CITIES OF THE FUTURE

Cities with the lowest possible greenhouse gas emissions and a good urban environment

PrefaceBergen has a long-term goal of becoming a greenhouse gas neutral city. Projects in the four priority areas of land use and transport, stationary energy, consumption pattern and waste, and adaptation to climate change are at various stages of programme clari cation, but all are a result of discussions with all the municipal agencies and other relevant bodies. Bergen will also initiate a project on climate change and human rights to clarify to what extent sustainable climate development can be de ned as a human right. This work will be carried out in collaboration with several research institutions and organisations. Bergen is the only city in Europe to have been invited to become a member of the European Climate Forum.

The Norwegian parliaments processing of the Bergen Programme for transport, city development and the environment in February 2006 represented a trend break in Bergens urban development. In Proposition no. 76 (2004-2005) to the Norwegian parliament a new transport policy was adopted, including, among other things, the building of a light rail system, a new ring-road system and environmental measures in the city centre. In addition to forming the backbone of an ef cient public transport system, the new light rail will also shape urban land-use development for the coming 10-20 years. Bergens urban densi cation policy as laid down in the municipal master plan is largely based on the development of areas along the light rail. The ring-road system will divert unnecessary traf c from the city centre.

Work has commenced on the development of a more environmentally friendly transport system, and Bergen has come a long way towards completing a district heating network based on energy from waste. Projects relating to stationary and mobile energy consumption will make Bergen more energy ef cient. The building of an environmentally friendly waste suction network in the city centre is also in full swing.

Bergens environmental plan has been incorporated into the land-use part of the municipal master plan in that the plan now includes the environmental policy strategies. An action plan has been prepared for better air in Bergen, and climate and energy plans are being drawn up. In addition, the City Government and the City Council have passed several resolutions implementing various transport policy measures. Bergen has put a good deal of work into risk and vulnerability issues in urban development.

In recent years Bergen has organised open urban development conferences for the interested public, and has also held conferences on the theme of children and childhood environment. The City Government is convinced of the importance of involving children in efforts to achieve sustainable urban development. It is important to give priority to forums for interaction and collaboration at international, national and regional levels. Locally, such collaboration is already happening in several elds.

In the following we will clarify where Bergen stands in relation to its goal of becoming a greenhouse gas neutral city and describe the projects which we consider suitable for further development in the Cities of the Future collaboration. We presuppose that more detailed action programmes will be drawn up during the autumn of 2008.

Bergen, 4 April 2008

Lisbeth IversenCommissioner for Climate,Environmental Affairs and Urban Development

Contents

Relevant goals and strategies

1. Land use and transport

Reasons for the prioritisationsPrioritised projects

2. Stationary energy

Reasons for the prioritisations in the project periodPrioritised projects

3. Consumption pattern and waste

Reasons for the prioritisations in the project periodPrioritised projects

4. Adaptation to climate change

Reasons for the prioritisations in the project periodPrioritised projects

Other expert milieus in Bergen today

- background and collaboration

Organisation of work locally- coordination with the network programme

Project sheets

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1

2

15

1617

22

2325

28

2930

34

3636

41

43

45

APPLICABLE GOALS AND STRATEGIES

LAND-USE PART OF THE MUNICIPAL MASTER PLAN 2006-2017

The land-use part of the municipal master plan was adopted by the Bergen City Government on 25 June 2007. In the following, we will describe the factors underlying our application. The municipal master plan is based on an overriding urban development goal and sub-goals for various development areas.

Municipal master plans overriding goal Bergen shall provide good living conditions for all its inhabitants within the framework of environmentally friendly development.

Municipal master plans objectivesBergen shall be a city in which environmental considerations constitute an overriding principle in all activity and planning. It shall emphasise health-promoting urban development by facilitating access to physical activity for all the citys inhabitants.

Bergen shall provide a good and safe local environment for all its inhabitants. It shall provide its inhabitants with a sense of cultural belonging and identity and ensure proximity and access to cultural and natural experiences.

Regional collaboration shall be strengthened, with main emphasis on commercial and industrial development, transport solutions and the construction of housing. The Bergen area shall be an attractive region for trade and industry, with good availability of areas that are suitable for business activities and well located in relation to housing and transport needs.

Bergen shall have housing for all who want to settle in Bergen. Universal design (accessibility for all) shall be a principle in the construction of buildings, outdoor venues and transport solutions. The surroundings of all the citys inhabitants shall be designed to promote equal functioning for everyone. All urban development shall pay close attention to aesthetics and the citys distinctive character as well as to risk and vulnerability. The green areas shall be managed with a long-term perspective.

Bergen shall have an environmentally friendly, safe and ef cient transport system with separate infrastructures for public transport and road haulage. Climate shall be a central consideration in all work on the development of the transport system in Bergen.

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Land-use part of the municipal master plan (2006-2017), adopted 25 June 2007

Salhus

Steinst

Breistein

Ytre Arna

Indre ArnaSandviken

Korsnes

Fana

Stend

Milde

Hjellestad

Flesland

Skjold

Sreide

Straume

Hkonsvern

Alven

Loddefjord

Fyllingsdalen

Haukeland

Geitanuken

Klauvaneset

Hordvikneset

Hylkje

Hordvik

Tellevik

Falkanger

Hauks

Vgsbotn

Mjlkeren

Toppe

Morvik

Haukedal

Tertnes

Ulset

Nyborg

Ulsetsen

stveitskogen

Rolland

Hjortland

Hetlebakk

Gaups

stveitEidsvgneset

Lnborg

Helleneset

Hellen

yjorden

Biskopshavn

Hegreneset

Munkebotn

Jordal

Selvik

Eidsvg

Garnes

Kvamme

Haugland

Mjeldheim

sheim

Tunes

ArnatveitRdland

Tangeland

Borge

Espeland

Skldal Bjrndal

Minne

Herland

Holo

Romslo

Risnes

N.Skulstad

Trengereid

Gullbotn

Bontveit

Frotveit

Lund

Haugsdal

Samdal

Fjelltveit

Haugland

Gimmeland

Almeland

Kaland

v.Totland

Ned.Totland

Riple

Sandven

Fjellbirkeland

Myrdal

Dyngeland

Ulsmg

Hatlestad

Valle

Kirkebirkeland

Kalandseidet

Lyngb

Kismul

Sele

HamreTitlestad

SmrsApeltun

Krokeide

Rd

Salbu

Saganeset

Fanahammaren

Nordvik

Sakstad

Hordnes

Grimseid

Espeland

Sletten

Ned.Birkeland

Blomsterdalen

Liland

v.Birkeland

Hvardstun R

Sandsli

Kokstad

Skeie

Rdalen

Srs

Nords

Steinsvik

Grimstad

Hope

Hammersland

Dolvik

Svik

Knappen

Bnes

Paradis

Hop

Bjrge

Skaret

Hilleren

Mathopen

Hkonshella

Hetlevik

Kongshavn

Drotningsvik

Vadmyra

Breivik

Godvik

Bjrndal

Varden

Slen

Olsvik

Brstaneset

Kvarven

Gravdal

Nygrd

Lyngb

Laksevg

Dokken

Nordnes

Nstet

Skuteviken

Solheim

Minde

Fjsanger

Store-

tveit

Fantoft

Nattland

Sdal

Helldal

Grimen

Lands

Lgdene

Haukeland

Unneland

Flaktveit

Krkenes

KyrkjetangenSAMNANGER

KOMMUN

E

OSKOMM

UNE

OSKO

MMUNE

Tellevikafjellet

Veten

Novarinden

Rundemanen

Storsta

Vardegga

Kvitebjrnen

Bjrndalsta

Sandviksfjellet

Lyderhorn

Eikelifjellet

rnafjellet

Damsgrdfjellet

Lvstakken

Gulsteinen

Blmanen

Storfjellet

Ulriken

Landsfjellet

Lyseskarfjellet

Fanasta

Orrtua

Stendafjellet

Skeissen

Storrinden

Totlandsfjellet

Liavarden

Repparsen

Skldalsfjellet

Grfjellet

Gullfjellet

Austefjellet

SRFJO

RDEN

BYFJORDEN

RAUNEFJORDEN

FANA

FJOR

DEN

LYSEFJORDEN

SALHUSFJORDEN

BYFJOR

DEN

PUDDEFJORDEN

GRIMST

ADFJOR

DEN

Arnavgen

Eidsvgen

Vgen

Kjkkelvika

Baugtveitstemma

HauksvatnetLangavatnetUlsetstemma

Liavatnet

Hetlebakkstemma

Krvatnet Gaupsvatnet

Griggastemmastveitvatnet

Setervatnet

Spkevatnet

Stem

mevatnet

Jordalsvatnet

Langevatnet

Munkebottsvatnet

Storevatnet

Tindevatnet

Skomakerdiket

Jordalsvatnet

Tarlebvatnet

Langelivatnet

Storediket

Svartediket

Stiavatnet

Storavatnet

Smvatnet

Sklevikvatnet

Liavatnet

Nipetj.

