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CISMA Call Agenda
1:30pm Introductions Deah Lieurance & Samantha Yuan
1:35pm Technical Presentation FWC’s Nonnative Wildlife
Responder Network – Jenny Novak
1:55pm CISMA Update Florida CISMAs – Florida Keys– Beth Bergh
2:10pm Shoutouts NISAW, FLEPPC CISMA Session Topics,
FISP Spring Meeting
Polls2:30pm Adjourn
Introducing the New FISP Co‐Chairs
• Sherry Williams– Seminole County Natural Resources Program Coordinator for the Seminole County Greenways and Natural Lands Division
• Samantha Yuan– FWC, Invasive Plant Management Section (IPMS) Research and Outreach Manager
Technical Presentation
FWC’s Nonnative Wildlife Responder Network
Presentedby Jenny Novak
FWC Nonnative WildlifeResponder Network (NWRN)
Jenny NovakEducation and Outreach Wildlife Biologist
Wildlife Impact Management Section
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What is the NWRN?
The Nonnative Wildlife Responder Network (NWRN) is a group of trained citizens who respond to nonnative wildlife issues across the state.
Photo credit FWC
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Pat L
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/SFW
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Goal of the NWRN
Photo credit FWC
The NWRN will provide a new level of customer service to our stakeholders by allowing us to respond to more calls received through the Exotic Species Hotline.
Exotic Species Hotline
The Hotline (888-IveGot1) receives calls about nonnative species observations and requests for exotic pet amnesty.
Exotic Species Hotline Calls• NWRN participants
will primarily respond to nonnative reptile calls
• Responders may assess other species
Reptiles57%
Amphibians4%
Aquatics12%
Mammals10%
Birds17%
Exotic Species Hotline Calls
170
531 484618
874
1673
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Call volume is increasing and projections indicate that call volume will continue to increase.
FISP/CISMA members-we need you!
ECISMA members can make great NWRN volunteers
Photo credit FWC
Responder Duties• Outreach
• Site reconnaissance and species identification
• Live trapping
• Safe capture and removal of constrictors
:Photo credit USGS
Outreach
• Assist with canvassing efforts
Photo credit Defenders of Wildlife
Reconnaissance and Identification• Surveil an area
with landowner permission
• Determine presence of a nonnative species
• Take photos to help confirm ID
Photo credit Adam Stern
Live Trapping
Photo credit USGS
• Deliver traps
• Show how to set and bait traps
• Release non-target animals
• Check in with homeowners
• Pick up and transport trapped animals to FWC
Safe Capture of Constrictors
Photo credit FWC
• Remove nonnative constrictors
• Transport captured nonnative snakes to FWC
EquipmentItems that may be provided or loaned:
• Volunteer t-shirt
• Gloves
• Utility trunk
• Snake hook and bags
• Live trap
FWC Volunteer
FWC Volunteer
Training• In-person training required for
new volunteers
Photo credit FWC
• Will be offered in each region of the state.
Photo credit FWC
How do I sign up?The Regular Service Volunteer (RSV) Application and RSV Agreement must be completed before you can begin to volunteer.
Questions?
Contact the Nonnative Species Outreach and Education Wildlife Biologist:
Jenny [email protected]
Photo credit FWC
October ‐ Shout Outs: ContinuedFISP/ CISMA Category
Activitiy/Name of Event/Title Date Location
SixRivers Workday work day 10/13/2017 Chimney Park
SixRiversOutreach ‐ Workshop
EDDMapS HalloWeed Training 10/17/2017
Escambia County Extension Office
Osceola MeetingOsceola CISMA meeting 10/19/2017
Disney Wilderness Preserve, 2700 Scrub Jay Trail Poinciana.
SuncoastOutreach ‐ Workshop
Suncoast Upland Habitat Restoration Workshop 10/20/2017
TCOutreach ‐ Tabling
Jonathan Dickinson State Park’s Fire Fest event this Saturday Oct. 21st 10/21/2017
Jonathan Dickinson State Park
SixRiversOutreach ‐ Workshop
EDDMapS HalloWeed Training 10/24/2017
Escambia County Extension Office
FISPOutreach ‐ Other October CISMA call 10/25/2017 Zoom
SWFLOutreach ‐ Tabling
Cancelled: Wiggins Pass Nature Fest, 10/28/2017 Delnor‐Wiggins State Park
ECF Workday
Etoniah Rosemary Census HalloWeed Event 10/31/2017
Etoniah Creek State Forest 390 Holloway Rd Florahome, FL 32140
Nov‐Jan ‐ Shout OutsFISP/ CISMA Category
Activitiy/Name of Event/Title Date Location
CFOutreach ‐ Workshop
CF/Osceola/EC FL CISMA Grass/Sedge Workshop 10/5/2017
Wekiwa Springs State Park (Youth Camp).
