 1-+' !$+ "$

!&(" h#* '!!'

9


10/71

In this case, the sub#ect appeal, i.e., appeal fro a

decision of the =L>%5 5oard of Coissioners to the

?P, is not #udicial but adinistrative in nature thus,

the "fresh period rule" in 8epes does not appl.

A* '!" !$#%"+ $)" "h OP, "h &)* '%+ &)'"#$%*

$3&%#% '!!'* &$ +(#*#$%* $ "h =LURB B$'&+ $ C$#**#$%&* "$ "h OP '& S("#$% 2, R) I $ =LURB

R*$)"#$% N$. 6, ** $ 2004, #% &'"#$% "$ P'&'&'!h 2,

S("#$% 1 $ A+#%#*"&'"#3 O&+& N$. 18, ** $ 198:

Section () *ule ++, o the -/*B *esolution 0o. 16#) series o

(223) prescribing the rules and regulations governing appeals

rom decisions o the Board o 4ommissioners to the 5ce o the

7resident) pertinently reads8

Section (.Appeal. 9 Any party may) upon notice to the Board and

the other party) appeal a decision rendered by the Board o 4ommissioners to the 5ce o the 7resident within fteen !"#$

days rom receipt thereo) in accordance with 7.D. 0o. ":33 and

A.5. 0o. "; Series o " #" /'* '(")' &(#3+ "h &*!$%+%" $% A))*" 21,

200.

Th *'#+ $"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$%, h$/3&, /'* %$" h'&+

$% A))*" 1, 200 '* "h %/ '("#% !&*#+#% 5)+ $ "h

*'#+ ($)&" h'+ 5)*" '**)+ $(. O% A))*" 28, 200, "h

RTC #**)+ ' %$"#(, /h#(h *" "h *'#+ $"#$% $&

&($%*#+&'"#$% $& h'% $% S!"& 2, 200.

10


11/71

O% S!"& 20, 200, "h &*!$%+%" + '% $!!$*#"#$% "$

"h $"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$% + "h *!$)** C'&&'.

Th &*!$%+%" '+ "h'" "h *'#+ $"#$% $&

&($%*#+&'"#$% #* ' & *(&'! $ !'!& *#%( #" 3#$'"+ "h

"h&-+' %$"#( &;)#&%". Th &*!$%+%" !$#%"+ $)" "h'"

"h *!$)** C'&&' *%" "$ h# ' ($! $ "h#& $"#$% $&

&($%*#+&'"#$%, /h#(h /'* *" $& h'% $% A))*" 1,200, 3#' &#*"&+ '# $% A))*" 14, 200> "h'" h '(")'

&(#3+ ' ($! "h&$ $% $% A))*" 21, 200 Q $)& +'*

'"& "h *(h+)+ h'% "h&$%.

I" '!!'&* "h'" "h *(h+)+ h'% $ "h *!$)** C'&&'*

$"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$% $% S!"& 2, 200 +#+ %$"

!)*h "h&$)h. C$%*;)%", $% S!"& 26, 200, "h RTC

#**)+ '%$"h& %$"#(,/h#(h *" "h *'#+ $"#$% $&

&($%*#+&'"#$% $& h'% $% O("$& 26, 200.

O% O("$& 26, 200, "h RTC #**)+ '% O&+&, /h#(h +#&("+

"h !'&"#* "$ "h#& '++#"#$%' !'+#%*, '"& /h#(h "h

$"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$% + "h *!$)** C'&&' /$)+

++ *)#""+ $& &*$)"#$%.

O% D(& 19, 200, "h RTC #**)+ '% O&+& /h#(h +%#+

"h $"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$% + "h *!$)** C'&&'.

$he %$C pointed out that the spouses Cabrera violated

Section @, %ule 1< of the %ules of Court, which

andates that ever otion re)uired to be heard

should be served b the ovant in such a anner as to

ensure its receipt b the other part at least three das

before the date of hearin!.

Th ($)&" $!#%* "h'" "h $"#$% /'* + $%+ "h

&%"'& "h& @ +' !$+.

A* "h &($&+* '& $)", "h #%*"'%" $"#$% /'* '#+ "$ "h

!'#%"#* ($)%* $% A))*" 14, 200 '%+ /'* *" $&

h'% $% A))*" 1, 200. =$/3&, "h ($! $ *'#+ $"#$%

h'+ &'(h+ !'#%"#* *#+ '%+ ' ($! $ /h#(h /'* &(#3+

!'#%"#* ($)%* $% $% A))*" 1, 200, $)& 4 +'*

'" '"& #" /'* *)!!$*+ "$ h'&+. =%(, ' ('& '"'%"

