Citizenship and National Identity in France.pdf

7/27/2019 Citizenship and National Identity in France.pdf

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Volumes published (2006)

I. Tematic Work Groups

I. Public Power in Europe: Studies in Historical ransformationsII. Power and Culture: Hegemony, Interaction and DissentIII. Religion, Ritual and Mythology. Aspects of Identity Formation in EuropeIV. Professions and Social Identity. New European Historical Research on Work, Gender and SocietyV. Frontiers and Identities: Exploring the Research Area

VI. Europe and the World in European Historiography

II. ransersal Teme

I. Citizenship in Historical Perspective

III. Doctoral Dissertations

I. F. Peyrou, La Comunidad de Ciudadanos. El Discurso Democrtico-Republicano en Espaa, 1840-1868

Cover: Ambrogio Lorenzetti (1285-1348 ca.), Te Efects o Good Government in the City and the Countryside, fresco(central part), Palazzo Pubblico, Siena. 1990. Photo Scala, Florence.

Copyright 2006 by Edizioni Plus Pisa University PressLungarno Pacinotti, 4356126 Pisael. 050 2212056 Fax 050 [email protected] - Section Biblioteca

ISBN 88-8492-406-5

ManagerClaudia Napolitano

EditingFrancesca Petrucci

Inormatic assistanceMichele Gasparello

Tis volume is published thanks to the support of the Directorate General for Research of the European Commission,by the Sixth Framework Network of Excellence CLIOHRES.net under the contract CI3-C-2005-006164.Te volume is solely the responsibility of the Network and the authors; the European Community cannot be heldresponsible for its contents or for any use which may be made of it.

Citizenship in historical perspective / edited by Steven G. Ellis, GumundurHlfdanarson and Ann Katherine Isaacs(ransversal theme ; 1)

323.6 (21.)1. Cittadinanza 2. Individuo e societ I. Ellis, Steven II. Hlfdanarson, Gumundur III.Isaacs, Ann Katherine

CIP a cura del Sistema bibliotecario dellUniversit di Pisa


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Frontiers and Identities

Citizenship and National Identity in Francefrom the French Revolution to the Present

Jean-Franois BerdahUvty ulu II - L Ml

Les questions de citoyennet et didentit nationale sont intimement lies, dans la mesureo la premire conditionne et la dnition et la reprsentation de la nation, cest-a-direlidentit nationale elle-mme, et pose le problme du processus juridictionnel qui a permisdtablir des reglementations spciques et de xer progressiement les limites lgales spa-

rant citoyens et trangers. Dans cette optique, quelle ut la voie suiie par la France dansson histoire rcente depuis la chute de la monarchie et linstauration dun noueau modlerpublicain en 1792?

En eet, contrairement a ce qui a t arm dans le dbat politique de ces ingt derniresannes, le droit du sol ou jus soli, qui signie pour ceux ns sur le territoire national le droitlgitime de deenir automatiquement fanais la majorit, ne triompha ritablement dudroit du sang, qui ne permettait quaux seuls enants issus de parents fanais de reendiquerla citoyennet fanaise, quaprs une longue priode jusqu des temps assez rcents. De ait,les droits ciils ne urent attachs la nationalit quassez rcemment au regard de lhistoire,

de sorte que les populations trangres rsidant en France naaient pas de raison ritable dedemander leur naturalisation, et ce jusquen 1889 lorsque la troisieme Rpublique dcida dechanger les rgles du jeu hrites de la monarchie et de lEmpire, et de renorcer les obligationspropres chaque citoyen is--is de la nation.

Lobjet de cette contribution ise trois buts. Premirement, expliquer dans ses grandes lignescomment la nationalit fanaise a t dnie tout au long de son histoire depuis deux centsans; deuximement, exposer les hauts et les bas du processus lgal qui a permis nalement ala nation fanaise de deenir un creuset dmographique ou mltg ptpour de nombreusespopulations dorigine trangre au dbut du ingtime sicle jusqua nos jours et troisime-

ment, de montrer comment la dnition et la limitation de la citoyennet a proondmentt aecte par un contexte conomique et politique changeant, notamment au cours de laSeconde Guerre mondiale et depuis les annes 1970 en un temps de crise conomique et so-ciale durable. La conclusion, enn, pose la question de la lgitimit et de la solidit du modledintgration fanais et la question mme du mltg pt, cest--dire la question cruciale delidentit nationale.

Qut ctzp tl tty vy clly lt c t m cm-m t t ptt t t, tt tl tty tl, - t juctl pc tt l t pcc lglt bg m, wc gu-lly bugt but t tmt lgl tct btw ctz g.