Tenebekktj.

Svartatj.

Bjrndalstj.

Gjeddevatnet

Bjrndalsvatnet

Ortuvatnet

Knappentjernet

Slevatnet

Storavatnet

Skjenavatnet

dlandsvt.

Mildevatnet

Sviktj.

Skranevatnet

Birkelandsvatnet

Hvardstunvt.

Apeltunvatnet

Tranevatnet

Bjrnevatnet

Stendavatnet

Klokkarvatnet

Joravatnet

Ulvvt.

Nordvikvatnet

Storavatnet

Hisdals

vatnet

Hauglandsvatnet

Ulvevatnet

Samdalsvatnet

Frotveitvatnet

RambjrvatnetDyrdalsvatnet

Osavatnet

Svartavatnet

Krokavatnet

Tangelandsvatnet

Gulltjrna

Krtjrna

Grimevatnet

Skomakervatnet

Vassdalsvatnet

Nesttunvatnet

Myravatnet

Myrdalsvatnet

Stignavatnet

Birkelandsvatnet

Dyngelandsvt.

Stemmevatnet

Nubbevatnet

Glvrevatnet

Furedalsvatnet

Store Lungegrdsvatnet

Tveitevatnet

Revurtj.

Langavatnet

Grim

seidvatnet

Markskiltjrna

Skeievatnet

Gravdalsvatnet

Haukelandsvatnet

Gullfjelltjrnane

Sylevatnet

Litlavatnet

vre

Kalandsvatnet

Nordsvatnet

H

Havn

H

H

NF

H

H

H

N

H

H

H

N

I

H

I/K/L7

H

H

H

H HH

NF

H

N

F

H

HH

N

S37

B33

S36

B50

Militrt skytefelt

S8

H H

Fisk

Fisk

NH

HN

H

FFNF

H

S10

FFNF

N

NF

F

H

FFNF

H

B19

FFNF

HavnH

FN

N H

H

HNF

H

H

H

H

H

H

F

F

N

I

HNF

N

H

N

NF

H

HH

B13

B9

B20

Fisk

Fisk

S28

S21

S35

I

B44

G

I

S19

I

B38

D/M4

I

H

HH

H

T

HH

I/K/L3S34

S22

S23

I/K/L1

HH H

HH

HH

HH

H

I

HH

H

H

H

H

NF

N

HH

H

F

H

F

F

F

F

H

F

NF

FH

H

F

N

F

H N HF

NF

F

N

NF

F

Fisk

F

NF

NF

F

N

A

A-sAHavn

Havn

I/K/L11

B12

S2

B5

B1

Havn

B14

I/K/L5

S31

N

S29

I

I

A-s

I

I

I

I

D/M2

S16

B32

NA-s

II

B31

I

I

S7

B21

B17

B19

S9

B36

B16

B15

B7

I

I/K/L10

B34

B24

B11

B2B3

I/K/L2

B22

B27

B23

B25

B26

I

B28

B30

G

I

B42

Militrt forbudsomr.

Fisk

I

S5

I

I

NFFisk

F

I

I/K/L4

H

Ferdselsomrde

H HH

S17

B39

HHN

HH

HH

HH

HH

F

HN

HHHH

HH

B8

B6

I

Fisk

B45

H

I

S8

S32

I/K/L8

S3

S4

S8

I/K/L13

D/M3

I

S8

S8

S8

S1

I/K/L6

I

I

B43

Havn

B48

S8

S11

S13

NF

B37I/K/L14

S20

S14

B41

S25

B46

S12b

S15

S12

S30

A

NF

NF

NF

NF

NFNF

B47

T

S8

I/K/L7

S8

I/K/L6

B40

B4

B49

B35

D/M1

S26

S27

S33

S18

T

B10

S24

T

N.Skulstad

Trengereid

S.Skulstad

VAKSDAL KOMMUNE

SAMNAN

GERKOM

MUNE

Krtjrna

Skulstadvatnet

4

3

2

1

4

3

2

Utsnitt Trengereid - Skulstad

Utsnitt Bergen sentrum som viser fredete byggog anlegg og fornminne.

I

I/K/L7

S37

F

Havn

S10

S8

S8

S8

I/K/L6

S7

S1

S2S3

S4

S8

S8

I

S5S9

I/K/L13

S11

I/K/L7

S8Havn

S8

A

S8

I/K/L6

S8

Tegnforklaring

1:15 000

Fornminne

Kulturminne

Inndeling av det sentrale byomrdet i sonerrelatert til bestemmelser og retningslinjer.

Fredet omrde

SENTEROMRDERS1 - Parkeringsnorm sentrumS2 - Hyhus maks 50 meterS3 - Hyhus maks 27 meterS4 - Hyhus maks 27 meterS5 - Hyhus maks 50 meterS7 - Hyhus maks 50 meterS8 - SjfrontenS9 - Laksevg lokalsenterS10 - Lands lokalsenterS11 - Bybanestopp WergelandS37 - Danmarksplass lokalsenter

FORTETTINGS- OG TRANSFORMASJONSOMRDERI/K/L6 - LaksevgI/K/L7 - NringskorridorenI/K/L13 - Hyhus maks 27 meter

Omrdeavgrensning for maksimalebyggehyder i sentrumsomrdet

1:25 000

Omrdeavgrensning for parkeringsnorm sentrum og indre by

KOMMUNEPLANENSAREALDEL 2006 - 2017 (2025)

OMRDER FOR SRSKILT BRUK ELLER VERNAV SJ OG VASSDRAG ( 20-4, 1. ledd nr.5)

AREALBRUKBYGGEOMRDER( 20-4.1. ledd nr. 1)

Senteromrde

Byggeomrde

LNF-omrde i sj og vassdrag

Regulerte fri- og grntomrder>5 daa

OMRDER SOM ER BNDLAGT ELLERSKAL BNDLEGGES ( 20-4, 1. ledd nr.4)

Omrder som skal reguleres etter PBL

Idrettsanlegg I

Grav- og urnelund G

I

Oppdatert: 28.04.2008

OVERSIKTSPLANRESTRIKSJONER

Restriksjoner etter annet lovverk enn PBL

JURIDISKE LINJESYMBOL

Grense for arealbruksomrde

Flystysone 1

OPPLYSNINGER

Hyspentlinjer

BybaneJernbane

Byfjellsgrense

Funksjonell strandsone

Eksisterende Fremtidig

Industri, kontor, lager

S

Boligomrde

Hovedveg

Offentlig bebyggelse

Omrdeavgrensning for maksimale byggehyderi sentrumsomrdet

Forminneomrde med meldeplikt til Riksantikvarenfor alle planer/arealinngrep i sentrum

Meldepliktsone Forsvaret

Flystysone 2Flystysone 3Flystysone 4

LANDBRUKS- NATUR- OG FRILUFTSOMRDER( 20-4.1. ledd nr. 2)

Landbruk-, natur-, friluftsomrde (LNF)

Skipsled

Omrdeavgrensning for arealanalyse Sreide

Nedbrfelt for drikkevannNedbrfelt for Osvassdraget

Vann med restriksjon (drikkevann)SmbthavnH

Vannareal for allmenn flerbrukFFNF

FiskeomrdeFisk

AkvakulturomrdeA

Friluftsomrde i sj og vassdragF

IdrettsomrdeI

Annen srskilt bruk eller vern (NF, NFFisk, Ankringsplass)

Omrdeavgrensning for parkeringsnorm sentrum og indre by

Bndlegging etter lov om kulturminner

Meldepliktsone Avinor

KommunedelplanerFlystripe

LNF - spredt bolig

OMRDER FOR RSTOFFUTVINNING( 20-4, 1. ledd nr.3)

D/MDeponi/MasseuttakD/M

VIKTIGE LEDD I KOMMUNIKASJONSSYSTEMET(PBL 20-4, 1.ledd nr.6)

Terminal

HavnHavn

T T

Vegareal

Omrde som er unntatt fra rettsvirkninger p.g.a. innsigelser

Nvrende Fremtidig Videreutvikling

Mlestokk: 1 :35 000KOMMUNEPLANENSAREALDEL 2006 - 2017 (2025)