3#$'"#$%* *#( $ "h &) $% %$"#( '%+ h'%.12

Th !"#"#$%& "h% + ' !"#"#$% $& (&"#$&' /#"h "h CA,

'#% "h'" "h RTC &'3 ')*+ #"* +#*(&"#$% #% +%#%h& $"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$%. Th !"#"#$%& !$#%"+ $)" "h'"

"h RTC +#+ %$" '(")' ($%+)(" ' h'% $% h& $"#$% $&

&($%*#+&'"#$% $% A))*" 1, 200>"h'" h& $"#$% $&

&($%*#+&'"#$% /'* '(")' h'&+ $% O("$& 26, 200, '"&

"h &*!$%+%" h'+ '&'+ + h#* $!!$*#"#$% "h&"$. Th)*,

"h !"#"#$%& ('#+, "h #**) $ h& '#)& "$ ($! /#"h

"h "h&-+' %$"#( &;)#&%" h'+ '&'+ % &%+&+

$$". I% '% ('*, "h !"#"#$%& '**&"+, "h RTC *h$)+

h'3 &*$3+ h& $"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$% $% #"* "*

&'"h& "h'% *#! +%#% #" $% & "(h%#('#".

O% O("$& 21, 2009, "h CA, /' $ "h '**'#+ D(#*#$%,

+%#+ "h !"#"#$% $& (&"#$&' + "h !"#"#$%&. Th CA

$!#%+ "h'" "h RTC +#+ %$" ')* #"* +#*(&"#$% #% +%#% "h

$"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$% + "h *!$)** C'&&' *#%(

#" & '!!#+ "h "h&-+' %$"#( &;)#&%" )%+&

S("#$% 4, R) 1 $ "h R)* $ C$)&".

Th !"#"#$%& *$)h" ' &($%*#+&'"#$% $ "h D(#*#$% +'"+

O("$& 21, 2009 )" #" /'* +%#+ "h CA #% #"*

R*$)"#$%16 +'"+ '&(h 26, 2012.

ISSUE: I* "h RTC '%+ CA ($&&(" $% +%#% "h $"#$% +) "$

"h !"#"#$%&* '#)& "$ #" /#"h#% "h &%"'&

!$+<

=ELD: Th RTC &&+ #% +%#% "h *!$)** C'&&'* $"#$%

$& &($%*#+&'"#$% '*+ & $% "h#& '#)& "$ ($!

/#"h "h "h&-+' %$"#( &;)#&%".

11


12/71

S("#$%* 4 '%+ , R) 1 $ "h R)* $ C$)&" !&$3#+ "h'":

Sec. 3.-earing o motion. = >?cept or motions which the court

may act upon without pre%udicing the rights o the adverse party)

every written motion shall be set or hearing by the applicant.

>very written motion required to be heard and the notice o the

hearing thereo shall be served in such a manner as to ensure itsreceipt by the other party at least three !:$ days beore the date

o hearing) unless the court or good cause sets the hearing on

shorter notice.

Sec. #.0otice o hearing. = &he notice o hearing shall be

addressed to all parties concerned) and shall speciy the time and

date o the hearing which must not be later than ten !"2$ days

ater the fling o the motion.

Th !eneral rule is that the three0da notice

re)uireent in otions under Sections @ and < of the

%ules of Court is andator. I" #* '% #%"&' ($!$%%" $

!&$(+)&' +) !&$(**. Th !)&!$* $ "h "h&-+' %$"#(

&;)#&%", /h#(h /'* *"'#*h+ %$" $& "h %" $ "h

$3'%" )" &'"h& $& "h '+3&* !'&", #* "$ '3$#+ *)&!**

)!$% "h '""& '%+ "$ &'%" #" *)(#%" "# "$ *")+ "h

$"#$% '%+ "$ %' #" "$ " "h '&)%"* #%"&!$*+

"h&#%.

A $"#$% "h'" +$* %$" ($! /#"h "h &;)#&%"* $

S("#$%* 4 '%+ $ R) 1 $ "h R)* $ C$)&" #* ' /$&"h**!#( $ !'!& /h#(h "h (& $ ($)&" h'* %$ h" "$ &(#3

'%+ /h#(h "h ($)&" h'* %$ ')"h$" "$ '(" )!$%. B#% '

'"' +(", #% ('** $ $"#$%* "$ &($%*#+& ' +(#*#$%, "h

&)%%#% $ "h !$+ "$ '!!' #* %$" "$+ "h#& #% $&

!%+%(.

N3&"h**, "h "h&-+' %$"#( &;)#&%" #* %$" ' h'&+

'%+ '*" &). ?h% "h '+3&* !'&" h'+ % '$&++ "h

$!!$&")%#" "$ h'&+, '%+ h'* % #%++ h'&+ "h&$)h

"h !'+#%* + #% $!!$*#"#$% "$ "h $"#$%, "h !)&!$*

h#%+ "h "h&-+' %$"#( &;)#&%" #* ++ &'#+.