ECFOutreach ‐ Workshop
CF/Osceola/EC FL CISMA Grass/Sedge Workshop 10/5/2017
Wekiwa Springs State Park (Youth Camp).
FKIETFOutreach ‐ Workshop
Postponted: Herbicide Workshop 10/6/2017
Windley Key Fossil Reef Geological State Park
SixRiversOutreach ‐ Workshop
EDDMapS HalloWeed Training 10/10/2017
Navarre Visitors Center, Santa Rosa County Extension Office
ECISMA MeetingECISMA Steering Committee Meeting 10/11/2017
Lauderdale Research and Education Center Complex in the FAU Davie West Building, Room 203
NC Workday Nature Coast Workday 10/11/2017 Crystal River State Preserve FKIETF Workday Cancelled: Workday 10/12/2017
HeartlandOutreach ‐ Workshop
CANCELLED: Ludwigia ID and Aquatic Grass ID workshops 10/13/2017 Circle B Bar Ranch
Florida Keys Invasive Exotic Task Force
CISMA Update
Presented by –Beth Bergh
Beth BerghMonroe County Land StewardCo-Chair FKIETF
Florida Keys Invasive Exotic Task Force
Partners: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Florida Park Service U. S. Navy Department of Transportation and Infrastructure
Corporation of AmericaMonroe County Village of Islamorada City of Marathon Key West Botanical Garden
Goals and Objectives:
Meetings EDRR workdays EDRR updates FKIETF plant list Festivals and Events FWC IPM projects Partnering goals with exotics management
along US 1 corridor Trainings – Herbicide workshop, Exotic ID, Python Invasive animal projectAlterNatives project
Education and Outreach
FKIETF invasive plant list
AlterNatives Guide
FKIETF invasive animal list
Iguana Fact Sheet
Identification Guide
FLORIDA KEYS INVASIVE EXOTICS TASK FORCE LIST OF INVASIVE PLANTS OF THE FLORIDA KEYS ‐ 2015
FLEPPC = CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION ON FLORIDA EXOTIC PEST PLAN COUNCIL'S 2015 LIST OF FLORIDA'S MOST INVASIVE SPECIES. (N:north, C:central, S:south, All: Florida wide)
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME FLEPPC KEYS INVASION PATTERN AND COMMENTS SEEDING ERADICATION RECOMMENDATION
DISPERSAL & SEASON Handpulling always recommended when possible
FKIETF CATEGORY I: INVASIVE EXOTICS THAT ARE ALTERING FLORIDA KEYS NATIVE PLANT COMMUNITIES BY DISPLACING NATIVE SPECIES, CHANGING COMMUNITY STRUCTURES OR ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS, OR HYBRIDIZING WITH NATIVES
Casuarina spp. Australian pine 1: AllInvasive in wetlands and uplands. Listed as noxious weed. wind blown, year round
Basal or cut stump with 10%‐30% G4. Listed as a prohibited plant and a noxious weed by FDACS
Colubrina asiatica Asiatic colubrina 1: S
Invasive on beaches, coastal rock barren, ditches, and swales; any place that is tidally influenced. seeds float, year round
Foliar with 3% G4 in cut grid pattern, cut stump with G3A 50% or Basal with G4 10%. Listed as noxious weed by FDACS
Leucaena leucocephala Lead tree
2: All Forms thick monoculture in disturbed areas. Seeds persist for many years in seedbank nearly year round
Basal with G4 30% or basal and cut stump with 30% G4, 50‐100% G3A or 1.5% Redeem. Listed as noxious weed by FDACS
Manilkara zapota Sapodilla
1: SPervasive in homesteaded hammocks, Key Deer eat seedlings. Form dense canopy as well as dense sapling recruitment fruit year round Basal with 10%‐25% G4
Panicum maximum Guinea grass2: All Spreading quickly along US1 and areas of Big
Pine.wind dispersed during summer growing season Foliar with 2% Roundup Pro
Sansevieria hyacinthoides Bowstring hemp
2: C,SLarge infestations have occurred in hammocks. Spreads where dumped.
spreads vegetatively and by seed. Roots can grow from leaves
Foliar with 5% G4. Can cut at base & apply directly. Manual removal but must be bagged and removed from site. Listed as a prohibited plant and as a noxious weed by FDACS
Scaevolea taccada Beach naupaka 1: C,SSeeds float and are easily dispersed to mangrove and coastal rock barren habitats. Listed as noxious weed in 2007.