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142 Jean-FranoisBerdah

Fm t ppctv, wt w t pc Fc m ty t cllp t mcy t tblmt w publc ml 1792?

I, cty t wt b gu t pltcl bt t lt twty y,t gt l jus soli wc m t b tl tty t lgt-mt gt t bcm Fc u tm t pvl v t gt bl jussanguinis wc llw ly t cl Fcm t clm Fc tlty v lg p u m m ct ty1. F tc, cvl gt wt lwy ttc t tlty l tm, tt g lvg Fc

vtully cu t k tulzt utl 1889 w t T publc ct cg t ul t m t mcy t Emp c ctzblgt tw t t.

T cpt t m. Ftly, t xpl bly w t Fc t b v t lt tw ctu; cly, t vl t vctu lgl

pc tt lly l t t Fc ppl bcmg mltg pt t m tbgg t 20t ctuy utl ty, tly, t w w t t lmtt ctzp u cbly m t cgg cmcl plt-cl ctxt, pclly ug t Sc Wl W , m t 1970 lg p cmcl cl c. T cclu wll qut t lgtmcy ct-cy t Fc ml tgt l t Fc mltg pt u tt tcucl qut tl tty.

I M Fc, b t bk-ut t Rvlut, t ccluv -w t t qut wt Fcm. T qut pp ctlly w

jucl cct bcu mly ucc, pclly w t Kg pm mt m u t drot daubaine, qut cmm tt u LuXIV ucc. It w lgltv pcu by wc t Kg cmpltpw t z y g tg t ltt wtut gl Fc .T tut gt my cmplt b t plmt cut jutctt v m pc t t Fcm w pp. Tct w cy t b cgz Fcm: b b t kg-m Fc, t b b m Fc pt t ccpt t ttl pmt

wy t kgm2.

I ct, yl lw tbl t pcpl jus soli 1515 w t w ccpt tt cl b m g pt cul b c Fc ubjct wt t cpcty tt m tm, pvg tt m t Fc kgm l lyc. At t m tm, cul b c Fcm bcu pt-g, gl plc bt.

F t w cul t b Fc lgl tm, t w g, t wy xt: t lettres de naturalit t ltt tt t Kg, ly, cul u. T tulzt ttly tm y g t Fcm

wt ll t gt, c, pvlg, m, ptct gt t tu gl ubjct. It b tmt tt u 6,000 ppl bt m tyl gt btw 1660 17893.


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CitizenshipandNationalIdentityinFrancefromtheFrenchRevolutiontoPresentTime 143


Flly, t ummz, t my b tt u t l lw, yby w lv Fc,bg b t kgm b b m Fc pt t g tulzcul b c Fc, tu wg tt t jus soli w t tt tm t pcplct.

Wt t Rvlut, t t mt cqug Fc tlty clly m by tw ctcty ct. T t t tuct ll k yl pvlg, clug t drot daubaine, t pw t tulz. T c t ttmpt m by t Fc vlut t tlty tgl pt w Cttut. Apt m lgcl ct, t blt t drotdaubaine Apl My 1790 w gt ymblc pltcl gcc bcut p t t t tulzt g w w ly tbl Fc t tu w g t gt t w cu. Sm tm, v t lvg Fc, bcm y ctz Augut 1792 bcu t lg,

wtg cug, xmpl Tm Py, Gg Wgt, J HcPtlzz uz Kcuzk.

T t Cttut pt Sptmb 1791 t umtlly m tl lw, xcpt tt tulzt bcm cmm, utmtc pmt gt(t lt utl 1795 t w Cttut) wc llw tu g lv-g Fc t bt m Fc tlty v y p ty m Fc wm. T ct tt Rvluty Fc w cg utu cct wtgbug cut w t lvt t tt c c t w ctz wttly qut t lt t Fc my. T tut pvl utl 1794

ll g w v Fc t vt mjty t bcmg w Fcctz, v wtut t ct. Ntulzt t tpp bg utmtc w c llwg t 21t bty t w ct pl qut.

Dpt t t mll cg wc w tuc uccv Cttututl 1799, t mj tug pt gg tlty t lgl t cm

wt t tblmt t Cvl C, lt kw Code Napoleon, w p-pc ultg t pltcl put btw t utu Emp (tll Ft Cul) l lglt, F ct.

F vl mg tm t w t m tul t t vluty pt p t t tt Npl w v ctuty tjus soli. O t cty, ct w w pt t ppty Cmm vct t jus sanguinis t pcpl ccptt. H gu xmpl:W ct gv t qulty Fcm t g t wt t ccptt. I t , bcu Bpt cul t v bg mbvlt w t t mtm cvc tt t Stt ul c t ctl v g lmt c-cpt t jucl pt vw4.