I% *)(h ('*, "h &;)#&%"* $ !&$(+)&' +) !&$(** '&

*)*"'%"#' ($!#+ /#"h. Th)*, in 7reysler) @r. v. anila

Southcoast Development 4orporation) the 4ourt ruled that8

Th "h&-+' %$"#( &) #* %$" '*$)". A liberalconstruction of the procedural rules is proper where

the lapse in the literal observance of a rule of

procedure has not pre#udiced the adverse part and

has not deprived the court of its authorit. Indeed,

Section :, %ule 1 of the %ules of Court provides that

the %ules should be liberall construed in order to

proote their ob#ective of securin! a #ust, speed and

inepensive disposition of ever action and proceedin!.

%ules of procedure are tools desi!ned to facilitate the

attainent of #ustice, and courts ust avoid their strictand ri!id application which would result in

technicalities that tend to frustrate rather than

proote substantial #ustice.

.

A* '% #%"&' ($!$%%" $ "h !&$(+)&' +) !&$(**, "h

"h&-+' %$"#( &;)#&+ "h R)* #* %$" #%"%++ $& "h

%" $ "h $3'%". R'"h&, "h &;)#&%" #* $& "h

!)&!$* $ '3$#+#% *)&!** "h'" ' *!&)% )!$% "h

'+3&* !'&", /h$ )*" #3% "# "$ *")+ '%+ " "h'&)%"* #% "h $"#$% $& ' &*$)"#$% $ "h ($)&".

Principles of natural #ustice deand that the ri!ht of a

part should not be a2ected without !ivin! it an

opportunit to be heard.

Th "*" #* "h !&*%( $ $!!$&")%#" "$ h'&+, '* / '*

"$ h'3 "# "$ *")+ "h $"#$% '%+ '%#%) $!!$* $&

($%"&$3&" "h &$)%+* )!$% /h#(h #" #* '*+.

12


13/71

I" #* )%+#*!)"+ "h'" "h h'% $% "h $"#$% $&

&($%*#+&'"#$% + "h *!$)** C'&&' /'* &*" "h

RTC "/#( /#"h +) %$"#( "$ "h !'&"#*> #" /'* $% $%

O("$& 26, 200 "h'" "h $"#$% /'* '(")' h'&+ "h

RTC. A" "h'" "#, $& "h'% "/$ $%"h* h'+ !'**+ *#%( "h

&*!$%+%" &(#3+ ' ($! $ "h *'#+ $"#$% $&

&($%*#+&'"#$% $% A))*" 21, 200. Th &*!$%+%" /'* "h)*#3% *)(#%" "# "$ *")+ "h $"#$% '%+ "$ %' h# "$

" "h '&)%"* #%"&!$*+ "h&#%. I%++, "h

&*!$%+%" /'* ' "$ h#* $!!$*#"#$% "h&"$ $%

S!"& 20, 200.

N$"/#"h*"'%+#% "h'" "h &*!$%+%" &(#3+ ' ($! $ "h

*'#+ $"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$% $)& +'* '"& "h +'" *"

"h *!$)** C'&&' $& "h h'% "h&$, h#* h" "$ +)

!&$(** /'* %$" #!#%+ '* h /'* '$&++ "h (h'%( "$

'&) h#* !$*#"#$%. Th)*,

NEGROS SLAS=ERS, INC., V. ALVARE, ET AL., FEBRUARK 22,

2012

G.R. NO. 18122

VILLARAA, JR., J.:

FACTS: R*!$%+%" A3#% T% #* ' !&$**#$%' '*"'

!'& /h$ *"'&"+ h#* ('&& '* *)(h #% "h Ph##!!#%

B'*"' A**$(#'"#$% '%+ "h% '"& $% !'+ #% "h"&$!$#"'% B'*"' A**$(#'"#$% BA.

O% F&)'& 4, 1999, T% *#%+ ' @-'& ($%"&'(" /#"h "h

L')%' L'&*. B$& "h 7!#&'"#$% $ h#* ($%"&'(" /#"h "h

L')%' L'&* $% D(& @1, 2001, "h L'&* "&'++

'%+$& "&'%*&&+ T% "$ !"#"#$%& N&$* S'*h&*, with

the latter assuin! the obli!ations of La!una Laers

under $en!s unepired contract, includin! the onthl

salar of P;


14/71

O% J) 28, 2001, T% + ' ($!'#%" $& "h O( $

"h C$#**#$%& $ "h BA !)&*)'%" "$ "h !&$3#*#$% $ "h

U%#$& P'&* C$%"&'(" /h#(h "h !'&"#* h'+ 7()"+.

S)*;)%", $% N$3& 6, 2001, T% '*$ + '% #'

+#*#**' ('*.