2. gangs behandling, vedtak

Offentlig ettersyn, fra - til

1. gangs behandling, vedtak

19.09.2005Oppstart, vedtak

Bergen bystyre, vedtak

Kunngjring oppstart 05.10.2005

18.06.2007

25.06.2007

06.12.2006

06.12.2006 - 01.02.2007

Saksgang 1. gang 2. gang 3. gang

07.05.2006 - 06.06.2007

Omrde som er srskilt unntatt rettsvirkning

Bndlegging etter lov om naturvern

Bybanestopp Sentrum - Nesttun

OVERSIKT SENTEROMRDER

S1-S5S6S7S8S9S10S11S12S12bS13S14S15S16S17S18S19S20S21S22S23S24S25S26S27S28S29S30S31S32S33S34S35S36S37

Bergen sentrumIkke i brukHegreneset - hyhus maks 50 meterSjfrontenLaksevg - lokal senter type 1Landstorget - lokal senter type 2Wergeland - bybanestopp/lokalsenterSletten - bybanestopp/lokalsenterSlettebakken - bybanestoppFjsanger - lokalsenter type 2Fantoft - bybanestoppParadis - bybanestoppHop - bybanestoppNesttun - bydelsenterTorsvei - bybanestoppKilden/Nordsdalen - lokalsenter type 2Skjold skole - bybanestoppLagunen/Rdal - bydelsenterFanahammeren/Fana - lokalsenter type 2Blomsterdalen - lokalsenter type 1Fanatorget - lokalsenter type 1Sreide - lokalsenter type 1Oasen/Fyllingsdalen - bydelsenterLoddefjord - bydelsenterDrotningsvik - lokalsenter type 2Lone - lokalsenter type 2Indre Arna - bydelsenterYtre Arna - lokalsenter type 1Eidsvg - lokalsenter type 1sane - bydelsenterToppe - lokalsenter type 2Salhus - lokalsenter type 2Hauks/Myrster - lokalsenter type 2Danmarksplass - lokalsenter type 1 Saksnummer: 200311945 P

DF:2

2.05

.200

8

13.03.2008, 10.04.2008

31.03.2008, 28.04.2008

Plannummer: 19430000

I/K/LI/K/LI/K/L

B

3

The citys history and identityBergens long history has put its stamp on both the buildings and the people in the city; it is at the core of the identity and character we associate with Bergen today. From approximately the year 1000 until 1830 Bergen was the largest city in Norway, and it retains a strong urban tradition. Its different roles as political centre, international port, trading city, seat of various religious orders and university town all manifest themselves in the buildings and urban landscape. The city centre area has strong mediaeval traits and, despite numerous res, the buildings have been re-erected within the same property boundaries, on the old foundations and in the same traditional style. If Bergen is to maintain its status as a city with an important European city centre, then historical traditions must provide the premises for urban development. The city aims to preserve and improve the qualities of the city centre area and to safeguard traditions in its densi cation of the centres of the city districts and along the light rail corridor.

In Bergen there have always been close connections between town and country. There were farms around the city and there are still areas close by where the buildings and landscape re ect the old livelihoods and living conditions of people outside the city centre. As a general rule, traditional farming is the best way of preserving the agricultural areas, but in some cases it is relevant to give special protection to the cultural landscape.

The urban landscape and buildingsThe setting of the city has led to a clearly demarcated city centre with the mountains as a permanent backdrop and the sea never far away. The tightly packed and narrow structures give the impression of a continuous carpet covering the landscape and weaving together the spaces between the mountains. The buildings are experienced as homogeneous, without any out-of-scale individual houses. The municipal master plan proposes to make this pattern an overriding principle for new buildings, which will be required to t into the cultural-historical landscape and conform to the heights of existing buildings.

Densi cation of the city centre area, in the centres of the city districts, in the local centres and around the light rail stops is an overriding objective. Greater density and higher buildings are planned along the light rail in particular. According to the municipal master plan, increases in height will follow overall plans to ensure good coherence with the existing buildings.

The municipal master plan envisages continuing Bergens historical tradition of single tall buildings for the authorities and the church. Greater height may be considered in the case of buildings of special symbolic value or with socially important assembly functions for the general public, and taller buildings may also be considered in the city centre area to reinforce existing features of the urban landscape.

The urban spacesThe urban spaces and city squares (called almenninger, meaning commons) are a product of a mediaeval town plan, of European urban traditions, sea transport, the West-Norwegian landscape, shortage of ground space, density of population and the Bergen urban culture. The almenninger are physical expressions of a public right of access, and the physical space can be perceived as an example of the right of every individual to participate in processes relating to the development of the city.

The historical qualities of the urban spaces are the citys greatest asset and form the basis for city life, experiences and identity. The blend of residential houses, shops, of ces and businesses makes the urban spaces busy thoroughfares, places to linger and venues for numerous activities all day long. The locations and qualities of the urban spaces are the backbone of the citys movement pattern. These qualities should serve as a model for urban structure in the densi cation areas.

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sandraSticky NoteALMENNINGER - felul norvegienilor de a se raporta la spatiul public

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The city centreThe centre of Bergen, with its concentration of economic, social and cultural activity, is a dominant pivot in the urban structure. Good accessibility, pedestrian friendly zones and the prioritisation of public transport are essential if the centre is to serve its function and maintain its attraction. All handling of heavy goods should be removed from the centre, which must also be protected against unnecessary road traf c. Environmental qualities will be emphasised. The improvement of streets and urban spaces has high priority in the Bergen Programme (2010-2015). The City has also contributed substantially to this development over its own budgets.

Pedestrians have been given high priority in the centre of Bergen.

Industrial and commercial areasBergen wants to strengthen its position as an attractive city for expertise-intensive businesses and commercial service providers. These businesses are very interested in locations near the city centre. There are substantial transformation areas in central parts of the city that will generate continued growth in new housing developments and new jobs. The three further development areas, the business corridor, Midtun and Laksevg, cover a total of approximately 375 acres. All the central areas de ned in the municipal master plan also represent great potential for of ces and service industries.

Regulations and guidelines have been drawn up for the establishment of retail businesses in Bergen. It is recommended to locate large retail businesses in the centres of the city districts or the city centre. Stores for space-intensive goods can be located in some of the industrial areas provided there is good access to the transport system.

The strategic business plan is rooted in Bergen Scenarios 2020, which is a unique collaborative project involving private and public sector players. The object of Bergen Scenarios 2020 is to promote value creation in Bergen and Hordaland. The project has drawn up two scenarios visualising possible developments in the Bergen area up until 2020.

Housing construction Over the last 30 years housing construction has accounted for the greatest urban growth in terms of area. Despite the recent intensi cation of housing construction in the centre, population growth has still been greatest in the outermost city districts. The current master plan intends to reverse this trend by utilising more development areas for housing and business purposes nearer the city centre.

The recommendation is to build 1,500 new housing units per year during the plan period, with a clear focus on densi cation in and around the centres of the city districts, the local centres and around the light railway stops. Sixty per cent of the building is planned as densi cation and forty per cent as eld development. The next few years will also see the construction of 2,000 new student housing units and other rental housing.

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The transport systemBergens topography and road network mean that a lot of the traf c between the city districts also goes through the centre of Bergen, and the demand for transport is greatest on the arteries leading in to the centre. Population development in outer urban areas and neighbouring municipalities is also generating an increasing need for transport across the urban region.

A land-use policy that reduces the need for transport and facilitates attractive alternative forms of transport such as buses, light rails, cycling and walking will in the long run lead to cleaner city air and lower emissions of greenhouse gases. Slower traf c growth is therefore an important element of the citys overriding transport strategy.

The public transport city extends about ten kilometres out from the centre

The proposed Norwegian National Transport Plan 2010-2019 estimates an annual growth in traf c in Bergen of two percent in the plan period. Records from recent years (2002-2007) show that the traf c in Bergen is growing by 3-4 per cent per year. Use of public transport declined throughout the 1990s, but has risen again by a total of 8.5 per cent since 2004. Hordaland County Council has resolved to use public transport to deal with traf c growth in the coming years, and the City of Bergen supports this strategy.

The City of Bergens draft Strategy for public transport in Bergen (December 2005) is based on a differentiation of the urban area in relation to the envisaged role of public transport. In this strategy the city is divided into three zones: the centre, the public transport city and nearby environments. The public transport city in Bergen extends about ten kilometres out from the centre and serves about 70 per cent of the citys population, 90 per cent of the jobs and 80 per cent of public transport users. It is primarily within this area that investments in public transport can ensure ef ciency, accessibility and environmentally friendly traf c solutions for all types of journeys, including leisure trips.