W t Cvl C cm t c Mc 1803, t t Fcm ttlly cg cmp wt pvu p, vluty t. Ov t xtgty y, y vul b m g pt cul clm Fc ctzp w t lt 21 y l cl wll t bcm Fcm t ttl


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Fc. But t mmgt w wt t tbl tmlv Fc, t-yp w cy b pplyg tulzt. T w cl ptu mt gt l c lg w mt t b xcluv ct.

Yt, t t t g mmgt t vy t m t ptmg. Ftly, t tl clct vul (t lt utl 1889).Scly, bcu t July Mcy, t Sc Emp , cu, t Sc R-

publc 1848, w m lbl tttu tw l tu mttg gttlc t ul tulzt. A w lw m u Npl III 1867 -uc t tm cy m 10 t 3 y5. Tly, bcu t gvmt myfcult puttg t lw t pctc: Hw cul t tctly ctl ll t b,t gwg umb g ttct by cmc vlpmt utlz-t, ty ll vul, wtut tg ptl mtt?

I ct, pplct tulzt m typcl t mptt .

Glly pkg g blutly tt mkg uc qut, ulty t wt t ll u t tuc drot daubaine. O w t vy g ct mkg pplct, ugly t quvlt 3 4mt ly. At w t xtc ttctv ttu cll admission domi-cile, mtg lk c pvlg. T llw g t ttl Fc, tv pl ccupt t gu ll t gt wt pct t t , mtt wt ty lv Fc b. T l mt mptt

w t pptuty t v tl ccpt t mlty vc btw6 8 y m 1818 utl t t Sc Emp! pvlg tt ct

pltcl pblm t tm cmptt vly mg Eup t, p-clly btw Fc Gmy. I w lk t t fcl umb btw 1851 1889, t ubt tt mt mmgt clly ut wt w t tk: wl10,000 tm c tulzt, m t 32,000 c t bt m t -c pvlg. Mv, y Fc wm m t g m utmtcllylt gt t tk ub tlty.

T 1870-1871 mlty t vtl w cl cg gg t pc-pl ul tlty t m . Wl 1876 g pt1.7% t wl ppult, ppxmtly 655,000 ppl, t umb cg p-ly t llwg c wg t t Sc Iutl Rvlut t ubl t

y lt c 3% t ppult, .. 1.127,000 ppl. But t cmc c t Gt Dp t t muctu t mply mmgt, w cp c cp mlty ut, gt ctcm mg t wkg cl cuvtc uct mmgt wt mpct mply.

At t m tm, t Fc utt w cgly w but t mgp-c tut t cuty. I Fc w t mt ppult cuty Eup t t b-gg t 19t ctuy wt ppult but 32 mll, tt w lg tc 1861, v t xt Svy Nc: t ppult Fc wt 37 mll Gmy 38. T l Alc L 1871 l t wll, v l mll btt6. Mv, t bt t w mtcllylw xclu y pblty cvg m mgpc pw. I t c-


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txt, t gvmt mmb Plmt w ptcully tt t qu-t g cctt Fc t pptuty cptg mmgt t Fc t t vtlz bt t Fc t t Fc my.

Dpt t luctc t my t Cvl C, 1889 t T Rpublc Plmt lgty bt c t my t gl ul pt m lt t-ttu tw tulzt t bt t Nt. I tt , t t up-g tt t w lw vk t c pvlg admission domicile. T mvlty vt t ubl jus soli tt vt t l Rpublc pcpl.Accg t t w lw, g b Fc utmtclly bt Fc ct-zp pt w l b t cuty tug mjty t tm w b Fc. At t m tm, tulzt w cgly fcultt bt ult t ppult cc but mmgt. Btw 1889 1896 ly 36,000 g w tulz, vy lw gu cmp wt t wl

g ppult, g xcg 1 mll7.T plcy mgt b c pxcl: , t utt mplmt

vy tct pcpl g ult; t t , ty k t tgt tc gt. I ct, t w px, c t Ambly blv t pw Fc cultu uct, t cpcty t tgt t yug gt.B, t Dyu A mtclly pv tt uccul mlt lcul ly bt m t Rpublc tblty pup8. Cqutly, Fc gcl bcm t bttll w w gt clclm bcutm, umtl lmt t pmt w publc lt, ptly Jw g.