O% J) 16, 2002, "h L'$& A&#"& #**)+ ' +(#*#$% %+#% T%* +#*#**' #' '%+ $&+% !"#"#$%& N&$*

S'*h&*, I%(. "$ !' T% P2,@0,000 &!&*%"#% h#* )%!'#+

*''*, *!'&'"#$% !' '%+ '""$&%* *. Th L'$& A&#"&

&)+ "h'" "h !%'" $ +#*#**' /'* %$" 5)*"#+ *#%( "h

&$)%+* &#+ )!$% !"#"#$%&* +#+ %$" ($%*"#")" *$)*

#*($%+)(" $& /#) +#*$+#%( $& #%*)$&+#%'"#$% "h'"

/$)+ (' $& "h 7"& !%'" $ +#*#**' &$ *&3#(.

Th ('* /'* "h% '!!'+ "$ "h NLRC. O% S!"& 10,

2004, "h NLRC #**)+ ' D(#*#$% *""#% '*#+ "h J) 16,

2002 D(#*#$% $ "h L'$& A&#"& '%+ %"% ' %/ $%

+#*#**#% "h ($!'#%" $& #% !&'")& *#%( "h

'&#"&'"#$% !&$(+#%* $& "h C$#**#$%& $ "h BA

/& *"# !%+#% /h% T% + h#* ($!'#%" $& #'

+#*#**'.

T% + ' $"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$%, )" #" /'* +%#+ $&

#% + $%+ "h "%-+' &%"'& !$+ !&$3#++

$& #% S("#$% 1,1616 R) VII $ "h NLRC R)* $

P&$(+)&.

ISSUE: I* NLRC ($&&(" #% +%#% T%* $"#$% +) "$ '!*

$ &%"'& !$+<

=ELD:

O% "h &*" #**) &'#*+ !"#"#$%&*, / &) "h'" "h CA +#+

%$" ($#" ' &3&*# &&$& #% #3#% +) ($)&* "$ T%*

!"#"#$% $& (&"#$&' '"h$)h *'#+ !"#"#$% /'* + '".

O&+#%', &)* $ !&$(+)& '& *"(" %$&(+ ($)&"* #%

$&+& "$ #!'&" *"'##" #% "h ' **". =$/3&, #% %$" '

/ #%*"'%(*, / &'7+ "h #+ '!!#('"#$% $ "h &)* $

!&$(+)& "$ '$&+ "h !'&"#* "h $!!$&")%#" "$ )

3%"#'" "h#& ('** $% "h "*. Th#* #* #% #% /#"h "h

"# h$%$&+ !%(#! "h'" ('** *h$)+ +(#++ $% '"&

#3#% ' "h !'&"#* "h (h'%( "$ '&) "h#& (')** '%+

+%**. I% "h'" /', "h %+* $ 5)*"#( /$)+ ""&*&3+. F$& #%++, "h %&' $5("#3 $ !&$(+)& #* "$

'(##"'" "h '!!#('"#$% $ 5)*"#( "$ "h ' ('#* $

($%"%+#% !'&"#*, '% '/'* #% #%+ "h'" !&$(+)& #*

%$" "$ h#%+& )" "$ !&$$" "h '+#%#*"&'"#$% $ 5)*"#(. I%

5ng im Sing) @r. v. >B easing and inance 4orporation, /

&)+:

4ourts have the prerogative to rela? procedural rules o even

the most mandatory character) mindul o the duty to

reconcile both the need to speedily put an end to litigationand the partiesC right to due process. ,n numerous cases) this

4ourt has allowed liberal construction o the rules when to do

so would serve the demands o substantial %ustice and equity.

7 77

Indeed the prevailin! trend is to accord part liti!ants

the aplest opportunit for the proper and #ust

deterination of their causes, free fro the constraints

of needless technicalities.

=&, *#+* "h '(" "h'" ' +%#' $ "h &($)&* "$ "h CA/$)+ *&3 $& "$ !&!")'" '% #%5)*"#( '%+ 3#$'"#$% $

T%* h"* )%+& $)& '$& '/*, / %+ "h'" '* ($&&("

h+ "h CA, %$ #%"%" "$ +' "h '+#%#*"&'"#$% $ 5)*"#(

($)+ '"")"+ "$ T%. Th CA "h&$& +#+ %$" ($#"

&3&*# &&$& #% 7()*#% T%* $%-+' +' #% #% h#*

$"#$% $& &($%*#+&'"#$% '%+ #% #3#% +) ($)&* "$ h#*

!"#"#$% $& (&"#$&'.

