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interface fast or autonomous switching, packets whose source anddestination address are the same are fast or autonomous switched.

You can use same-interface fast or autonomous switching in caseswhere you have Frame Relay or Asynchronous Transfer Mode

(ATM) WAN links configured as subinterfaces on the same maininterface. Another situation is when you are using secondarynetworks on LAN interfaces, as during IP address migration. Inorder to enable same-interface fast switching, use the ip route-cache same-interfaceconfiguration command.

Q. How is the load shared between two parallel lines of equal capacity

when these lines are configured for load balancing?

A. ForIP, if the router is fast switching, it load balances on a per-

destination basis. If the router is process switching, it load balanceson a per-packet basis. For more information, refer to How DoesLoad-Balancing Work? Cisco IOSSoftware also supports both perpacket and per destination load balancing with Cisco ExpressForwarding (CEF). For more information, refer to Load Balancingwith CEF and Troubleshooting Load Balancing OverParallel LinksUsing Cisco Express Forwarding.

Q. What does route summarization mean?

A. Summarization is the process by which we collapse many routeswith a long mask to form another route with a shorter mask. Referto OSPF and Route Summarization and the "Summarization"section ofEnhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocolfor moreinformation. The auto-summary command works only ifyou havecontiguous subnets. Ifyou work with discontiguous subnets, youneed to use the ip summary-address interface configurationcommand on every interface that participates in the routing processwhere you want to configure summarization.

Q. When does a Cisco router generate a source quench?

A. Prior to Cisco IOSSoftware Releases 11.3 and 12.0, a Cisco

router generates a source quench only if it does not have the bufferspace needed to queue the packet. If the router can't queue therouted packet onto the output interface's queue, it generates asource quench and registers an output drop against the output

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interface. If the router isn't congested, it won't generate a sourcequench.

You can look at the show ip trafficcommand output for sourcequenches sent. Also look at show interfaceto see if there are any

drops. If there are none, then you should not see any sourcequench.

Cisco IOSSoftware Releases later than 11.3 and 12.0 do notinclude the source quench feature.

Q. When does a Cisco router initiate a routing request out its

interfaces?

A. A Cisco router that runs a distance vector routing protocol

initiates a routing request out its interfaces ifany of these conditionsare met:

y The interface goes down.y There is any change to the routerglobal configuration

command.y There is any change to the metric configuration

command.y The clear ip routeEXEC command is used.y The shutdowninterface configuration command is

used.y The router is booted.y There is any change to the ip addresscommand.

The request is sent out to all interfaces configured for that particularprotocol no matter which interface triggers the request. The requestis sent out to one interface only if that is the only interfaceconfigured for the protocol.

When the debug ip igrp events or the debug ip igrp transactions

command is enabled, you see this in any of these situations:

IGRP: broadcasting request on Ethernet0




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Q. What is the difference between the ip default-gateway, ip default-network, and ip route 0.0.0.0/0 commands?

A. The ip default-gateway command is used when IP routing isdisabled on the router. However, ip default-networkand ip route

0.0.0.0/0are effective when IP routing is enabled on the router andthey are used to route any packets which do not have an exactroute match in the routing table. Refer to Configuring a Gateway ofLast Resort Using IP Commandfor more information.

Q. How do I use the ip helper-address command to forward Bootstrap

Protocol (BOOTP) frames?

A. The ip helper-addresscommand takes an argument ofeitherthe IP address of the BOOTP server or a directed broadcast

address for the segment on which the BOOTP server resides. Youcan also have multiple instances of the command with different IPaddresses ifyou have more than one BOOTP server. The ip helper-address command can also be used on individual sub interfaces.

Q. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) redistributeswith the IGRP IP routing protocol automatically. Does EIGRP alsointeract with the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) IP routing

protocol?

A. EIGRP can interact with RIP using the redistributecommands.Because RIP and EIGRP are so fundamentally different, automaticinteraction would probably produce unpredictable and undesirableresults. However, automatic interaction is possible between EIGRPand IGRP because of their architectural similarities. Refer toRedistributing Routing Protocolsfor more information.

Q. How do I configure my router to prefer an Open Shortest Path First(OSPF) route over an EIGRP route when the route is learned fromboth sources?