T Gt W pt t m mptt tug pt Fc m pl-cy bcu t tbl cquc. Apt m um l (but 1.5 mll mltycult), t p t bt t g gt gp tt cul ly wt pvu mgpc c. At t m tm, t qut u g tp t Fc my (mtly m t cl, but l m t Fg Lg) t my ct wp upc g ug t w tt ct fcl tttc. I ct, w w tulzt w gt btw 1914 1918, cg ug t p m but 2,100 t l t 300.

Wt ll t lmt t Fc gvmt t tk t ccut t vtl qu-t lk t tulzt m my ppult (pclly t Gm) tt tt c t cmplxty t mgpc pblm. But t mj u -m t gp btw m wm, v gt 1918, bcu my ww ty w tmt t 700 000 1919 m g t t w lgtmt vlblm, .. g. Wy? Bcu, ccg t t Cvl C, Fc b wm m-mtly tk t ub tlty, tt Fc lt m t 50,000 wmbtw 1919 1924. T wy w lw w p u t t lt gv-mt 1924, lw llwg Fc wm m t g t t t gltlty t p t t t wb cl t mg9.

T c llutt mj cg pltcl tkg wll publc p, p t wy t gl lw w p tttu tw g 1927. I


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ccg t mgpc blgt ct by t w t bcm cl tt t l lw t b cg: c 1889 m pcclly t Gt W ly 15,000 t 20,000pplct b gt w t t g ppult c v 2 mll.T ly lut t t pblm w t p t tgt m wly

t my lgl qumt btg Fc ctzp. T xctly wt Pl-mt c 10 Augut 1927 wt t w lw ucg t wtg p m 10 t3 y, v mttv cck t pplct w t t bcm m ctv tct. Fm t , t umb w Fc ctz gw ply wt vg -ul c u 65,000 utl 1931, mwt lw t t ppultt m 100,000, but vtl xtmly vlubl t Gvmt p.

T publc cu t tlty qut t lt vy lg pt tcvct tt t Gm mlty tt cul b ply vcm wt t gwgumb ccpt, tk t t tulzt. Actully t clt t t

g gv t w pjuc cqutly t c pltcl bt tmmgt u. F t Ntl Rgt, ptcully tAction fanaise, t w lww uccptbl. Hw cul t cum t t xpct t plc t t mll vgu, t Fcm w v b t t t lugtu u-g t Gt W? B, t mv tgt g cul ly ult p cl t Fc t, myb cmplt tgt.

T ttl cmc c vy lttl t cub t xpbc lg. O tcty 1930, v m 1931, t ly w mtc cg t lbumkt wt c umplymt, but l glgt t gwg ctc-

t btw Rpublc pcpl gty bt, gtc -tlt ct mg t Fc ppult10. A cquc, t cuvtc clt t tl gt p ut tk t wpp uc L F-g, t ctll by pmt gt-wg bum, F Cty. T plt-cl bt t mmgt u, .. t cpblty t Fc t t mltg wcm, w ut by mmgt xpt, ptcul Gg Muc,

w tuc w ctvl t, fmg tt m g cul b -ly mlt w t cul t.

T fcl p t t gl ut gg mmgt tk t m gl

cmt tw g wk, tt u tu tm w mut. Mv, w c w pmulgt Augut 1932 ctg m -cult ct t lbu mkt ptctg tl mpw. A ult tg ppult xpc ubttl p m but 2.7 t 2.2 mll btw1931 193611. I t umb ccl t ct tt 257,000 p w tulzug t b p, ty clly w wv tt t T Rpublc w lg tu wt t umtl pcpl. I pt lbl clt tw t ug,uccv gvmt tg t llvt t lvg ct ttu g, xcpt t w w ly vg t Fc my. Ev t PpulFt mb by t clt Hm Mt, Rg Slg Mx Dmy, tk

pt t cmt ct lbu tct g wk (numerusclausus, xclu m p uc ct, g, lwy)12.


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T w lgltv c m My Nvmb 1938 pt t tp -w tw lctv tct m t wk: pcl tty c tbcm cy v l cmpttv mpw lk mll pkp c-m. At t m tm, t ug qut ct gwg vu t pltcl

p, cqutly g upc g b t tt ll tmgt mgt b mmb vbl clum wkg t my. T t c ll t Gm t-z Itl tct, but l mt upgly Gm Aut Jw, w w t b pck t mpv cct-t cmp, mly utwt utt Fc. Fmu g tllctul v

wly tt t t cmp t t t tm bg t mp, L Fuctwg Atu Ktl mg t.