tides/birds/animals, nearly year round
Basal with 10% G4 or stump with 50% G3A. Listed as noxious weed by FDACS
Schinus terebinthifolius Brazilian pepper 1: AllInvasive in wetlands and uplands. Likes solution holes in hammock.
animals, late winter into spring
Basal with 10%‐15% G4, cut stump with 50% G3A. Listed as noxious weed by FDACS
Thespesia populnea Seaside mahoe 1: C,S
Floating seeds invade pristine coastal transistion areas. Also invades uplands. Still sold in Florida stores. seeds float, year round
Cut stump with 50% G3A. Girdle large trees. Don't leave cut branches on ground.
FKIETF CATEGORY II: INVASIVE EXOTICS THAT HAVE INCREASED IN ABUNDANCE OR FREQUENCY BUT HAVE NOT YET ALTERED FLORIDA KEYS PLANT COMMUNITIES TO THE EXTENT SHOWN BYCATEGORY I SPECIES (CONTINUED)
Adenanthera pavonina Red sandalwood 2: SFast growing & seeding from where planted, esp. hammocks birds/animals Basal or Stump with G4 30%
Agave sisalana Sisal hemp 2: C,SEstablishes where dumped and spreads from landscapes
tall reproductive stalks produce pups which are spread when stalk falls to the ground, summer‐late fall Spray with 3% G4 on center bud, manual removal
Albizia lebbeck Woman's tongue1: C,S
Legume, difficult to kill. wind blown Basal or cut stump with 30% G4Antigonon leptopus Coral Vine 2: All Isolated populations but spreads rapidly vegetative and by seed Basal with 20% G4
Asparagus aethiopicus (syn. A. densiflorus) Asparagus fern
1: All Spreads from landscapes and establishes where dumped dumping/birds/animals Foliar with 2% Roundup Pro
Asparagus setaceusCommon asparagus fern
n/a Becoming increasingly more abundant in upper Keys vegetative/dumping Manual removal or foliar with 2% Roundup Pro
Catharanthus roseus Madagascar periwinkle n/a disturbed sites, beaches wind blown and vegetative Manual removal
Cocos nucifera Coconut palm 2: SInvading into beach dune at Bahia Honda and in hammock at Lignumvitae Key seeds float manual removal or injection with Garlon 3A
Cryptostegia madagascariensis
Madagascar rubber vine 2:C,S Occurs in transitional wetlands and hammocks.
Spreads from old homesteads in Upper Keyssummer, wind blown Basal with 10% G4
Dactyloctenium aegyptium Crowfoot grass 2: All So far seems to be limited to disturbed sites or as an early colonizer only at natural sites. Also found invading into beach dune at Bahia Honda
wind blown, rhizomes and mowing Foliar with 2% Roundup Pro
Dioscorea bulbifera ** Air Potato 1: AllInvades variety of habitats: 23 FL counties, Big Pine, Key Largo, & Cudjoe. Spreads from landscapes and where dumbed
vegetative and tubers which float
Manual removal, bag tubers and remove from site. Listed as a noxious weed by FDACS
Epipremnum pinnatum cv. aureum Golden Pothos
2: C,S Spreads from landscapes and establishes where dumped. vegetative, dumping Foliar with 2% Roundup Pro
Eulophia graminea ** ground orchid
2 Major problem on mainland. Found in Key Largo and Big Pine Key. Original infestation from contaminated mulch
wind dispersed and spreads from contaminated mulch or equipment
Manual removal including bulb and all root structures. Bag and remove from site.
Eugenia uniflora Surinam cherry 1: C,S escaping from landscapes birds/animals Basal G4 15% or cut stump G3A 25%
Ficus microcarpa Laurel fig1: C,S Invasive in uplands in Upper Keys, epi‐ and
litho‐phytic birds Basal with 5% G4
Zoysia tenuifolia Zoysia grass
n/a spreads from landscape. Particular problem at residence at N end of Bahia Honda where spreading into coastal berm rhizomes Foliar with 2% Roundup Pro
SCIENTIFIC NAMECOMMON NAME FLEPPC KEYS INVASION PATTERN AND COMMENTS SEEDING ERADICATION RECOMMENDATION
DISPERSAL & SEASON
FKIETF CATEGORY III: INVASIVE EXOTICS THAT HAVE NOT YET BECOME A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN THE FLORIDA KEYS BUT ARE TO BE WATCHED (TBW).