14


15/71

CEBU BIONIC BUILDERS SUPPLK V. DBP, NOVEBER 1, 2010

G.R. NO. 14@66

LEONARDO DE CASTRO, J.:

FACTS: O% J)% 2, 1981, "h *!$)** R)+ R. R$*, J&. '%+

E#'"h R. R$* %"&+ #%"$ ' $&"' ($%"&'(" /#"h DBP#% $&+& "$ *()& ' $'% &$ "h *'#+ '% #% "h '$)%" $

P00,000.00. Th !&$!&"#* $&"'+ /& ' !'&( $ '%+

*#")'"+ #% T')%$(, T'#*', C), /h#(h /'* "h% ($3&+

T&'%*& C&"#('" $ T#" TCT N$. T- 48@ $ "h R#*"&

$ D+* $ C), "$"h& /#"h ' "h 7#*"#% #!&$3%"*,

'%+ "h ($&(#' )#+#% "$ ($%*"&)("+ "h&$%

*)5(" !&$!&"#*. U!$% ($!"#$%, "h ($&(#'

)#+#% /'* %'+ "h S"'" Th'"& B)#+#%.

O% O("$& 28, 1981, R)+ R$* 7()"+ ' ($%"&'(" $ '* #% '3$& $ !"#"#$%& C) B#$%#( B)#+&* S)!!, I%(.

C) B#$%#(, ' +$*"#( ($&!$&'"#$% %'+ #% "h

($%*"&)("#$% )*#%**, '* / '* "h *' $ h'&+/'&

'"'*.

Th '$3 ($%"&'(" /'* %$" &#*"&+ "h !'&"#* "h&"$

/#"h "h R#*"& $ D+* $ C).

S)*;)%", "h *!$)** R$* '#+ "$ *"" "h#& $'%

$#'"#$% /#"h DBP. Th '""& /'*, "h)*, !&$!"+ "$ ("

7"&'5)+#(#' $&($*)& $% "h *)5(" !&$!&"#*. O%

F&)'& 6, 198, DBP /'* "h $% #++& #% "h $&($*)&

*' '%+ "h& '(;)#&+ $/%&*h#! $ "h $&"'+ *)5("

!&$!&"#*. O% O("$& 1@, 1988, ' %' D+ $ S' /'*

#**)+ #% '3$& $ DBP.

'%/h#, $% J)% 18, 198, DBP *%" ' ""& "$ B$%#'(#$

S#', "h h)*'%+ $ !"#"#$%& L+#' S#' /h$ /'* "h%

P&*#+%" $ C) B#$%#(, %$"##% "h '""& $ DBP*

'(;)#*#"#$% $ "h S"'" Th'"& B)#+#% '%+ '% $& $ "h

($%"#%)'%( $ "h ($&(#' *!'( '*

Th&'"&, $% N$3& 14, 1989, ' C&"#('" $ T#

D!$*#" $& P11,@9.64 /'* #**)+ #% "h %' $ B$%#'(#$

S#' '%+ "h *' /'* '+ &#""+ "$ DBP '* '+3'%(

&%"' +!$*#".

F$& &'*$%* )%('&, h$/3&, %$ /""% ($%"&'(" $ '* /'*

7()"+ "/% DBP '%+ C) B#$%#(.

I% "h '%"#, *)*;)%" "$ "h '(;)#*#"#$% $ "h *)5("

!&$!&"#*, DBP $&+ "h *' $& *' '$% /#"h #"* $"h&

'**"*. P)&*)'%" "h&"$, DBP !)#*h+ ' ** $ #%3#"'"#$%*

"$ #+ $% *)(h !&$!&"#* /h#(h /& !)#(#+.

I% "h $&%#% $ D(& @, 1990, "h '*" +' $& "h

'((!"'%( $ %$"#'"+ $&*, !"#"#$%&* *)#""+ "h&$)h"h#& &!&*%"'"#3, J)+ G'&(*, ' ""&-$& $&, $%

"$ !)&(h'* "h *)5(" !&$!&"#* $& P1,840,000.00. A""'(h+

"$ "h ""&-$& /'* ' ($! $ "h N$"#'"+ S' R)* '%+

P&$(+)&* #**)+ DBP '%+ ' '%'&* (h( $& "h

'$)%" $ P184,000.00, &!&*%"#% 10 $ "h $&+

!)&(h'* !(. Th#* $& $ !"#"#$%&* /'* %$" '((!"+

DBP, h$/3&, '* "h ($&&*!$%+#% +!$*#" "h&$& /'*

'+ #%*)(#%".

A"& "h '!* $ "h '$3-%"#$%+ 1-+' '((!"'%(!$+, !"#"#$%&* +#+ %$" *)#" '% $"h& $&!&$!$*' "$

!)&(h'* "h *)5(" !&$!&"#*.