Pp t mt mtc xmpl t lgt cl w tt t RpublcSp w btw Dcmb 1938 Fbuy 1939 c t Fc b

t u tu, t mt bcu t tbl ct tcctt cmp, but l bcu ty wltly w t gt gt tcttp by y m wtv, wk l, w wv c- m t tt , .. gu cmmut lmt13. L Bulu, Aml-l-B, Pt--Mll, St-Cyp, Agl, Bm, L Vt, Gu, Bc: tlt t Fc cmp but pul v-g ucc m14. Ob-

vuly ty w t y wy b Aucwtz Bucwl, vtl tyvl t g ltt mctc pcpl t xbl bkw t Rpublc. Tu Sp p w gully cpt lbuut cll Compagnies de raailleurs trangers [Fg Wk Cmp] mMc-Apl 1939 cmt t t Fc D gzt t Fccmy, mtly t vc pvt m ut. Bcu t gl m-blzt mg t Fc ctz t t tl cmy, t Sp- ply gwg pt t w t bcu my tm w kll wk cmmtt t t tuggl gt cm. At t t y, t tmtcmp w lmt mpty, but t tut wul t lt t mlty t tFc my t pltcl tump t Vcy gm15.

T cllp t T Rpublc mmt tllt pl cttpu Mll Pt Ju 1940 mk mtc cg wt g t ctzp u bc qut: W Fcm? I ct, t w Fc plcy VcyFc clly put t qut t Rpublc tt tg b jus soli,

wc cul b ummz wt t llwg ct: 15,154 vul tulz,446 pv t Fc ctzp 110,000 Alg Jw pv tttu ctz tu t t ct ubjct16.

T butl cg w c vtl by t w gm c ccg t t gv-mt Fc t mlty cllp w t cquc t clt gv tt g ppult pt c t cqu t Fc tlty. Mll Ptuppt mt w cvc tt t pvt Rpublc w pbl tl cc, pclly llwg t 1905 Act, wc c ttutlpt btw Cuc Stt. Ty gu tt t lw, gvg lmt cmplt


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m t t Cuc, w ptcully gtv g t Jw cmmuty,wc lg y t tgt mlt u t gwg uc g Jw.

O c ly ut tt t w Fc plcy w ctly p by t t-tl ct, .. t-Smtc tkg vlp wt t Fc gt-wg c tbgg t 20t ctuy, m ptcully ug t t-w p. Jw

w c ply, t -mlt by Fc utt, tvctm lg tulzt pc tt w tt mmtly t zu pw by Mll Pt tk t lgltv pcu. T gvmt glm w t xm ll tulzt ct ct by t m Rpublc uttc t 1927 Act. T m cc w clly ct tw t Jw ppul-t, but t pcu clu ll Fc ctz g g (Itl, Sp,Pl, Gm, tc.).

A tulzt Cmm w ct t umm 1940 u t g tMty Jutc, wc w ttl t ccpt u Fc ctzp. Hwv, t

w y tk t xm u tu pl l uc fcult uct pltcl tut wg t t t Fc mtt gv-mt m P t Vcy. Mv, t w cl lgcl v btw tc-tt ct ppc wt t Fc mtt. Rtctt vu tct, tug lct pplct t Fc tlty l tt cml,lqut p mlt ppl ul b xclu t v llw t tFc tty. O t t , ct ( clt) cl gt pjct

t t, wc upp tctv ttu Jw t cmplt ptm t Fc ppult lgl tm, ml t Nz Gmy pt 1933-1935.

A ult, t Dtulzt Cmm tt t xm m 500,000 pll, ctg vl c wk v vl mt t t tk. But v t c-t t ub-cmm w t ug t llw t l t b tugly xm- jugg by t w tmt tt ttclly m t m 830 l p 30,000 l p mt! I ct, t ult t Dtulzt Cmm w t

p. W t t tttc w publ 1942 ly 9,608 vul ctullyb pv Fc ctzp, wc 3,479 w Jw (but 36% t ttl) 17.

O pbbly gt mptc w tt t tuggl btw tctt cl-t bcm m m cut v t llwg y. A A Mt, t Cm-m pt, tt t Sc Wl W, bcm v m w ttt t-Smtc cmpg wly cv t Fc p p cquc t cmm wk. I t mmb t cmm w blutly t, tygt jug ll bjctvty pc luctt t mj pt t ccptt cllbt plcy wt Gmy, ty w t mjty bl by tcc tw Pt bcm t t uxly ct plcy, gvg

wy t u tulzt18.