Healthy urban planning green areasThe city is approaching the limit with respect to how far urban sprawl can be allowed to encroach on the green areas. The drawing of a boundary (the ANR [agriculture, nature and recreation] boundary) between building development zones and green areas is being considered for the whole city. If the city is to improve its attractiveness and competitiveness, the mountains around the city (the city mountains) and the areas along the coast and fjords must be made as accessible as possible to the public. Today, most of the city mountains have their own management plans which clearly demarcate the limits for building development. The municipal master plan facilitates the long-term management of the coastal zone by reserving new coastal recreation areas for the public and paying attention to the long-term management of the functional shoreline belt.

In drawing up the municipal master plan, it has been important to check and identify the best places to draw the ANR boundary. In places where it is natural or possible, the ANR boundary follows the boundary for the city mountains. The plan points out that the ANR boundary should remain xed for the 12-year plan period. It is proposed to set aside 13 areas along the shore to be zoned for recreation or outdoor pursuit areas. Establishing green areas in the individual city districts will also have a positive impact on the greenhouse gas accounts since it will reduce transport and thus also carbon emissions.

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sandraSticky NoteLimitele ANR (agriculture, nature, recreation) - stabilite f clar de autoritati

The preservation and development of agriculture in Bergen is another important objective. In addition to greatly bene ting the urban environment, local agricultural production for a local market has a positive impact on the demand for transport, reducing carbon emissions. Agriculture is necessary to preserve the cultural landscape and it makes a positive contribution by absorbing some of the abundant precipitation.

FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE BERGEN PROGRAMME

When the Bergen Programme for transport, city development and the environment (2002-2015) has been completed, the city will still face major challenges on the environmental and transport fronts. Road traf c is now the dominant source of local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Fifty-four per cent of carbon emissions in Bergen come from road traf c, and the percentage is increasing every year. The problem is greatest in the city centre area and the Bergen valley.

The traf c load must be reduced in the central parts of the city if we are to prevent the air pollution in these areas becoming a health risk to large groups of the population. The parking policy must be designed to motivate more people to use public transport between the city districts and the centre.

On 13 March 2008 the City Government recommended the City Council to pass the following resolution:

The City of Bergen stresses the importance of continuing the second stage in the construction of the light rail from Nesttun to Rdal and the second stage in the construction of the western ring road from Sandeidet to Liavatn with no pause in construction work. The City of Bergen also assumes that the Skansen tunnel will be completed in the rst part of the period and investments in paths and tracks for pedestrians and cyclists will be increased at least threefold in the period 2010-2019. A minimum of NOK 100-200 million per year must be earmarked for miscellaneous items in the period 2010-2019.

In the near future, the City Government will submit a proposal to continue the Bergen Programme for the period 2010-2019. If the City Council and the County Council follow the recommendation of the City Government, the further development of the transport system in Bergen will include the following main projects in the period 2010-2019:

- Extension of the light rail from Nesttun to Rdal with no pause in construction work after the rst construction stage

- Strong focus on the development of the network of pedestrian and cycle paths and tracks- Completion of the western ring road- Building of the Skansen tunnel to relieve the city centre of road traf c- Further investment in environmental measures in the city centre.

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sandraSticky Note...ca tot au ales cuvinte-cheie precum COMMUNITY GARDEN

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MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR WATERCOURSES A CORNERSTONE OF THE MUNICIPALITYS WATERCOURSE MANAGEMENT

Many of the large watercourses near the city are considerably polluted, mainly as a result of leakages and capacity problems in the sewerage network. Watercourses must be clean before they can be perceived as an asset and used as an arena for recreation. Tackling the pollution problem is therefore regarded as the most important challenge in watercourse management in the years to come.

In addition to this, Bergen faces a considerable challenge with regard to averting damaging encroachments into and along the watercourses. Other challenges include the need to ensure public access to areas around the watercourses for recreation, the handling of con icts of interest around water use and the watercourses, the securing of biological diversity in relation to the watercourses, the managing of hydrological changes resulting from changes in land use and preparation for consequences of climate change, such as increased ood danger.Work commenced on the management plan for watercourses using these issues as a starting point. The object of this work was to contribute to building knowledge about watercourse culture in Bergen and to set the municipal strategies for achieving sustainable, uniform and coordinated watercourse management in future. Among other things, the plan shall:

Visualise values, interests and challenges in and around the watercourses Clarify positions of responsibility and authority in connection with Bergens total watercourse management Draw up strategies for preserving and developing watercourse values Propose an action plan.

Bergen is a member of the Watercourse committee for West Norway. The committee is chaired by the County Governor of Hordaland. The counties of Sogn og Fjordane and Hordaland are participating in the collaboration. Work is currently in progress on management plans for Nordsvannet lake and the Strynevassdraget watercourse.

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ACTION PLAN FOR BETTER AIR IN BERGEN

Measurements in Bergen have shown an improvement in air quality since the mid-1990s. However, measurements in recent years indicate a renewed deterioration in quality. Some of the uctuations are due to the weather in the winter months, road traf c and more wood- red heating following on higher electricity prices.

At Danmarksplass, the regulatory permitted level for annual nitrogen dioxide concentrations, stipulated to protect human health, will be exceeded within the next few years. If this trend continues, the regulatory requirements for evaluating and proposing remedial action will be exceeded as early as 2008.

In 2007, the 2004 action plan for better air was revised in collaboration with a number of other municipal agencies, as well as with the Port Authority, the Public Roads Administration, the County Governor, the County Council, the National Rail Administration and Avinor (formerly the Norwegian civil aviation authority). The collaborative forum on air and noise acted as a reference group. The work was based on national measurements of air quality. The main strategy is to implement measures targeting the causes of air pollution in Bergen rather than the symptoms. Relevant measures to counteract nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, carbon dioxide and noise have been evaluated for cost and effect.

The action plan will roll over every second year and will be reviewed again in the autumn of 2010. The programme includes the following measures:

ACTION AREA MEASURES

Traf c control 1. Evaluate peak-load pricing and facilitate more attractive public transport services.

2. Develop park-and ride-solutions (incentive parking) and control parking in the city centre

Vehicle control 3. Tax on studded tyres combined with a scrap vehicle payment system, intensi ed winter maintenance and information

4. Prepare introduction of low emission zone

Wood- ring 5. Grants to city centre households that replace old wood- red stoves

Enterprises and individuals 6. Good travelling and driving habits,mobility advice/ eco-driving training

Vessels in port 7. Reduce emissions from vessels in port through use of onshore electricity

Prevention 8. Street cleaning, brushing and salting of the most polluted stretches of road

9. Warnings on the radio and in the press on days with high air pollution

Internal municipal measures and in uencing measures

10. Putting ones own house in order measures and measures to in uence public attitudes

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RISK AND VULNERABILITY ADAPTATIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The sea is rising as a consequence of rising water temperatures and ice-melting on land. At the same time the ground is rising due to the ice that weighed down Fenno-Scandinavia during the last Ice Age. At present, the increases in sea and land levels are almost in balance along the coast of western Norway. However, with global warming the sea is expected to rise between half a metre and a metre more than the land towards the end of this century. In time, this will pose a serious challenge to the existing infrastructure and it will also be necessary to design new infrastructure to cope with the steadily rising sea levels.

Estimated rise in sea level measured in cm along the Norwegian coast in the year 2100 compared with 2000 given a business-as-usual greenhouse gas scenario. As a reference, the light-coloured columns illustrate an increase in water levels of 100 cm. From Drange, Marzeion, Nesje and Sorteberg, Up to one metre higher water level along the Norwegian coast in the year 2100, CICERONE, 2, 2007.

Water level meters around the world show that the global sea level has risen by approximately 17 cm in the last hundred years. Furthermore, we know that the rise in sea level has accelerated since the early 1990s. Measurements from satellites after 1993 show that the sea is now rising a good three millimetres per year, which is twice as fast as the mean for the last hundred years. We also know that the sea will keep rising for a long time to come; it will continue for hundreds of years even after mankind has managed to control its greenhouse gas emissions. This means that we will need both to adapt to the changes that will come and to plan ahead so as to avoid nasty surprises as a result of higher sea levels.

A recently conducted analysis indicates that the sea will probably rise by 70 cm or more along the southern and western coast a good 60 cm in the north and about 40 cm at the heads of the Oslo and Trondheim fjords, see Figure 1. These gures include the effect of the land rising and therefore show how much the sea will have risen in relation to the land in a hundred years.

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The Nansen-Bjerknes Centre for Climate and Ocean Research is currently under formation in Bergen. The new centre is the result of the organisational merger of the Nansen Centre and the Bjerknes Centre and will provide Bergen with a leading centre for research into climate and environmental issues. The new centre will be partially funded by external support from trade and industry and administrative agencies. The City of Bergen has also been urged to provide funding.