O% D(& 1, 1990, &*!$%+%"* T$ Ch#!, K'! '%+ B'#'

!&*%"+ "h#& ""&-$& "$ !)&(h'* "h *)5(" !&$!&"#*

$% ' ('*h '*#* $& P1,8@8,100.00. S'#+ $& /'*

'(($!'%#+ ' +$/%!'%" $ 10 $ "h $&+

!)&(h'* !(, '$)%"#% "$ P18@,810.00. O% 3% +'", DBP

'(%$/++ "h &(#!" $ '%+ '((!"+ "h#& $&. O%

1


16/71

D(& 28, 1990, &*!$%+%"* T$ Ch#!, K'! '%+ B'#' !'#+

"h ''%( $ "h !)&(h'* !( '%+ DBP #**)+ ' D+ $

S'22 $3& "h *)5(" !&$!&"#* #% "h#& '3$&.

O% J'%)'& 11, 1991, "h ($)%* $ &*!$%+%"* T$ Ch#!, K'!

'%+ B'#' *%" ' ""&2@ '++&**+ "$ "h !&$!"$& $ C)

B#$%#(, #%$&#% "h '""& $ "h "&'%*& $ $/%&*h#! $ "h

*)5(" !&$!&"#*. C) B#$%#( /'* $&+&+ "$ 3'('" "h

!&#** /#"h#% "h#&" @0 +'* &$ &(#!" $ "h ""& '%+

+#&("+ "$ !' "h &%"'* &$ J'%)'& 1, 1991 )%"# "h %+

$ "h *'#+ @0-+' !$+.

Th ($)%* $ C) B#$%#( &!#+ "h'" h#* (#%" &(#3+ "h

'$3 ""& $% J'%)'& 11, 1991. = *"'"+ "h'" h h'*

#%*"&)("+ C) B#$%#( "$ 3 &*" "h $/%&*h#! $ "h

*)5(" !&$!&"#* *#%( #" h'+ "h !&&%"#' h" "$

!)&(h'* "h *'.

O% F&)'& 1, 1991, &*!$%+%" T$ Ch#! /&$" ' ""& "$ "h

($)%* $ C) B#$%#(, #%*#*"#% "h'" h '%+ h#* ($-

&*!$%+%"* K'! '%+ B'#' )&%" %++ "h *)5("

!&$!&"#* "$ !)&*) "h#& )*#%** !'%*. = '*$ &#"&'"+

"h#& +'%+ $& C) B#$%#( "$ 3'('" "h !&#**.

Sh$&" "h&'"&, $% F&)'& 2, 1991, "h ($)%* $

&*!$%+%"* T$ Ch#!, K'! '%+ B'#' *%" #"* %' +'%+ ""&

"$ C) B#$%#(, /'&%#% "h '""& "$ 3'('" "h *)5("

!&$!&"#* /#"h#% *3% +'* &$ &(#!" $ "h ""&,$"h&/#*, ' ('* $& 5("%" /#"h +''* /# +

''#%*" #".

D*!#" "h $&$#% %$"#(, C) B#$%#( *"# !'#+ "$ DBP, $%

'&(h 22, 1991, "h '$)%" $ P,000.00 '* $%"h &%"'*

$% "h )%#" $ "h S"'" Th'"& B)#+#% #" /'* $(()!#% $&

!$+ $ N$3& 1990 "$ '&(h 1991.

O% A! 10, 1991, !"#"#$%&* + ''#%*" &*!$%+%"* DBP,

T$ Ch#!, K'! '%+ B'#' ' ($!'#%" $& *!(#( !&$&'%(,

('%('"#$% $ ++ $ *' /#"h +''*, #%5)%("#$% /#"h '

!&'& $& "h #**)'%( $ ' /" $ !&##%'& #%5)%("#$%.

P"#"#$%&* '+, #%"& '#', "h'" C) B#$%#( /'* "h **

'%+ $(()!'%" $ ' ($&(#' *!'( #% "h S"'" Th'"&

B)#+#% &$ O("$& 1981 )! "$ "h "# $ "h #% $ "h

($!'#%". D)% "h '""& !'&" $ 1990, DBP '+3&"#*+ $&

*' "h S"'" Th'"& B)#+#% '%+ "h ($&(#' $" $%

/h#(h "h *' /'* *#")'"+. I% "h !$& #%3#"'"#$% "$ #+, "h

#++#% /'* *(h+)+ $% N$3& 1, 1990> /h# #% "h

%7", )%+& "h 1-+' '((!"'%( !$+, "h *)#**#$% $

!&$!$*'* /'* "$ '+ &$ N$3& 19, 1990 )! "$

12:00 %$$% $ D(& @, 1990. P"#"#$%&* ('#+ "h'", '"

'$)" 10:00 '.. $% D(& @, 1990, "h +) *)#""+

"$ A"". A!$#%'&P'%', J&., Ch# $ "h A(;)#&+ A**"* $ DBP,*'#+ +$()%"*.:

P"#"#$%&* '**&"+ "h'" "h '$3 +$()%"* /& #%#"#'

'((!"+ )" '"& &")&%+. DBP '+ '+3#*+ !"#"#$%&*

"h'" "h& /'* %$ )&%" %+ $& "h *' 7 77, ($%*#+%

"h'" "h !&$!&" /# %(**' *$+ "$ C) B#$%#( $&

"h &'*$%* "h'" "h& /'* %$ $"h& #%"&*"+ !'&" '%+ "h'"

C) B#$%#( /'* ' !&&&+ !'&" #% "h ** '%+

!&*%" $(()!'%" $ "h !&$!&" *)5(" $ "h '*.