Dpvg w Fcm t ctzp w t t ly m t Fc gv-mt. Pbbly m vtl w t tt w tlty plcy, .. t pp w


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gult c t pvt ml mtk t ct pt xggtbvlc tw g pplct. It wul tk t lg t cb t cmpltlgl pc, but t pbl l cy t utl t m tu A Ptck

Wl pt ut, t ttg w tlty lglt ubly blut

pty t w gm19. But g vgc p wt t Mty Jutc plll tt ttut lk t t t-Smtc gt-wg mg vyquckly, pclly t w lgl t tt w t b c. Wl Dl, tgvmt Vc-pt, Fbuy 1941 vct ptg tc qut m-l t t Amc mmgt ctgt, tw mt lt t mty Jutc(Garde des Sceaux)c wt t tblmt qut ccg t c tl g wul ct w fcult wy lp t gult t gumb g lvg Fc, pclly t gvmt wt t v tct l g cl u l20.

It tk tw m y t lz t w tlty c, but g tc t mty puc p ctt ptcully wt t Jw Qut B(Cmmt ux Qut Juv) ct by Dqu Pllpx, k pl-gt Fc-Gm cllbt uppt Nz Jw plcy. T GtpOfc Fc, ct by Lutt-Cll Hz Rtk, ct vy gt-clly w lz tt vl Fc Jw bt lt tc bcu uttg mlty uty t Ft Wl W pcl vc p t t t, kpt t Fc tlty. Wt g t t w tlty c, wc wc t wk by my m Nz pltc, vtly by t ccupy-g c t, gct cg wul llw pt Lvl gu ympty Fc-Gm cllbt vw t w ttgc tut ct tly by tAgl-Amc lg Nt Ac Nvmb 1942 cly by t Ru

vcty Stlg Juy 1943. I t, t w g tm t ptp y fclc tt mgt uc tl t wt t All c, tkg t ccutt gwg uc t F Fc Fc L u Gl D Gullcmm.

I t pct, t tlty qut w mj u t Fc Rtc cll t l, bt pltcl mlty, w j D Gull L Ju 1940 lt m 500 p clug t gl ml w cm ttby pcl lw u 23 July 1940 tt pv tm ll t Fc ctzp.A cquc, t F Fc utt lgclly t t tk tmlv bg upl t m Rpublc gvmt mpz t tg t ttlly gu pcpl ptlty by t T R-

publc. I tt , ty t ly bl vtully ll t Vcy gm ttutlgult but l c pcl c gtg Fc ctzp t y Fc

vlut, gtg m t F Fc Fc tt Fc l, wwt t pply t t utu.

Nvtl t w xcpt wt g t Fc Jw. W t Amcg cmm tll Gl Gu Alg pttv t pvlFc gvmt, blv tt t blt t Cmux c Octb


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1940, cty t t lw, ul b mt. A Mcl Mu Rbt Px-t pt ut, Gu cmm wp t-Smtc pjuc, blvg Mc 1943 tt Jw w pbl t t tt cl lw ul b t tl ct t mtc21. T gl ct t t ttmt

t l vcty D Gull v Gu l t t blt ll Vcy gm gul-t t tgt ll t 15,154 ppl w b pv tFc ctzp.

Hwv, t tuggl tt by clt vu tc lct w t cm-pltly v c m t ptgt cp t put pc, tt tpt m t mtt ut pcut tk t blt cmmt-mt t Rtc. Gg Muc, w puly uc t tl bt t u ug t t-w p g ug t Vcy p, m

vy utl t Lbt Fc utl t t 1940. I pt ll

t, t l t mp tc vw t -tbl Rpub-lc pv utuc t l tt p. Mv, t Fut Rpublc(1946-1958) w vy gu c tw g mmgt u t Fc -mgpc wk t t cug t ctuct t cuty. Wt tgt g cmmut lvg Fc t tblmt Rpub-lc pcpl t t bt p cc t utu t lg tm?

I, t tulzt pc w cbly mpl ug t ptw , wybv t pw ul gu. N w t 17,351 ult cqu Fc tlty 1946, 83,317 1947 g 58,823 1948. I ll, w clu cl utmt-

clly tkg Fc tlty t t g 18 wtut tct, t ttl umb w cqut c 38,869, 111,736 70,925 pctvly22. T p 1946-1962 t c b c gl g t Fc mltg pt, ptcullybcu t cp t tm gt cmcl vlpmt t t Gl-u Glu Tty Y btw 1944 1974, wc llw t t-gt g cmmut. T Fc Rpublc uctl ytm l pvt b fct tumt pl pmt mg wcm t Fcxp social eleator tc mg t cl Sp Rpublc

w cv btt cl pt wt t ml, mtm upp-mlcl, m gt t t.