Acacia auriculiformis Earleaf acacia 1: C,SLocal problem in Upper Keys; has appeared in Lower Keys wind dispersed Cut stump with 50% G3A
Anredera vesicaria ** Madeira vine TBWLocal problem in Upper Keys particularly in Tavernier. Difficult to kill
Ardisia ellipticaShoebuttonardisia 1: All
Moving south on Card Sound Road but not yet in Keys birds, year round
Basal with 10% G4 or cut stump with 50% G3A. Listed as a noxious weed by FDACS
Arundo donax Pampas grass TBW Marathon and Little Torch Key wind dispersed Cut stump 50% G3A
Asystasia gangetica Ganges primrose2: C,S Spreads from disturbed sites and climbs
forest edgesvegetative and seed dispersed Foliar with 2% Roundup Pro
Bauhinia variegata Orchid tree 1: C,S Landscape plant but not yet invading in Keys Basal with 10% G4 or cut stump with 50% G3A
Broussonetia papyrifera Paper mulberry 2: AllOne escape in Key Largo, serious problem in Dade Basal with 10% ‐ 30% G4
Bucida buceras Black Olive n/aCopious seeder, invades canopy gaps near parent birds/animals
Bucida spinosa Ming Tree n/a Formerly in north Key Largo birds/animals
Cupaniopsis anacardioides Carrotwood 1: C,S Recent introduction; has spread from planting in Key West; invades uplands to buttonwood zone
birds/small mammals Basal with 10% G4 or cut stump with 50% G3A. Listed as a noxious weed by FDACS
Delonix regia Royal Poinciana TBW Naturalizing in Key Largo
Dichrostachys cinerea ** Sickle bush, Marabu TBW
Dense thickets in Cuba, Pacific Islands. Recent population at Long Key transfer station
vegetative and seed dispersed
Check with Monroe County Land Conservation program
Euphorbia tirucalli Pencil cactus, Pencil tree n/a
Occasionally found surviving along woods edge. Recently found on Lower Matecumbe Key in disturbed hammock
dumping Manual removal ‐ bag and remove from site or cut stump woody sections with 20% G3A
Psidium cattleianum Strawberry guava1:C,S
Spreads from mainland fruit trees into uplands animals/humans Basal with 10% Garlon 4
Rotboellia cochinchinensis Itch grassTBW becoming increasingly more abundant in Key
Largo Hammock wind dispersed Manual removal bag and remove from site. Use gloves
Selenicereus pteranthus Snake CactusTBW
Spreads vegetatively from dumping, Key Largo Hammock, Marathon, Dove creek dumping, vegetative Manual removal bag and remove from site
Senna alata Candlestick plantTBW
becoming increasingly more abundant
Senna pendula Christmas senna 1: C,S Crocodile Lake, and private property on ramrod
Solanum torvum Turkey berry 2: All removed from Cudjoe transfer station in 2011 animals Glyphosate at a 3% solution. Listed as a noxious weed by FDACS and USDA
Solanum viarum Tropical soda apple 1: All Has been quickly removed when spread from
sod plantings sod plantingsGlyphosate at a 3% solution. Listed as a prohibited plant and as a noxious weed by FDACS
Syzygium cumini Java Plum 1: C,S One site on Ramrod key, waiting to see birds/small mammals Glyphosate at a 3% solution
Native species that are of special concern due to regional impacts in natural areas outside of their historic range in the Florida Keys
Cissus verticillata possum grape n/a Cultivar and problematic on Big Pine Keyvegetative and seed dispersed Manual removal
Clusia roseaPitch apple/autograph tree
n/a spreading in Key Largo/Dade/Broward, epiphytic, lithophytic. Considered an extirpated/reestablished plant for lower keys. birds, spring‐summer Basal with 10% G4
Pluchea carolinensis Cure‐for‐all
n/a
Native to mainland Fl. but not to Keys. Particularly problematic in pine rocklands on Big Pine where it outcompetes native shrubs and groundcover and may alter fire ecology. Elsewhere it is early successional species that is outcompeted by hammock species.
Manual removal or cut stump with 30% G3A
Sesbania herbacea Danglepod, Sesbania n/a
Native to mainland of Fl. but not to Keys. Becoming increasingly more abundant in disturbed areas
birds/animals manual removal or cut stump with 30% G3A
Swietenia mahogani West Indian mahogany n/a
Native to upper Keys but invasive in middle and lower Keys especially on Big Pine Key in pinelands seeds are wind dispersed
Don’t Plant A Weed
AlterNatives for landscaping in the Florida Keys
Plant Substitution Guide for the Florida Keys
Invasive exotic plants come in several categories, depending on how aggressively they invade our natural areas. The following definitions were adopted by the Florida Keys Invasive Exotic Task Force, which consists of all public and private land managers in the Keys. There are currently 62 exotic species classified as invasive in the Florida Keys. These invasive plants rankings are evaluated and updated by the Task Force every two years.