P"#"#$%&* )%"# '&(h 1991. B '(;)#% "h *)5("

!&$!&"#*, !"#"#$%&* ($%"%++ "h'" DBP /'* ++ "$

h'3 '**)+ "h ($%"&'(" $ '* 7()"+ "/% "h

'%+ R)+ R$*. A* *)(h, DBP /'* $)%+ "h !&$3#*#$% $

"h '* ($%"&'(", /h#(h *"'"+ "h'":

9. Should the Lessor decide to sell the property during

the term of this lease contract or immediately after the

expiration of the lease, the Lessee shall have the rst

16


17/71

option to buy and shall match oers from outside

parties.

P"#"#$%&* *$)h" "h &*(#**#$% $ "h ($%"&'(" $ *'

"/% DBP '%+ &*!$%+%"* T$ Ch#!, K'! '%+ B'#'.

P"#"#$%&* '*$ !&'+ $& "h #**)'%( $ ' /" $ !&##%'&

#%5)%("#$%, &*"&'#%#% &*!$%+%"* T$ Ch#!, K'! '%+ B'#' &$

&#*"% "h D+ $ S' #% "h '""&* '3$& '%+ &$

)%+&"'#% "h 5("%" $ !"#"#$%&* &$ "h *)5("

!&$!&"#*. L#/#*, !"#"#$%&* %"&'"+ "h'" DBP $&+&+

"$ 7()" ' ++ $ *' ($3% "h *)5(" !&$!&"#* #%

"h#& %' '%+ "$ !' +''* '%+ '""$&%* *.

I% #"* '%*/&, DBP +%#+ "h 7#*"%( $ ' ($%"&'(" $ '*

"/% #"* '%+ !"#"#$%&*. DBP ($)%"&+ "h'" "h ""&-

$& $ !"#"#$%&* /'* '(")' %$" '((!"+ '* "h#& $& "$

!)&(h'* /'* $% ' "& '*#*, /h#(h "h&$& &;)#&+ ' 20

+!$*#". Th 10 +!$*#" '(($!'%#% "h !"#"#$%&* ""&-

$& /'* +('&+ #%*)(#%". DBP *"'"+ "h'" "h ""&-$&

$& /'* %$" ($!" + $)" '* "h T& '%+ $+ $

P'%" +* /& " '%. DBP "h% #%$&+ !"#"#$%&

L+#' S#' $ "h #%'+;)'( $ h& $&. A"& '*(&"'#%#% "h'"

"h& /'* %$ $"h& $&$& '* $ "h'" "#, L+#' S#' '+

*)$%+ '( h& &!&*%"'"#3 /h$ +#+ %$" '3 ' ($!

$ "h ""&-$& '%+ "h '""'(h+ +$()%"*. DBP

'#%"'#%+ "h'" !"#"#$%&* +$()%"* +#+ %$" *h$/ "h'" "h

*' /& &(#3+ '%+ '!!&$3+ '% '!!&$3#% ')"h$"

$ "h '%. Th ""&-$& '""'(h+ "$ "h ($!'#%", /h#(h

#%+#('"+ "h'" "h $+ $ !'%" /'* $% ' ('*h '*#*, /'*

'+ %$" "h +$()%" *h$/% "$ DBP. I% '++#"#$%, DBP

'&)+ "h'" "h& /'* %$ '**)!"#$% $ "h '* ($%"&'("

"/% R)+ R$* '%+ !"#"#$%&* *#%( #" '(;)#&+ "h

*)5(" !&$!&"#* "h&$)h "h #%3$)%"'& $+ $

7"&'5)+#(#' $&($*)& '%+ #"* &;)*" "$ !"#"#$%&* "$ *#% '

%/ '* ($%"&'(" /'* *#! #%$&+. DBP, "h&$&,

#%*#*"+ "h'" !"#"#$%&* $(()!'%( $ "h )%#" #% "h S"'"

Th'"& B)#+#% /'* & )!$% #"* '(;)#*(%(. Th

!"#"#$%&* !'%" $ &%"'* $% '&(h 22, 1991 /'*

*)!!$*+ '+ #% '+ '#"h '* "h /& '+ "$ ' &

"& /h$ h'+ %$ %$/+ $ "h *' $ "h *)5("

!&$!&"#* "$ &*!$%+%"* T$ Ch#!, K'! '%+ B'#'. DBP, "h)*,

!&'+ $& "h +#*#**' $ "h ($!'#%" '%+, /' $

($)%"&('#, '*+ "h'" !"#"#$%&* $&+&+ "$ !'+''* '%+ '""$&%* *.

