ARTICLE IVCITIZENSHIPCitizenship membership in a political community which is personal and more or less permanent in character Distinguish citizenship from nationality: Nationality is membership in any class or form of political community. Thus, nationals may be citizens (if members of a democratic community) or subjects (if members of a monarchical community). Nationality does not necessarily include the right or privilege of exercising civil or political rights.Usual modes of acquiring citizenship:a. By birtha. Jus sanguinisb. Jus solib. By naturalizationc. By marriageNatural-born citizens: Those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship shall be deemed natural-born citizens.Marriage by Filipino woman to alien shall not result in loss of Philippine citizenship, unless by her act or omission she is deemed to have renounced Philippine citizenship.Policy against dual allegiance: Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law. Mercado v. Manzano: Filing of a certificate of candidacy suffices to renounced foreign citizenship, effectively removing any disqualification as dual citizen. Co v. HRET: Attack on ones citizenship may be made only through a direct, not a collateral, proceeding.Res judicata in cases involving citizenship: Res judicata doctrine does not ordinarily apply to questions of citizenship. It does so only when:a. Persons citizenship is resolved by a court or an administrative body as a material issue in the controversy, after a full-blown hearing b. With the active participation of the Solicitor General or his representativec. The finding of his citizenship is affirmed by the Supreme CourtCitizens of the Philippines1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of the 1987 Constitution 2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority Procedure for election: Election is expressed in a statement to be signed and sworn to by the party concerned before any official authorized to administer oaths. Statement to be filed with the nearest Civil Registry. The statement is to be accompanied with the Oath of Allegiance to the Constitution and the Government of the Philippines.When to elect: Within 3 years from reaching age of majority, except when there is justifiable reason for the delayThe right is available to the child as long as his mother was a Filipino citizen at the time of her marriage to the alien, even if by reason of such marriage, she lost her Philippine citizenship; and even if the mother was not a citizen of the Philippines at birth.4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with lawNaturalizationModes of naturalization: a. Direct: Citizenship is acquired by:i. Individual, usually through judicial proceedingsii. Special act of legislature iii. Collective change of nationality, as a result of cession or subjugationiv. In some cases, by adoption of orphan minors as nationals of the State where they are bornb. Derivative: Citizenship conferred on:i. Wife of naturalized husbandii. Minor children of naturalized personiii. Alien woman upon marriage to a national