Category 1: Invasive exotics that are altering Florida Keys native plant communities by displacing native species, changing community structures or ecological functions, or hybridizing with natives. Category 1 plants are the most aggressive invaders. Their spread has been likened to a “green cancer” in our natural areas. Five species are still available for sale in nurseries today.
Category 2: Invasive exotics that have increased in abundance or frequency, but have not yet altered Florida Keys plant communities to the extent shown by Category 1 species. Category 2 plants tend to be unruly yard plants and often end up dumped over the fence. Many Category 2 plants are available in nurseries.
Category 3: “To be watched” invasive exotics that have not yet become a problem in the Florida Keys, but are problematic in other areas of the mainland or Caribbean.
What is an Invasive Exotic?
An AlterNative is a native plant that resembles an invasive plant in size, shape or function. AlterNatives are approved substitutions for Keys invasives that, if followed, will reduce seed sources in our natural areas, increase habitat on our islands and reduce nutrients in our waters. For the homeowner, use of AlterNatives will reduce fertilizing costs, watering time and overall gardening hassles for homeowners.
What is an AlterNative?
FLORIDA KEYS INVASIVE EXOTICS TASK FORCE LIST OF INVASIVE ANIMALS OF THE FLORIDA KEYS - 2013Classification is modeled after the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council's criteria for invasive plant species
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME KEYS INVASION PATTERN AND COMMENTSMETHOD AND YEAR OF
INTRODUCTIONCOMMENTS/CLASSIFICATION
FKIETF CATEGORY I: INVASIVE EXOTICS THAT ARE ALTERING FLORIDA KEYS ECOSYSTEMS BY DISPLACING NATIVE SPECIES,
CHANGING COMMUNITY STRUCTURES OR ALTERING ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Anolis porcatus Cuban green anole Keyswide Introduced in the 1980s Common
Anolis sagrei Brown anole Keyswide Introduced in 1887 from cargo ship Common
Blattella asahinai Asian cockroach Keyswide Common
Cactoblastis cactorum Cactus mothHistoric infestation on semaphore cactus on Little
Torch Key. Discovered in 2015 in Key Largo Hammock BSP on outplanted individuals
Introduced to Caribbean to eradicate Opuntia species
where problematic for livestock
Occasional
Cricetomys gambianus Gambian pouch rat Grassy Key Escaped from local breeder in
early 2000sPopulation fluctuates and is dependent upon recent
trapping efforts by USDA
Ctenosaura similis ** Black spinytail iguana No Name, Big Pine Key First observed in 1978 Uncommon
Felis catus Cat Feral and free roaming domestic cats are found throughout the Keys
Late 1700s. Escaped from owners, breeders Common
Iguana iguana Green iguana Keyswide and now abundant. Vegetarians, but evidence of tree snail predation found in some First observed in 1966 Common
Pterois volitans Lionfish Keyswide Common
Osteopilus septentrionalis Cuban tree frog Keyswide First documented in 1931 Common
Python molurus bivittatus ** Burmese python First documented in the 1980s from pet release
Recently expanded range from Everglades into Key
Largo. No breeding populations known yet. Known to eat endangered rodents & many others. Recent state law
requires $100 annual license and microchipping
Rare
Rattus rattus Black rat Keyswide First observed in the late 1700s Common
Solenopsis invicta Imported fire ant Keyswide Common
Streptopelia decaocto Eurasian collared dove Keyswide
First observed in 1987. Established throughout the
KeysCommon
Zachrysia provisoria Cuban garden snail Common
FKIETF CATEGORY II: INVASIVE EXOTICS THAT HAVE INCREASED IN ABUNDANCE OR FREQUENCY BUT HAVE NOT YET ALTERED FLORIDA KEYS
ECOSYSTEMS TO THE EXTENT SHOWN BYCATEGORY I SPECIES
Acridotheres tristis Common myna Has become increasingly more abundant
Common in local areas, uncommon throughout Keys
Ameiva praesignis Giant ameiva Grassy Key Rare
Anolis equestris equestris Knight anole Becoming more abundant throughout Keys First observed in 1952
Common in local areas, uncommon throughout Keys
Cairina moschata Muscovey duck
Common in local areas, uncommon throughout Keys
Columba livia Rock dove KeyswideFirst observed in 1966 and has become established throughout the Keys
Common
Gallus gallus domesticusdomestic chicken Becoming more abundant throughout Keys
Common