In the City Governments opinion, the formation of the Nansen-Bjerknes Centre for Climate and Ocean Research is an important contribution to the local climate and environment efforts. A centre of this kind with national and international clout will also stimulate industrial and commercial development in the environmental eld in Bergen. This has been an important building block in the City Governments political platform, which states, among other things, that:

The City Government wishes to make Bergen a leading player in the area of environmentally friendly technological solutions and environmental research. In collaboration with the research communities in Bergen, the City Government wishes to work for the localisation of a national climate research centre in Bergen. The groundwork must be laid for the establishment of industrial clusters and education in the elds of environment and climate.

The change in sea level is of vital interest to the urban community. The possible rise in sea level is already an issue in planning the Bergen of the future, but updated knowledge will make an important contribution to future urban development.

The City of Bergen has put a lot of effort into implementing RAV analyses in all planning and processing of building and development permits. The land-use part of the municipal master plan includes the following provision:

Where necessary, RAV analyses will be included in land-use planning and when processing applications for development and building permits. The analyses will be limited to relevant issues and the scope adapted to the individual case. The need for remedial action and the provisions for consecutive ordering must be clari ed.Legal authority: Norwegian Planning and Building Act section 68, Norwegian Public Administration Act section 17.

There are a number of factors that may trigger a requirement for an RAV analysis, for example a gradient of more than 27 degrees. An RAV analysis will be required for any new development localised to areas below the 2.5 contour line. The same applies to areas exposed to strong winds, oods or debris ows. These factors are described in more detail in the municipal master plan.

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CLIMATE AND ENERGY ACTION PLAN A LONG-TERM PROGRAMME

Climate, energy and the environment have been incorporated into the land-use part of the municipal master plan adopted on 25 June 2007. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and a good urban environment thus form an integral part of the municipal land-use and transport policies. In 2008 and 2009 the City of Bergen will be preparing a climate and energy action plan. Among other things, this will set concrete targets for greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption as well as show how Bergen can achieve a global warming reduction of 50 per cent carbon dioxide equivalents in the period 1991-2030.

Despite the reduction in emissions from land lls and oil- ring, greenhouse gas emissions continue to grow every year. In the period 1991-2006 they rose by 14 per cent. Reducing these emissions poses a great challenge to Bergen, especially as 55 per cent of the emissions come from road traf c, which has grown by an average of 3-4 per cent annually in Bergen over the last few years.

The City of Bergen was rst off the mark with a climate plan in 1999. The goal adopted in this plan was the same as Norways Kyoto goal, i.e. a three per cent reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in relation to the 1991 level in the period 2008-2012.The climate and energy action plan to be presented in 2009 will contain new and more ambitious goals that are more in line with the cross-political agreement on Norwegian climate policy. A 4-5 year action plan is assumed to be part of the municipal authorities work.The citys businesses and its inhabitants will be involved in drawing up the action plan, allowing them to own the processes and actions. In 2008, a new position as Head of Climate Affairs was created in the City Governments Department of Climate, Environmental Affairs and Urban Development to lead this work.

The land-use part of the municipal master plan recommends the use of indicators for carbon dioxide emissions and other factors for which annual reports are relevant. Further work is being done on this, and it may prove to be a good way of obtaining information about developments in the city in connection with the work on the 4-5 year action plan.

This work will examine ways of reducing greenhouse gases from mobile sources and promote the use of green energy solutions in new and already existing buildings. It will also make visible the connection between land-use policy and development patterns on the one hand and emissions, energy consumption and impact on climate on the other. The City of Bergens own agencies and external players will be involved in the work.

Stationary 22%

Process 4%

Land ll 9%

Mobile consumption 10%

Road traf c 55%

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Greenhouse gas emissions in Bergen in 2006 broken down by source ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTOn 19 November 2007 the City Council resolved to introduce environmental management into all of the City of Bergens activities. This means that all municipal units will be ISO 14 001 or Eco-lighthouse certi ed. The Green Flag will be introduced for schools and kindergartens.

The public sector faces considerable environmental challenges. The City Council therefore considers it vital to take initiative as rapidly as possible with regard to its own employees, the people of Bergen, trade and industry and state authorities, and to promote an awareness of the important challenges we face locally in environmental and climate issues.

An important effect of environmental certi cation will be to make the organisation more aware of the environmental work already in progress and give people a better idea of what is required to consolidate the environmental effect. The City Councils goal is for all municipal activities to obtain environmental certi cation by the end of 2009.

The following items were adopted when the City Council considered the case:

1. The City of Bergen will introduce environmental management into its organisation through environmental certi cation of all municipal units and by coordinating it with the Balanced Scorecard, the existing management and reporting system.

2. The City of Bergen will build necessary internal expertise and provide tuition and training according to Eco-Lighthouse and Green Flag rules.

3. Schools and kindergartens will be offered tuition and training in accordance with Green Flag certi cation requirements and the other municipal units in the requirements for obtaining Eco-Lighthouse certi cation.

4. Provided that the City of Bergen focuses on the Green Flag and Eco-Lighthouse certi cation schemes, the City Council will support the GRIP (Green in Practice) recommendations for good process and optimum result. The City Council assumes that further work will be carried out in accordance with the recommendation.

The City Government has already decided to set up a climate fund based on a previous provision of NOK 10 million for climate and environmental measures. NOK 2.5 million of the climate fund has been earmarked for certi cation work.

In its activities, the City of Bergen already has an adequate system for waste, discharges into water and aesthetics, but there is great room for improvement in the transport sector. Through better organisation of the car population, eco-driving training and greater use of videoconferences the City can protect the environment and save a substantial amount of money potentially several million NOK.

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CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Today, mankind faces huge challenges with respect to future climate changes and their consequences. Local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are part of our everyday life and play a prominent role in deciding the premises for our future. Both the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU) have highlighted the focus on sustainable development in a number of different issues and international agreements.

Sustainable development has been on the specialist and political agenda for many years, with an overall focus on the economic, social and environmental aspects. Despite this, neither the targets for greenhouse gas reductions nor international, national and local climate targets are being met. The UN Climate Panel states clearly that if we are to prevent a worst-case scenario we need binding agreements and action within the next 10-20 years However, whatever happens, we will not be able to avoid climate change and adaptation to the changes will therefore be an important factor to be considered in connection with sustainable development.

In todays situation, the individual has no guaranteed right to sustainable decisions being made through either national or international governance. Fragmented political responsibility at all levels exposes coming generations to uncertainty, insecurity and a lack of sustainable decisions that can guarantee the future of our planet.

The Rio Declarations principle that the polluter should pay applies to individuals, businesses, organisations and many others, but not to states. Under todays rules, cross-border pollution is tolerated and states have no liability beyond any agreements they might have signed. The Bergen Charter of Climate Change and Human Rights wishes to add a new dimension to the UN and EU principle of sustainable development the human rights dimension. This would mean extending the sustainability principle to include not only economic and social development and environmental protection but also human-rights aspects. The Convention must focus on the public right, the right of the individual to an extended accessibility concept the right to a society which focuses on democracy, social economy, air that we can breathe and the worth of the individual. Education, dissemination of knowledge and information about these rights must play an important role in the Bergen Charter.

The legal work on the convention will be exempli ed by means of a concrete urban development case from Bergen a management model in which these aspects and dimensions are duly represented. An extension of the model from the Damsgrdssundet project, with a clear human rights pro le, may be a good place to start. Collaboration should be established with similar case projects in other cities and countries. In Bergen, we have a local expert milieu engaged in research into central topics that are relevant to the work on a new human rights convention with a holistic academic superstructure.

EUROPEAN CLIMATE FORUM

Bergen has recently, as the only city in Europe, been invited to become a member of the ECF. The primary reason for this invitation is that Bergen is collaborating with local research institutions on the development of a local climate model and is also studying ways in which human rights could be introduced as a fourth dimension, in addition to the economic, social and environmental dimensions, of the UNs climate policy. The work being carried out by the City of Bergen in connection with the New energy round Damsgrdssundet project has also attracted interest. These plans will make Bergen a model city in the ECF collaboration.

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1 LAND USE AND TRANSPORT

PRIORITISED PROJECTS IN THE PROJECT PERIOD 2009-2014

1.1 Planning and further development of the light rail network1.2 Densification along the light rail and development of city centre areas1.3 Parking1.4 Evaluation of peak load pricing1.5 Low emission zones1.6 Cycle paths/tracks1.7 Development of agriculture in Bergen1.8 Recreation and green structure1.9 Bergen watercourses

- a source of positive natural and cultural experiences1.10 Pedestrian routes and universal design1.11 Information strategy for increased use of local recreation facilities1.12 Onshore electricity for vessels in port

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REASONS FOR PRIORITISATIONS

See the description of the land-use part of the municipal master plan. The projects included in the priority area of land use and transport will improve the urban environment and promote better urban development with lower greenhouse gas emissions.