T lmt mu tcy w tupt by t ptt t Fc u tu pieds-noirs, tt , t Fc cmmuty tt b ttl Alg c t clzt 1830. T tgc tut gt 1954 wt tAlg upg gt Fc ccupt t ubqut fcl pc ttlmt 1962, ggvt t tubl ltp wt Nt Ac mgt Fc(Mcc, u bv ll Alg). A c bt quckly ccgt lvc t lbl tulzt pc wt g t t Mulm ppult, cmmuty tt cul b mlt ccg t Rpublc pcpl m ppl

vw.

Hwv, t qut ly bcm lly cut 1973-74 c t cmc c t cl ct tt , cg ug umplymt. Wlt t w


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ly 600,000 umply wk 1974, t gu ltlly xpl t llwgy t c tw mll 1981, pvg tt t c wul t b ly vcm.Cqutly, t tlty u bcm vtl mptc t Fc pltclbt. W t tm t pc t p ppl u cg -

ctv gult t tct t llct Fc ctzp wl t Fccmy w t y t tk tl lbu c, t v bl t t-gt t umply ply qul wk? It t t upg t gv-mt pt t UDF (Union pour la Dmocratie fanaise) p by t pt t Rpublc cg, Vly Gc Etg t RPR m 1977 (Rassem-blement pour la Rpublique) l by t my P, Jcqu Cc t t lvly bt, gug tt g wk, ptcul Alg ctz, ultu t t ml, pbly m 100,000 t t y, ttl 500,000 v 5 y p.

It mut b t tt xpbc vw g w gu wt Fc cty,clug t Cmmut Pty, wc lclly tt pcc ct gt gwk, u t t vvl t gt-wg mvmt t ly 1980 u t gw-g uc J-M L PFront National, w pt w t ct ult t Alg ym ttl ct pjuc Fc t lt c tDyu .

Hwv, t l-wg lctl ucc 1981 lg pcy pt byF Mtt ctug utl 1995 cut ctt ul y g-ct cg Fc gult, pt cbtt wt vl cvtv

mjt, utl 1993 w w tlty c w u c llwgCl Pqu J-Lu Db vw. Ntulzt bcm m fcult tcqu bu tut wt Fc ctz t c v tgt bg c my cc t pv t ctzp, tc -vul blgg t l Fc ml w w b t cl b 1958 1960. I t m wy, ub wv Fc ctz w cgly ubjctt tct ctt mttv ctl t v l mg ( mariageblanc).

Flly, t cl g ctz b Fc uubtly Fc upt lglt, wc t ytg t t pblm wl t pt tll, xmpl, Alg Mcc, wl t cmc cl ctxt ytg but tbl. Hg umplymt mg t c t gt, x-

pbc lg, tlbl ggt t lbu mkt, ggpc ggt t utkt t lg tw, p cmc ucc u pt t t lu tRpublc uctl ytm w t umu tt xpl t ut gwg vlc t ct, tt t ly ppult ubub .

A c b , t qut wt Fcm? t y t w. Ov t y,m t Fc Rvlut t t pt y, t lgl fcl p wvcbly m t mt p lbl vw t t xtm t Vcygm ug t Sc Wl W. Wt mt tkg wv tt t Rpublc t mt pttv gm v t y mt pbl t bc


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pcpl wc t w bult, .. lbty, qulty, tty, cul l ,ptlty. T pcc tut Fc, ml t t Ut Stt tm lmt ll Eup cut, w, ttg t 19t ctuy, vy t b-cm l mmgt w multcultul cty wul vtully mg, ct-

g t ct mltg pt la fanaise.I pt gly ctvl bt t lt 19t ctuy u t t t mj -ttl c, t t g cmmut Blg, Gm, Sw, Itl, lt Pl, Sp, Ptugu, tc. w uccully tgt tk t tSc Iutl Rvlut Rpublc vlu, wc c ll mmb t cmmuty qul llw vul upw mblty. T Ft Wl W t mtc um cquc c t t wl t ctuct m m m. T llwg pu cg t Fc lglt 1924 1927 clly t cquc t upct tut p

t t ctt Gm tt. It ly t 1930 w t ttl c vlt glty t Fc cu t tl u tt Rpublc pcpl ubmtt t gwg ctcm qutg. T t bc umtl tbutl cg tt u cuty xpc ug t Blck Y m 1940 t 1944.

