Citywide Inclusive Sanitation

• Supply 900 Ml/day of water from 9

Treatment Works

• 12 000km of water mains

• 263 Water Reservoirs

• 470 000 water connections

• Treat 500 Ml/d of Waste Water

• 27 Waste Water Treatment Works

• 7 000 km of sewer mains

• Annual expenditure of R47bn (2017/2018)

• Water and Sanitation combined annual

expenditure of R7.5bn (2017/2018)

Background

Sanitation

eThekwini informal settlements

Free Basic Water & Free Basic Sanitation

Agricultural Chemicals

(fluoride & / or nitrates)

Groundwater

Contamination

Acid Atmospheric

Deposits

Metals from

Mining

Urban & Industrial Effluent (pathogens,

nutrients, organics)

Excessive

Sediments

Ashton, 2009

Water Quality

Local area Neighbourhood City

WW

contained

decentralised

(offsite)

FS

delivered to

treatment

Off

site

sa

nit

atio

nO

nsi

te

san

itat

ion

74%

FS contained

(onsite)

FS emptied

FS not treated

WW delivered to

decentralised

treatment

WW not

delivered to

treatment

Variable nr : % of flow

1%

WW

contained

centralised

(offsite)

56%

WW delivered

to centralised

treatment

TreatmentEnd-use/ disposal

TransportEmptyingContainment

Key: Safely managed Unsafely managed

WW treated

FS contained -

not emptied

Open

defecation

1%

WW treated

26%

1%

2%

54%

1%

48%

18%

8%8%8% 8

%

1% 2%

FS treated

42%

57%

FS not contained –

not emptied

16%

FS not

contained

(onsite)

16%

WW not treated7%

7%

WW not treated0%

Shit Flow Diagram - eThekwini

• Clear need for innovative solutions:• Water shortages, drought area• Historically unequal service

provision, particularly in rural homeland areas

• Proliferation of informal settlements

• Perception of ‘inferior technology’

• ‘Learn by doing’ approach• Close relationship with University

of KwaZulu-Natal• Fast failure

Pictures for Unequal Scenes, www.unequalscenes.com

Sanitation Challenges

Financing the cost

• Click here to insert the text

UnplannedTerrainMigratoryWater accessEnvironmental CompromiseNo revenueUrbanisation

2008

2013

Technology and O&M Challenges

The pits are filling up!Faecal sludge management

Source: Various research projects : Water Research Commission

Monitoring and Evaluation

• Change in density levels

• Burden of emptying

• Health and safety risks

2008

20132008

Sanitation Focus on Entire Value Chain

Waterborne “Edge”

Background

Integration of Services for an Inclusive City

Source: Various research projects : Water Research Commission

Learning by Doing – Test new Interventions

Same approach to decentralised

wastewater systems

Testing Innovative Model – Social Housing

Housing

Health

Water

SanitationEnergy

Food Production

Job creation

Social franchising

Social franchising

A Path to a Circular Economy/Transforming Waste into ResourcesIntervention Timeline

2000 Durban Water Recycling

2010 LaDePa plant for processing of VIP

sludge

2010 Dewats plant for treatment of waste

water to recover water and nutrients

2011 VUNA research on collection of urine from UD toilets and Nutrient

Recovery

2015 Black Soldier Fly Facility to recover

nutrients from UD waste

Prototype & Testing

Sanitation Implementation Model

Problem Identification

Community

Engagement

Redesign & Pilot

Monitoring & Evaluation

Education

Programme

Policy Development

Partnerships with

Research

Organisations

Re-imagining the system for

recovery and reuse: Process

Starts Again

Scale Up

Ongoing Monitoring by

Research Organisation

Services Re-imagined

❖ UD waste removal using sustainable local businesses on incentive basis

❖ Mentoring support for local businesses

❖ One emptying every 2 to 3 years

❖ Burial onsite

❖ Transfer to processing plant

3-Apr-19 File name 20

Green Infrastructure (Peri-urban Agriculture) : Research

Explored the concepts of :1. Sustainability2. Low-cost treatment3. Limited skill required4. Low O&M5. Integration6. beneficiation7. Social upliftment

Pilot design – 500 PE ; 150

Industrial Water: Reuse of Brewery Effluent : algal ponds, wetlands, hydroponics and aquaculture

3-Apr-19 21

hydroponics

aquaculture

High Rate Algal Ponds

Bre

wery

efflu

ent

Technology Integration Approach

eThekwini - Agro-ecology Programme • SUDs - earthworks and landscaping to capture

water run-off in the soil to secure water for the crops beyond the rainy season and prevent soil erosion;

• Planting of perennial crops and food trees that hold eThekwini’s steep slopes in place while providing a diversity of foods into the future

• The use of appropriate renewable technologies to augment the water supply to gardens.

• Helping growers with training and basic infrastructure

• 3000 gardens (equating to 60,000 job opportunities)

4/3/2019 22

3-Apr-19 File name 23

Photographs from Research Project TT564/13 showing how a local franchisee can improve school sanitation. A) Situation before and B) after the franchisee

started implementation assessment, and after assessment by franchisee, additional toilets were implemented.

Social Franchising Model

Sanitation: Resource Efficiency

24Photos by Dave Still & ATL-Hydro

Treat Safely & Cost Effectively

Disposal via

beneficiation eg.

smokeless stoves

using biochar

Remove

Poop

Value :

Compost

Soil amendments

Fillers – bricks

Fertilizers (struvite ; sludge)

Energy

urine

User Interface

UDDTs

Innovation : Stimulate more options - Disrupt

Reinvent the Toilet Global Challenge

eThekwini is a testbed city of both global and national

technology options

Source: Various research projects : Water Research Commission

BMGF Non-Sewered Sanitation Trials

Eco-San USF Eoos Pedestal

Duke Cranfield

• No one size fits all• Without community engagement, support for and understanding of O & M

technology will be lacking• Technologies need to be tested and piloted• Policy development based on the findings of the pilot• During rollout there must be on-going monitoring and evaluation• Need to consider O & M strategies and budgets before roll-out of new

infrastructure• Need to encourage calculated risk to continually improve service delivery• Build collaborative partnerships with local and international research and

funding organisations such as the South African Water Research Commission, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the World Bank and the Bremen Overseas Research and Development Agency to name a few.

Take Home Message

Shit Happens When You Do Nothing !

Teddy Gounden Strategic Executive :Research and International Relations Teddy.gounden@durban.gov.zaOffice 031 3118793 Mobile : 0828047299