Work on the construction of the light rail in Bergen started on 7 January 2008. Bergen is the rst city in Norway to have started to build this type of transport system. Since it is an attractive proposition to localise housing and jobs in areas with good public transport, the light rail will also be important to the other priority areas described in this application. The construction of the district heating network in the same corridor as the light rail will reinforce this development, with respect to both land use and densi cation. A drop in the demand for land in the peripheral areas of the city will result in lower energy requirements and lower emissions of greenhouse gases.

It is therefore proposed that the densi cation process should pay considerable attention to establishing good urban space structures with interplay between historical structures, cultural monuments, landscape features, common functions, public transport and lines of vision. Requirements should be made regarding proportions and coherence between the different facades as well as the functional content of the urban spaces. Universal design, prioritisation of pedestrian axes, speed-reducing driving patterns and the function of urban spaces both as places to spend time and as social and cultural arenas must all be taken into account when planning.

A denser and more multifunctional centre presupposes a transport system that provides good frameworks for the urban areas that have been rendered calmer. In Bergens dense urban structure, the light rail and an improved public transport system will provide necessary long-term frameworks for new qualities. It is vital that the overall urban space structure provide a reliable high-quality framework for the densi cation and transformation that is currently ongoing in the city centre area. The facades towards important urban spaces must contribute to making the spaces attractive, light and safe 24 hours a day.

Bergen has implemented universal design in all of its planning and building permission processing. In 2006 Bergen drew up a separate accessibility report, and its municipal master plan includes provisions for universal design. In collaboration with the County Council, Bergen has created a new specialist position for this area.

In the years ahead, Bergens parking policy will be given new focus, with greater priority being given to incentive parking along the main public transport axes into the city. Bergen expects this, along with other transport policy measures, to result in a gradual transition to greener forms of transport. Another measure that will have a similar effect is the prioritisation of cycle paths, especially in and around the centre. Bergen will also facilitate the use of bicycles for transport to the light rail stops.

In the next few years Bergen will give high priority to good and long-term management of the green areas to the bene t of the citys inhabitants. This will involve adapting areas for recreation and outdoor pursuits and making the city mountains and watercourses as accessible as possible through good management plans.

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PRIORITISED PROJECTS IN THE PROJECT PERIOD 2009-2014

The following projects will be worked on in the autumn of 2008 to produce concrete action plans for the period 2009-2014. Most of the projects that are presented have already been planned or initiated. The work schedule of the projects will mainly coincide with the project period for Cities of the Future.

Project 1.1 Planning and further development of the Bergen light rail network (separate project sheet)The City of Bergen and Hordaland County Council are working to nd a way of funding the construction of the light rail as far as Rdal by the end of 2012. If they succeed, it will be extended by 3.5 km as far as Rdal, continuing from the rst stage without any pause in construction work.

The municipal master plan shows a light rail system with a commuter service running between the airport and the sane Senter complex, with a line from the centre of Bergen via Haukeland hospital to Fyllingsdalen and on to Loddefjord. Densi cation potential for housing and workplaces along a light rail system has been evaluated as shown in the gures below.System A currently has 61,000 housing units within 800 metres of a light rail stop. An estimated 42,000 new housing units can be built around the light rail stops in this system. Today, there are 102,000 jobs within walking distance of a light rail stop in system A. This means that 90 per cent of current workplaces in Bergen will be within walking distance of a light rail stop. Calculations show that at least 50,000 new jobs can be established within walking distance of the stops. System B has a slightly higher densi cation potential than system A.

The two different systems for a fully developed light rail system in Bergen

Either system will make it possible to reach all the city district centres within a travelling time of approximately 20 minutes from the centre of Bergen. In the west it will be natural to connect the light rail to Sotra and Asky. Substantial growth in Fjell municipality and the consequent increase in traf c indicate that it is advisable to give priority to public transport between Sotra and the centre of Bergen. In the long term, the light rail to Loddefjord can be extended to Straume in Fjell municipality. In its consultation statement about the national transport plan, Fjell municipality supports this strategy, and the City Government of Bergen supports the immediate initiation of zoning work for a larger light rail network.

A B

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Project 1.2 Densi cation along the light rail and development of city centre areasThe municipal master plan recommends high and intensive development within 200 metres walking distance of the light rail stops, adapted to local conditions such as terrain, building type and existing activities. The light rail will pass through areas of varying character as regards urban structure, population density, traf c and land use, and it will therefore be natural to give the centres different functions in view of the kind of area they will be serving.

Within a short time, a strategy programme will be drawn up for each of the light rail stops. The strategy programmes will be a follow-up of the municipal master plan and will provide a more detailed physical design for the light rail stops and the local centres. They will include targeted decisions based on a vision of the kind of place the light rail stops, the central areas, and the city districts will become. Environmental considerations will weigh heavily. The strategy programmes will include:

The central area of the place, seen in relation to what the centre will entail Solutions in the peripheral zone More detailed de nition of measures where the municipal authorities can play a role in relation to consecutive

ordering provisions and development contracts De nition of the heart/centre of the place Requirements with regard to energy and environmental solutions

Project 1.3 ParkingThe City of Bergen has implemented new norms for its parking policy in the municipal master plan. In the budget for 2008, a sum of NOK 40 million has been earmarked for incentive parking. The plan is to move some of the parking capacity away from the central city area to incentive parking sites on the outskirts. The elimination of street parking and getting all cars in the city centre area into car parks is also a priority area for Bergen. It will then be important to develop the streets and urban spaces into social arenas and pedestrian zones.

Incentive parking is one of several elements in a total transport policy and will need to interact with other measures. Incentive parking facilities must be located conveniently for users of through bus services between the city districts, not just for those using services in and out of the centre.

The ambition level for incentive parking interlocks with other transport policy measures and car-use restrictions will strengthen the justi cation for building incentive parking facilities.

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On 13 March 2008 the City Government recommended that the City Council pass a resolution on incentive parking facilities. The following are some of the most important points in this recommendation:

The establishment of incentive car-parking facilities for 600 vehicles to begin with. Priority will be given to facilities along the light rail.

It is an objective to increase the proportion of cyclists in Bergen. Cycle parking is one of several incentives to get more people to use green forms of transport, and is an inexpensive measure that is not space-consuming. All major stops, public transport hubs and incentive parking facilities should provide secure cycle parking.

In the short term, NOK 4.6 million (of a total framework of NOK 40 million) will be earmarked for creating 740 new cycle parking places. Cycle parks will be established along the light railway as an integral part of the stops.

Incentive parking facilities in Bergen will be located at the most important public transport hubs.

Project 1.4 Evaluation of peak load pricingThe City Government has resolved to study the impact of peak load pricing in Bergen on the basis of experiences from Stockholm and London and other European cities. Among other things, they will compare the cities in question with respect to settlement pattern, labour market, social infrastructure and public transport services. The work will commence in 2008.

Project 1.5 Low emission zonesThe City of Bergen wants to establish low emission zones for heavy goods vehicles, possibly implementing a trial scheme. The City Government is preparing the groundwork for this scheme, but its implementation will depend on central government decisions. The City Government is aware that the Directorate of Public Roads has sent a letter to the Ministry of Transport and Communications proposing a low emission zone scheme. The proposal would include an amendment to section 13 of the Norwegian Road Traf c Act with pertaining draft regulations. In a letter dated 31 March 2008 the Directorate of Public Roads con rms that it is very interested in Bergen starting the planning of a low emission zone in the near future.

There are currently about 60 cities in Western Europe planning to introduce low emission zones and about ten such zones have already been established. The letter from the Directorate of Public Roads is appended to this application.

Project 1.6 Cycle paths/ tracks (separate project sheet)In the period 2010-2019 Bergen wants to increase its investments in the construction of pedestrian and cycle paths/ tracks at least threefold in relation to the period 2006-2015. The proposal to continue and develop the Bergen programme includes a suggestion for nancing these investments.

A new, improved system of cycle paths is an important part of the Bergen programme and an important strategy in the land-use part of the municipal master plan. The overriding goal is better health, a better environment and greater enjoyment.

Cycling as a means of transport will be given priority because investments in this will provide the greatest cost bene t in terms of the environment and health. The potential for transition from car use to cycle use is greatest in this segment. Cycling competes with car-use on shorter journeys and may take some pressure of the road network. Priority is given to measures nearest the city centre and in the south, where the population density is greatest.