T Lbt Fc t tt Rpublc vlu l t t -tbl-mt t ttl p lbl gult tk t ptv vblcmc tut, but g 1962, cquc t Alg c, tlty ctzp bcm mj pltcl u t gtv ct t cl c

xpbc mg ky ct tl Fc pltc. But t qut

w t tgt t g ppult t t Fc t m umtltpc wc ct t ucc lu t Fc mltg pt, tt t Rpub-lc ml tgt.

Notes

1 P. Weil,Quest-ce quun Franais? Histoire de la nationalit fanaise depuis la Rvolution, Paris 2002.2 Ibid., pp. 17-18.3 See G. Noiriel,Population, immigration et identit nationale en France, XIXe-Xxe sicle, Paris 1992, pp. 88-94.4 Weil,Histoire cit., pp. 29-35.5

G. Noiriel,Le creuset fanais. Histoire de limmigration, XIXe-Xxe sicle, Paris 1988, pp. 74-75.6 About the political debate on the French nation see Noiriel,Population cit., pp. 20-23.7 Weil,Histoire cit., p. 47.8 See or example in the Jewish case M.R. Marrus,Te Politics o Assimilation. A Study o the French Jewish Community

at the ime o the Dreyus Aair, Oxord-London 1971.9 Weil,Histoire cit., pp. 72-7610 Concerning the application o the right o asylum see G. Noiriel,Rugis et sans-papiers. La Rpublique ace au droit

dasile, XIXe-Xxe sicle, Paris 1991, 1998, pp. 106-117.11 Noiriel,Population cit., p. 70.12 See P.-J. Deschodt - F. Huguenin,La rpublique xnophobe, 1917-1939. De la machine dtat au crime de bureau:

les rvlations des archives, Paris 2002, pp. 121-157.13 See among others G. Dreyus-Armand, Lexil des rpublicains espagnols en France. De la guerre civile la mort de

Franco, Paris 1999; L. Stein,Beyond Death and Exile. Te Spanish Republicans in France, 1939-1955, Cambridge


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- London, 1979; J. Rubio,La emigracin de la guerra civil de 1936-1939. Historia del xodo que se produce con el nde la II Repblica espaola, 3 vols., Madrid 1977.

14 See G. Dreyus-Armand - . Tmime,Les Camps sur la plage, un exil espagnol, Paris 1995; A. Grynberg,Les campsde la honte. Les interns juis des camps fanais, 1939-1944, Paris 1999.

15 See M.-L. Cohen - . Malo (eds.),Les camps du Sud-Ouest de la France. Exclusion, internement et dportation, Tou-

louse 1994.16 Weil,Histoire cit., p. 97.17 Ibid., p. 12418 Quoted ibid., p. 128.19 Ibid., p. 101.20 Quoted ibid. p. 103.21 M.R. Marrus - R .O. Paxton, Vichy ert les juis, Paris 1981, pp. 275-277 (translated rom the American edition).22 According to the fgures quoted in Weil,Histoire cit., p. 124.

BiBliography

C M.-L. - Ml . (.),Les camps du Sud-Ouest de la France. Exclusion, internement et dportation, u-lu 1994.Dct P.-J. - Hugu F.,La rpublique xnophobe, 1917-1939. De la machine dtat au crime de bureau:les rlations des archies, P 2002, pp. 121-157.Dyu-Am G., Lexil des rpublicains espagnols en France. De la guerre ciile la mort de Franco, P1999.Dyu-Am G. - mm .,Les Camps sur la plage, un exil espagnol, P 1995.Gybg A.,Les camps de la honte. Les interns juis des camps fanais, 1939-1944, P 1999.Mu M.R., Te Politics o Assimilation. A Study o the French Jewish Community at the ime o the Dreyus

Aair, Ox-L 1971.

Mu M.R. - Pxt R.O., Vichy ert les juis, P 1981, pp. 275-277 (tlt m t Amc t).Nl G.,Population, immigration et identit nationale en France, XIXe-Xxe sicle, P 1992, pp. 88-94.I.,Le creuset fanais. Histoire de limmigration, XIXe-XXe sicle, P 1988, pp. 74-75.I.,Rugis et sans-papiers. La Rpublique ace au droit dasile, XIXe-XXe sicle, P 1991, 1998, pp. 106-117.Rub J.,La emigracin de la guerra ciil de 1936-1939. Historia del xodo que se produce con el n de la II Rep-blica espaola, 3 vl., M 1977.St L.,Beyond Death and Exile. Te Spanish Republicans in France, 1939-1955, Cmbg - L, 1979.

Wl P.,Quest-ce quun Franais? Histoire de la nationalit fanaise depuis la Rolution, P 2002.


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Citizenship and National Identity in France.pdf