Gekko gecko Tokay gecko Keyswide First observed in 1965 Common
Leiacephalus carinatus armouri
northern curly tailed lizard Keyswide
Has become increasingly more abundant
Common
Myiopsitta monachus Monk parakeet KeyswideFirst observed in 1969. Breeding in upper Keys
Ocassional
Eleutherodactylus planirostris
Greenhouse tree frog First observed in 1875
Common
Psittacula krameriRose-ringed
parakeetRare
Pyton sebae Rock python ** Uncommon
Ramphotyphlops braminusBraminy blind
snake
First documented in 1982 in Key West. Widespread throughout Keys but not known to
have impact on native species
Not commonly observed due to cryptic nature
Sarotherodon melanotheron Blackchin Tilapia
First observed in 1959 near Tampa. Established throughout freshwater and brackish waters in south florida, but can also inhabitat coastal waters
Rare
Sphaerodactylus argus argus Ocellated geckoRare
Streptopelia risoria Ringed turtle dove Rare
Sus scrofa Hog Little pine At least 10 years Ocassional
Tilapia mariae Spotted Tilapia First observed in 1974 in canal in Miami. Established throughout freshwater and brackish waters in south florida, but can also inhabitat coastal waters
Rare
Varanus albiqularis white-throated monitor Rare
Varanus niloticus ** Nile Monitor Rare
Varanus exanthematicus Savannah monitor Rare
Vulpes vulpes red fox Rare
Zebrasoma veliferum Sailfin tang Off of Key Largo First observed in 2001 Rare
Zenaida asiatica White-winged dove Rare
Native species that are of special concern due to regional impacts in natural areas outside of their historic range in the Florida Keys
Didelphis virginiana Virginia oppossum Native to upper Keys
Sciurus carolinensis Gray squirrel Native to upper Keys
THE COMMON IGUANA IN THE FLORIDA KEYS A Fact Sheet prepared by the Florida Keys Invasive Exotics Task Force
Introduction
Name: The iguana most often seen in the Florida Keys is the green iguana (Iguana iguana), also known as the common or American iguana. It is an herbivorous lizard and is one of two species in the genus Iguana. The use of the term “iguana” in this fact sheet refers to the green iguana.
Figure 1: Iguana iguana with typical green coloration,note the dark bands on its underside.
Figure 2: Older male Iguana iguana showing brown and grey coloration.
Figure 4: Adult male Iguana iguana displaying orange coloration, note dark vertical bars on the tail.
Figure 4: Adult male Iguana iguana displaying orange coloration, note dark vertical bars on the tail.
Color: Hatchling and subadult iguanas exhibit a bright green coloration, while mature individuals are green (Figure 1). Brown and grey coloration appear in older individuals (Figure 2). Some males will even display pink and orange coloration that becomes brighter during the breeding season (Figure 3). Females remain green as they mature. Dark vertical bands on the tail and ventral striping can develop and become more prominent as the individual ages (Figure 4). Iguanas do not change color rapidly as some other lizards can, such as our native green anoles or the Old World chameleons.Size: In south Florida, male iguanas can attain lengths in excess of five feet and weigh up to seventeen pounds. Females reach lengths similar to those of males, but are less robust and do not exceed weights of seven pounds.
Sexual Dimorphism:Mature male iguanas develop heavy jowls and a throat fan, known as a dewlap, that are visibly larger than that of female iguanas. A bone within its anterior margin of the dewlap is used to stretch the throat fan forward to its maximum extension. This behavior can be used to increase their apparent size in order to attract mates, repel rival males or warn predators. Extension of the dewlap can also be used to increase exposed surface area when basking. The dorsal ridge of spines is generally taller in males than in females, especially in large adults, but there is some overlap in this characteristic between sexes.
DistributionThe historic distribution of iguanas includes the tropical American mainland from central Mexico south through most of southern Brazil, as well as a handful of islands in the southernmost Caribbean including Grenada, Curaçao, Trinidad and Tobago, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent, and Honduras (Figure 5). During the past century, the range of the iguana has increased explosively, with populations established as far away as Fiji and Hawaii.