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Project 1.7 Development of agriculture in BergenBergen is a substantial agricultural/forestry municipality in Hordaland. Agriculture/forestry will be developed by following up the agriculture and forestry plan and will promote:

short-journey/ local and ecological food production experiences in the cultural landscape shaped by agriculture sustainable utilisation of Bergens forestry resources, for example by developing concepts for the use of

bioenergy based on local woodland resources

These measures will have a positive impact on climate in that that local agricultural production for a local market will help to reduce the need for transport and thereby also reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Local bioenergy sources will reduce the need for transport.

Project 1.8 Recreation and green structure (separate project sheet)The project is intended to lay the foundations for attractive recreational areas near to where people live and move and in the city centre. The Outdoor Recreation report contains a number of measures to promote this goal. A number of areas are important for local recreation:

Preparing the walking/skiing areas Lvstien, Hauks, Gjeddevatn, Vestparken etc. Continuing the work on reserving recreational areas/swimming spots in the shoreline belt. Implementing measures in the prioritised watercourses, cf. management plan for watercourses

- including implementing four-year plan for the Nesttun watercourse Implementing measures in the city mountains, cf. management plan for the city mountains. Developing new and attractive urban spaces, including a waterfront promenade along Damsgrdssundet. Renovating parks and green areas in the city, including Nygrd park.

These measures will have a positive impact on climate in that they will reduce the need to travel out of ones own city district for recreational experiences. Transport and therefore also greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced.

Project 1.9 The Bergen watercourses a source of positive natural and cultural experiencesOn the basis of the work already carried out in the management plan for watercourses, efforts will continue in three areas:

Clear overview and good specialist know-how. In this project a number of goals relating to the City of Bergens need for professional expertise in the eld and for good management of the municipal water and watercourse resources have been proposed.

Active and aware citizens and decision-makers. Several measures have been proposed to support the City of Bergens attitude-forming work in this area. Efforts targeting schools are considered important.

Coordinated public agencies. The goal here is for the City of Bergen to organise its activities in a manner that will preserve and develop values and interests relating to the Bergen watercourses in compliance with, among other things, the EU Water Framework Directive and other international agreements.

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Project 1.10 Pedestrian routes and universal design (separate project sheet)More details about pedestrian axes and green structures in the city centre area are provided on the separate project sheet. In the coming years, reducing the need to travel outside ones own city district for recreational experiences will be an overriding goal.

This project will create new opportunities for people in the city through the opening of pedestrian routes connecting large stretches of waterfront with natural green areas. In the steep terrain, old footpaths will be upgraded and good qualities ensured along the links with the new urban development areas along the waterfront. Public use of the harbour areas will be considered in all development plans.

Project 1.11 Information strategy for increased use of local recreation facilitiesThe aim of this project is to improve accessibility to the outdoor recreational areas in Bergen and make them easier to nd for its inhabitants. Some concrete measures that will be taken are:

signposting and putting up information boards in the terrain developing the Citys website in this area preparing suitable brochures/printed matter

Project 1.12 Onshore electricity to vessels in portDiscussions are ongoing about the possibility of connecting onshore electricity to vessels in port. Existing proposals go in for new electricity production in a combined natural gas-based power/heat system with the possibility of using biogas at a later date. If this project materialises, it will be a collaborative venture involving the City of Bergen, Bergen interkommunale havn (intermunicipal ports) and Gasnor.

The City Government will submit a case to the City Council on the provision of electricity to vessels in port as soon as practicably possible. It will be considered during the course of 2008 whether this is something Bergen will go in for.

MAIN PLAYERS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIORITISED PROJECTS:

Norwegian Public Roads Administration Hordaland County Council The City of Bergen Bergen Port authority The County Governor

Various special interest organisations

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2 STATIONARY ENERGY

PRIORITISED PROJECTS IN THE PROJECT PERIOD 2009-2014

2.1 Guidelines for energy efficient buildings in new development areas2.2 Construction of passive housing in Sdalen2.3 Construction of new indoor swimming hall and upper secondary school with forward-looking energy solutions2.4 New Sreide school2.5 Passive house standard in council houses for disadvantaged persons2.6 Replacement of oil boilers outside the district-heating licence area 2.7 Ny Krohnborg school a new local centre with energy and environmental ambitions2.8 Rehabilitation of council housing2.9 Extension of district heating in Bergen2.10 Local district heating network2.11 New renewable energy production

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REASONS FOR PRIORITISATION IN THE PROJECT PERIOD

Energy use in all forms is closely linked to greenhouse gas emissions. With regard to stationary energy, this is an important priority area for Bergen which is focusing strongly on reducing the use of fossil energy and electricity for heating.

Stationary energy consumption increases from year to year, with households accounting for the greatest amount (46 per cent). Electricity accounts for as much as 76 per cent of stationary energy consumption, oil and paraf n for 12.1 per cent, gas for 2.9 per cent, waste for 6.4 per cent and biomass for 2.6 per cent. The greatest challenges lie in reducing energy consumption in general and the use of electricity for heating in particular. Bergen has a relatively high potential for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from stationary energy consumption by phasing out oil boilers and replacing them with renewable energy sources. It will be important in future to use ef cient and exible energy solutions with a strong emphasis on renewable energy. New buildings and major rehabilitation projects are priority areas, as is the implementation of measures in existing buildings.

District heatingThe development of the district heating network has been a priority area since 1999 and deliveries of district heating have increased gradually. Today, 150 GWh of district heating is supplied to the citys inhabitants and businesses. A consumption of approximately 10,000 tonnes of oil per year has been replaced by district heating.

In 2006, the licence area was extended to include the whole of central Bergen and large parts of Laksevg. The district heating network will be extended to existing buildings in the course of the next ve years.

One challenge faced by the district heating network in Bergen is how to utilise waste heat in the summer months. One idea that is being considered is the use of this energy for drying clean wood for pellet production.Another question to be addressed is passive house design versus district heating in new buildings within the licence area few developers are willing to invest in both.

Existing and planned district heating network in the city centre District heating production from 2003 with forecasts up to 2025

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New buildingsThere is great potential for creating good energy solutions in new buildings. The challenge lies in persuading developers to make the best choices. The 28 passive house standard apartments constructed in Lvshaugen illustrate current possibilities for building passive houses and using alternative energy solutions in Bergen. They also show that it is possible to use low-energy solutions without major extra cost. This project has acted as a catalyst for more passive house projects; ve different projects are currently being planned in the Bergen region with the support of the State Housing Bank. One of these projects involves the rehabilitation of an old house, while the others concern new buildings.

The municipally owned land development company Bergen Tomteselskap (BTS) is working on strategies for demanding forward-looking energy solutions in its development areas. It has evaluated the possibility of constructing local district heating / neighbourhood heating networks in its development areas and identi ed some areas that are suitable for water-borne heating systems. Other energy solutions are required in other areas. BTS has tried stipulating the passive house standard as a speci cation in its sales prospectuses, and one area will be developed with passive housing in the next few years.

The challenge for the Bergen authorities lies in creating conditions that will allow developers to make good energy decisions at an early stage in the building process. These are issues that will be worked on in connection with the climate and energy action plan for Bergen.

Energy consumption in older buildingsThere is both potential for and a challenge to be faced in reducing energy consumption in older buildings and using a greater proportion of renewable energy. Since 2003, the City of Bergen has been participating in ENOVAs energy management programme. From 2003 to 2007, 194 municipal buildings reduced their annual energy consumption by 10 GWh. The target is 13 GWh by 2009. All oil boilers have been phased out and 11 GWh have been converted to district heating and biomass heating. We want to continue this work and develop it in the municipal building mass. It would also be an advantage for similar measures to be implemented by other property management enterprises, big or small.

Energy management in the City of Bergen will be continued through the introduction of an Environmental Management system in all municipal units. This will be discussed in more detail under the priority area of consumption pattern and waste.

Approximately half of the citys wood-burning stoves have now been replaced by clean-burning stoves, a system that has been assisted since 2006 by a payment scheme for scrap wood-burners. This scheme was continued in 2008 and is being considered for 2009. Extending the scheme to apply to oil- red systems will be considered in connection with the project currently being implemented by Friends of the Earth Norway. This project is described below. A good deal of the large oil boilers inside the district heating licence area have already been converted to district heating. This work will continue with the extension of the district heating network.

The challenge of reducing energy consumption is greatest in existing buildings. The City of Bergen has therefore included some projects on this in its Cities of the Future application.

PRIORITISED PROJECTS FOR THE PROJECT PERIOD 2009-2014

The following projects will be worked on in the autumn of 2008 to produce concrete action plans for the period 2009-2014. Most of the projects that are presented have already been planned or initiated. The work schedule of the projects will mainly coincide with the project period for Cities of the Future.