R*!$%+%"* T$ Ch#!, K'! '%+ B'#' %$ $%& + ' *!'&'"

'%*/&, '+$!"#% #%*"'+ "h '%*/& $ DBP.@

I% '% O&+&@6 +'"+ J) @1, 1991, "h RTC &'%"+ "h

!&'& $ !"#"#$%&* $& "h #**)'%( $ ' /" $ !&##%'&

#%5)%("#$%.@

O% A! 2, 199, "h RTC &%+&+ 5)+%" #% C#3# C'* N$.

CEB-10104, %+#% "$$)* "h ($!'#%" $ "h!"#"#$%&*. E7!'#%+ "h "' ($)&":

I" #* ' '(" $% &($&+ "h'" !"#"#$%&* ($!#+ /#"h "h

&;)#&%"* $ +!$*#" '%+ '+3'%( &%"' '* ($%+#"#$%* $&

($%*"#")"#$% $ '* "/% "h !'&"#*. P"#"#$%&* #%

($!#% /#"h "h &;)#&%"*, #**)+ ' "# +!$*#" #% "h

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?=EREFORE, !&#** ($%*#+&+, "h 14 F&)'& 2001

D(#*#$% #* h& RECONSIDERED '%+ '%$"h& $% #* #**)+

REVERSING "h 2 A! 199 D(#*#$% $ "h R#$%' T'

C$)&", B&'%(h 8, C) C#" #% C#3# C'* N$. CEB-10104 '%+

"h ($!'#%" $ !"#"#$%&* #*DISISSED $& '( $ ".

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*)*"'%"#3 &$)%+*.

I% !"#"#$%&* $&'%+), "h *)'+ "h #**)* "$ &*$3+ #% "h !&*%" ('* '* $$/*:

A PRELIINARK ISSUES:

I. ?=ET=ER OR NOT T=E VERIFICATION AND

CERTIFICATION OF NON-FORU S=OPPING IN T=E

INSTANT PETITION ?AS PROPER AND VALID DESPITE

ITS BEING SIGNED BK ONLK ONE OF T=E T?O

PETITIONERS.II. ?=ET=ER OR NOT ONLK UESTIONS OF LA? AND

NOT OF FACT CAN BE RAISED IN T=E INSTANT

PETITION BEFORE T=IS =ON. SUPREE COURT.

B AIN AND PRINCIPAL ISSUES IN T=E INSTANT PETITION:

I. ?=ET=ER OR NOT T=E =ON. COURT OF APPEALS

ERRED IN ADITTING RESPONDENTS OTION FOR

22


23/71

RECONSIDERATION DESPITE ITS BEING FILED OUT

OF TIEII. ?=ET=ER OR NOT T=E =ON. COURT OF APPEALS

ERRED IN DECLARING T=AT PETITIONERS DID NOT

ENTER INTO CONTRACT ?IT= RESPONDENT DBP

CONTINUING T=E TERS OF T=E ROBLES

CONTRACTIII. ?=ET=ER OR NOT T=E =ON. COURT OF APPEALS

ERRED ?=EN IT DECLARED T=AT T=E

CONTINUATION BK RESPONDENT DBP OF T=E LEASE

CONTRACT DID NOT CONTAIN T=E RIG=T OF FIRST

REFUSALIV. ?=ET=ER OR NOT T=E =ON. COURT OF APPEALS

ERRED ?=EN IT DECLARED T=AT T=E LEASE

CONTRACT IS GOVERNED BK ART. 160 OF T=E NE?

CIVIL CODEV. ?=ET=ER OR NOT T=E =ON. COURT OF APPEALS

ERRED ?=EN IT FAILED TO RECOGNIE

PETITIONERS RIG=T OF FIRST REFUSAL TO ?=IC=

RESPONDENTS ?ERE BOUNDVI. ?=ET=ER OR NOT T=E =ON. COURT OF APPEALS

ERRED ?=EN IT FAILED TO DECLARE T=AT

RESPONDENT DBP =AD VIOLATED PETITIONERS

RIG=TSVII. ?=ET=ER OR NOT T=E =ON. COURT OF APPEALS

ERRED IN REVERSING ITS O?N JUDGENT AND

DISISSING PETITIONERS CLAI FOR RESCISSION

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216.

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25/71

*)5(" !&$!&"#*. $& #!$&"'%", "h "* $ "h ('*

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27/71

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