Figure 5: Historic distribution (pre-introduction) of the greeniguana. Image credit-http://reptiles.wikia.com/wiki/Green Iguana
Introduction to Florida: Herpetologists, scientists and explorers of south Florida make no mention of the species until the mid-1900s. Since then, the iguana’s inability to survive prolonged cold temperatures has limited its northward expansion to southern counties of Florida and Texas. Reports of iguana bones found at archaeological sites have been documented in Mexico, Central America, throughout the Caribbean, the Bahamas, and Fiji, but not in Florida. The iguana is a well-documented and recent introduction throughout the northern Caribbean and in the Bahamas. An extensive literature search and discussion with reputable herpetologists found no support for iguanas being native to Florida, or for them arriving in Florida without human assistance. Over the past 50 years, their expansion has been due in large part to the iguana’s popularity in the pet trade, with millions of individuals imported for sale in pet shops across the state. Current distribution in Florida is shown in Figure 6, with the highest concentrations of individuals reported from Palm Beach, Broward, Miami-Dade, and Monroe counties.
Figure 6: Distribution of iguanas in Florida counties (EDDMaps 2015)
Habitat: Young iguanas are typically observed on or within ten feet of the ground. They feed, bask and sleep in low trees and shrubs, and remain near thick foliage where they quickly hide if threatened. Females spend more time on the ground when seeking nest sites and digging nesting burrows. As they mature, iguanas climb higher into larger trees, with an increasing preference for trees near or over-hanging water. Unless disturbed, iguanas feed, bask and sleep in or near the same locations at the same times for weeks. Where they find food, water and shelter in close proximity, individuals may have fairly small territories.
Natural History: Iguanas feed primarily on leaves, flowers and fruits of various broad-leaved herbs, shrubs and trees. Seasonal variation in feeding exists and is dependent upon the availability of food. During the dry season fruit is often times more abundant, whereas during the rainy season, blossoms and new growth are more available. Although adult iguanas are typically herbivorous, they have been documented to be carnivorous when the opportunity arises (Lazell 1973). While there is proof of iguanas eating insects, snails, bird eggs, and carrion in the wild, these seem to be exceptions rather than typical behavior.
Growth and Reproduction: Iguanas are capable of reproducing in their second winter, and begin mating at approximately 1.5 years of age. Nesting typically occurs in March and April with eggs hatching by August. Gravid female iguanas have been found to carry as many as 71 eggs.
Natural Predators: In their native range, iguanas have numerous predators, including jaguar, ocelot, margay, weasel, tyra, grisón, skunk, otter and mink. Since Florida has no native cats of significant size in areas where iguanas are established, control of iguanas becomes problematic. Even more significant is that the Florida Keys, like most small island ecosystems, can support very few large predators, further limiting control on iguanas.
Impacts in The Florida Keys: Concerns about the iguana’s impact on South Florida ecosystems can be based on what has happened in similar settings, where new and especially large herbivores were introduced and found their natural predators missing. Already, there are reports of selective feeding by iguanas on preferred plants killing some plants; this has potential to alter species abundance and plant community diversity and has particular significance on imperiled species.
In addition iguanas are also considered to be a serious nuisance in yards and pools. Damage to ornamental landscaping, pottedplants, and crops such as mangos and tomatoes has been reported. Even having one large iguana can have a visible impact on the vegetation of a yard. In addition, nesting iguanas cause property damage and safety hazards by undermining sidewalks, pavement, seawalls and other structures. Droppings left by iguanas are conspicuous, slippery when wet, and may contain Salmonella bacteria. Interactions with pets can lead to serious injury as iguanas are effective at self-defense.
Control
Capture Techniques and Strategies: To achieve success, iguana control methods must be adaptive. Stalking and noosing iguanas produces good results among “naive” iguanas, especially if they are habituated to humans who generally ignore them. This technique is especially effective when territorial disputes and courtship (late-November through January) or nesting (March and April) bring large iguanas to the ground where their movements are easily heard moving in dry leaf litter.
Live traps: Iguanas are easily lured into traps baited with fruits that are bright (red or orange) or have a high contrast (dark blue, red or black). Pre-baiting (offering bait without the trap) helps lower fear of the trap in wary individuals by getting them accustomed to the handout, especially as they observe naive iguanas feeding without consequence.
Larger, passive traps with no slamming doors may be able to trap several iguanas at once. All traps should be checked frequently to prevent escapes, to replace bait stolen by songbirds, rats and land hermit crabs, and to be sure trapped animals are not left in the direct sun for too long. As iguanas are strictly diurnal, traps should only be set during daylight hours; setting traps before sunrise seems to be most effective. Traps should be closed by sunset to avoid catching non-target species such as raccoons. When nesting, female iguanas seek out warm substrate that is easily dug. Fresh woodchips compost rapidly, generating a good deal of heat. When piles of mulch are available, these are often chosen as nest sites.