Project 2.1 Guidelines for energy ef cient buildings in new development areasGuidelines will be drawn up in connection with the Climate and Energy action plan for Bergen on how to ensure optimum energy ef ciency in both new and rehabilitated buildings in new development areas in Bergen. The possibility of using zoning plans, building permission processing and development agreements to stipulate requirements for good forward-looking energy solutions in building projects will be evaluated and tested in new development areas and projects. The speci c project plan and areas chosen will be outlined during the autumn of 2008.

Project 2.2 Construction of passive housing in SdalenBergen Tomteselskap (BTS) is drawing up strategies for requiring forward-looking energy solutions in its development areas in the years to come. They have already tried stipulating passive-house and low-energy speci cations in their sales prospectus for a development in vre Sdal. According to the speci cations in the sales prospectus, fteen dwellings will be required to conform to the passive house standard and 32 to the low energy standard The design and engineering phase of this project will start during 2008.

Project 2.3 Construction of new indoor swimming hall and upper secondary school with forward-looking energy solutionsThe City of Bergen and Hordaland County Council are engaged in a collaborative project to build a new central upper secondary school and a new indoor swimming hall at Nygrdstangen towards Store Lungegrdsvann. An international architectural competition was held for this project, and the Norwegian Association of Architects ECOBOX scheme helped in the preparation of the programme and evaluation of the drafts. The winner of the competition is KHR arkitektur in Copenhagen in collaboration with EKJ Rdgivende Ingenirer as. Rambll Norge is project coordinator. The building is scheduled for completion in the autumn of 2011.

An advantageous location for public and pupils alike, at a main public transport hub and next to a multi-storey car park and light rail stop, and the inclusion of two functions in one building provides the project with an excellent basis for good climate and energy accounts. Extra resources are now being put into the design and engineering with the intention of making the school a showcase building for correct energy-use and environmental development. The schools educational plan will help to develop knowledge about these issues and will form an integral part of the pupils responsibility and experiences in the everyday life of the school. The nal ambition level for the building will be clari ed in September 2008.

Project 2.4 New Sreide schoolThe planning of a new school at Sreide has just started. A new primary school is to be built and the City Government wants this school to be a pilot project for new energy solutions and the use of wood as a building material. The school will also be an important building in the development of the local centre at Sreide. It is a goal for the solutions and principles used in the building to be included in an educational plan to develop the pupils knowledge in this area.

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Project 2.5 Passive house standard in council houses for disadvantaged personsThere are plans to build assisted living facilities for the handicapped in Rdalslien by the Lagunen shopping centre. The ambition level is the passive house standard. The pre-project is expected to be ready in September 2008. Building is scheduled to start in the fourth quarter of 2008 with completion in the fourth quarter of 2009. Funds for this investment have been earmarked in the budget.

Project 2.6 Replacing of oil boilers outside the district-heating licence area A number of oil boilers in Bergen have been replaced through various projects - a large number of them by district heating. Oil- ring still accounts for approximately 13 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions in Bergen and should be phased out. The Hordaland branch of Friends of the Earth Norway has received grants from, among others, the City of Bergen and the power company BKK for a project aiming at replacing oil boilers in the area outside the district heating licence area. The project is in its start-up phase and will be developed during 2008. It will start by mapping oil boilers and oil burners outside the licence area, and a pilot project will be used to visualise bioenergy and heat pumps as replacements for oil- red heating. The pilot project will visualise costs, barriers and the practical installation of a biosystem, and will be included in the strategic information work targeting owners of buildings with oil- red heating. If the project shows a potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions it will in all probability be extended beyond the rst year.

Project 2.7 Ny Krohnborg School a new local centre with energy and environmental ambitionsNy Krohnborg school is an old school building worthy of preservation which is to be rehabilitated in connection with the New energy round Damsgrdssundet project. The school will be developed with a new sports hall under the school yard and community centre areas. The object is to achieve much better energy use than the current 260 kWh per square metre. It is a precondition that energy-saving and environmental measures used in the development will be included in the educational plan for the pupils to promote new knowledge and responsibility in everyday life at school. Relevant measures will be speci ed during the autumn of 2008. Building will start in September 2009 and the school will be taken into use in April 2011.

Project 2.8 Rehabilitation of council housingIn connection with the New energy around Damsgrdssundet project an older residential block at Nordre Skogvei 73 will be rehabilitated. The ambition level is to achieve energy utilisation on a par with the low energy standard. The pre-project and planning are expected to have been completed by September 2008. Building is scheduled to start in the rst quarter of 2009 and be completed at the end of 2009. Funds have been earmarked in the budget for 2009.

Project 2.9 Extension of district heating in BergenThe waste incineration plant at Rdalen will be expanded and new district heating pipes will be laid in the centre and out to Laksevg (inside the licence area). The expansion of the waste incineration plant will mean an increase in capacity from 120,000 to 240,000 tonnes of residual waste per year. In 2006, 150 GWh of district heating were sold. At present the maximum amount of energy generated by waste incineration is approximately 110 GWh, which will increase to 220 GWh after the expansion. The district heating network will be extended during the next ve-year period in Bergen city centre and in Laksevg. The forecast for energy sales in 2015 is 230 GWh + 60 GWh el. Most of the existing oil boilers in the extension area will be replaced by district heating, which means a considerable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in Bergen.

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Project 2.10 Local district heating networksThe Bergen areas inter-municipal waste handling company BIR Bedrift and the power company BKK Varme are collaborating to examine the possibility of building two biofuel plants with connected district heating networks, the rst one in sane and the second in Loddefjord. The fuel used will be waste wood which is currently either deposited in land lls or sent to Sweden. Each of the plants will deliver up to 28 GWh per year from 10,000 tonnes of chippings. The licence application process is already in progress for sane, and Loddefjord will follow next year. The two district heating networks will be completed over a ten to twelve-year period. Total investments in sane will amount to approximately NOK 115 million and will be dependent on support from ENOVA to achieve pro tability in a long-term perspective.

Another possibility is to build a local network based on biofuel in Bergen Tomteselskaps development areas at Breistein, Hauksen and Hetlevikssen. It may also be possible to connect these to the two other local networks. Pre-studies have already been implemented in these areas and they have been deemed suitable for a large waterborne system.

Project 2.11 New renewable energy productionMost of Bergens water sources are mountain lakes. This means that the water is transported down to the water treatment plants. Espeland water treatment plant (WTP) is a former power station and the transportation pipeline from the source to the WTP is adapted to power production. The Agency for Water and Sewerage Works is working on concrete plans for installing power turbines to exploit the free-fall energy. Tarleb was formerly a separate waterworks, but was taken out of production with the opening of the new Svartediket WTP. The transportation pipelines from this water source to Svartediket WTP are intact and more power production equipment can easily be installed here too.

MAIN PLAYERS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIORITISED PROJECTS:

Department of Climate, Environment and Urban Development Agency for Planning and Environment Agency for Water and Sewerage Works

Production of energy BKK, BIR, Agency for Water and Sewerage Works

Preparation, construction and rehabilitation Bergen Municipal Buildings Agency Bergen Housing and Urban Renewal Bergen Tomteselskap

Knowledge-building State Housing Bank, University College of Bergen, Bergen School of Architecture

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3 CONSUMPTION PATTERN AND WASTE

PRIORITISED PROJECTS IN THE PROJECT PERIOD 2009-2014

3.1 New waste plan more waste sorting3.2 Returning points quality in urban spaces. Design competition3.3 Internal waste sorting and recycling in municipal offices3.4 Recycling and good management of used EE products3.5 Utilisation of resources new trends new jobs3.6 Waste sorting in schools and kindergartens3.7 Introduction of environmental management in municipal activities 3.8 Waste network3.9 Production of biogas from sludge and food waste from catering3.10 Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from closed-down municipal landfills3.11 Inversion of scheme for requesting not to receive advertising material3.12 Tax system that rewards good habits3.13 Reduction of plastic packaging in handling of groceries

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REASONS FOR PRIORITISATIONS IN THE PROJECT PERIOD

Increasing consumption in the western world has been a major contributor to the climate change we are witnessing today. It is important to keep this in focus when considering measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

If we want to reduce consumption, the individual consumer needs to act. However, society in general must facilitate the making of the right choices. Eco-labelled and ecological products should be made easily obtainable at a reasonable price. It should be possible not to have to take home the great quantities of useless packaging that exist today. It should be made easier to recycle and repair products. Local recycling centres must also be opened.

In Bergen we have Fretex