Mulch piles can be placed specifically to attract nesting iguanas. Careful monitoring is not necessary, simply remove the mulch pile on or near June 1, and any iguana eggs may be disposed of then.
Euthanasia: The AVMA accepted method for euthanasia is a properly located shot to the head penetrating the brain. Another possible source of disposal is wildlife rehabilitators who have found that injured raptors, herons, and vultures will accept iguanas offered as food. Iguanas that are found dead after a spell of cold weather may eventually become a toxic hazard to any pet that finds it, and should be disposed of immediately, rather than left in the environment.Anyone who needs to find a new home for a pet iguana, or any non-native wildlife, should contact the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, or watch for the annual Pet Amnesty Day.
Citations and Resources: Available on request. Contact the Florida Keys Invasive Exotic Task Force ([email protected] or [email protected] ) for information. The Florida Keys Invasive Exotic Task Force would like to thank Jim Duquesnel for his knowledge and expertise in drafting this document.
Prepared by:
Kate Hadden, Kaita Frank, Chuck Byrd, Katie Norris, and Doug Gass The Nature Conservancy
for the
Florida Keys Invasive Exotics Task Force
Updated by FKIETF staff 2014
Identification Guide For Invasive Exotic Plants of the Florida Keys
2014
Scientific Name: Manilkara zapota
Common Name(s): Sapodilla, Chicle-gum treeFamily: Sapotaceae
Height: Large tree, reaching 30 feet Leaves: Dull dark green, leathery, alternate and grow in clusters at the ends of twigs. Oblong or elliptical in
shape, 2-5 inches long.Flowers: Flowers are white, about ½ inch wide, and clustered in the leaf axils.Bark: Reddish brown barkFruit: Brown berries around 2-4 inches in diameter, with spongy brownish flesh. Thick skinned. Seeds are
black and often possess a small barb at the tips.Other: Evergreen shrub occurring in hardwood hammocks and other habitats, shading and dense seeding a
problem. Lateral branches of smaller trees grow around circumference of tree.Treat-ment:
Basal with 10%-25% triclopyr ester
Rank & Reason:
FLEPPC: 1; FKIETF: 1; Commonly found near old (abandoned) home sites; fruits are carried by squirrels and probably other mammals; Key deer eat seedlings but may also disperse seeds. Popular fruit tree on mainland
Origin: Central America
Similar Natives: Wild Dilly (Manilkara jaimiqui subsp. emarginata); see p.81
www.proscitech.com
Natives to Know
Plants native to the Florida Keys that may be mistaken for one or more invasive exotic species.
Key Identifiers: Fleshy, 3-sided, wavy edged stems with a cluster of 4 to 7 spines at the tip of each “wave”; spines measure up to 1.5” in length; fruit is bright red and covered in spines
Barbed-wire CactusAcanthocereus tetragonus
Hylocereus undatus
Acanthocereus tetragonus
Wild TamarindLysiloma latisiliquum
Key Identifiers: Medium to large sized tree growing between 40-60’ tall; leaves are bi-pinnately compound with approximately 5-8 pairs of pinnae per leaf and 10-20 pairs of leaflets per pinna; small limbs with a pronounced “zigzag” pattern; flowers are white and appear in globular clusters 0.5-1” in diameter; seed pods are 3-6 inches long and very thin.
Photo by Keith Bradley
Lead tree(Leucaena leucocephala)
Photo by Keith Bradley
• National Invasive Species Awareness Week Save the Date: February 24, 2017 – March 4, 2017 So many event options to choose from! Workshops Webinars Walkabouts, Oh My!
NISAW 2018
• If you have not already started planning for NISAW, there is not time like the present to start!
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NISAW 2018
FISP Workshop 2018
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Topics Needed!!!!It’s never too early to start planning!
April 4 - 6, 2018Winds of Change: Adaptive Management
Under Changing Conditions
FLEPPC 2018
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CISMA Grant• Kathy Craddock Burk Education
Grant• Julia Morton Research Grant
EDDMapS Local Plant Verifiers Needed!!!
• Folks knowledgeable about invasive plants in the following counties:– Baker, Bradford, Charlotte, Clay, Collier, Columbia, Dixie, Gilchrist,
Glades, Hamilton, Hendry, Lee, Levy, Madison, Nassau, Taylor• A single verifier can cover several counties and still have only a few
records per month to review.• Site inspections are typically not required – we rely on photographs, local
expertise, online herbarium records, communicating with observer, etc.• Contact Dexter Sowell for more information ([email protected])
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Reporting Method–Google Form!
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• Automatically fills a spreadsheet!
• So easy it can be done while talking on the phone ;‐)
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