A. The short answer is to use the distance command under therouting process. OSPF has a default administrative distance of110and EIGRP has a default administrative distance of90 for internalroutes. If the same route prefixes are learned under both routingprotocols, EIGRP-learned routes will be installed into the IP routingtable because of the lower administrative distance (90 is less than

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110). The key to having OSPF routes installed in the RoutingInformation Base (RIB), instead ofEIGRP routes, is to make theadministrative distance ofOSPF less than that ofEIGRP that usesthe distance ospfcommand. To learn more about administrativedistance, refer to What Is Administrative Distance?

Q. Does the use of extended IP access control lists (ACLs) filterregular routing updates (such as OSPF)? Do I need to explicitly permitthe multicast IPs used by routing protocols (such as 224.0.0.5 and224.0.0.6, in the case of OSPF) for updates to ensure the properworking of routing protocols?

A. Any IP ACL on an interface is applied to any IP traffic on thatinterface. All IP routing updates packets are handled as regularIPpackets at the interface level, and, thus, they are matched with the

ACL defined at the interface using the access-listcommand. Toensure that the routing updates are not denied by ACLs, permitthem using the following statements.

To permit RIP use:

access-list 102 permit udp any any eq

rip

To permit IGRP use:

access-list 102 permit igrp any any

To permit EIGRP use:

access-list 102 permit eigrp any any

To permit OSPF use:

access-list 102 permit ospf any any

To permit Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) use:

access-list 102 permit tcp any any eq

179

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access-list 102 permit tcp any eq 179

any

For more information on ACLs, refer to Configuring IP Access Lists

and Configuring Commonly Used

IPACLs.

Q. Does the interface subcommand no arp arpa disable the Address

Resolution Protocol (ARP) function for a router interface?

A. By Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ARP, youmean "Ethernet interfaces" and, by default, ARP ARPA is set withno arp snap. This means that ARPA style ARPs are sent, but both

ARPA and Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) are answered. Bysetting no arp arpa, ARP requests are disabled, although null

entries are createdfor every station to which an AR

Prequest isattempted. You can enable SNAP alone, ARPA alone (the default),

both SNAP and ARPA together (send two ARPs every time), orneitherSNAP nor ARPA (which is what happens ifyou set no arparpa without setting up any other ARP).

Q. Would it be possible to configure a router for a 255.255.254.0Ethernet and a 255.255.252.0 serial subnet? Does IGRP/RIPv1 support

variable subnetting?

A. Yes it is possible to configure these subnet masks. In order tosubnet on a Cisco router, the subnet bits must be contiguous, so255.255.253.0 would not be valid(11111111.11111111.11111101.00000000) while 225.255.252.0would be valid (11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000).Subnetting by borrowing all but one bits from the host portion is notallowed. Also, traditionally, subnetting with a single bit was notallowed. The masks above satisfy these conditions. Refer to IPAddressing and Subnetting for New Usersfor more information.

IGRP RIP version 1 do not support variable length subnet masking(VLSM). A single router running any of these protocols would workfine with variable length subnetting. An incoming packet destinedfor one of the configured subnets would be routed properly anddelivered to the correct destination interface. However, if the VLSMand discontiguous networks are configured across multiple routersin IGRP domain, then it will lead to routing problems. Refer to Why

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Doesn't RIP orIGRPSupport Discontiguous Networks? for moreinformation.

The newerIP routing protocols, EIGRP, ISIS, and OSPF, as well asRIP version 2, support VLSM, and they should be preferred in your

network design. Refer to IP Routing Protocols Technical SupportPagefor more information on all IP routing Protocols.

Q. Can an interface have more than one ip access-group statement in

its configuration?

A. In Cisco IOS versions 10.0 and later, you can have two ipaccess-groupcommands per interface (one for each direction):

interface ethernet 0

ip access-group 1 inip access-group 2 out

One access-group is used for inbound traffic and one for outboundtraffic. Refer to Configuring Commonly Used IP ACLs andConfiguring IP Access Listsfor more information on ACLs.

Q. Can I configure two interfaces in the same subnet (t0 =

142.10.46.250/24 and t1 142.10.46.251/24)?

A. No. For the routing to work, each interface should be on adifferent subnet. However, ifyou are only bridging, and not doing IProuting, then you can configure the two interfaces on the samesubnet.

Q. Is it possible to have duplicate ip addresses for two serial

interfaces that belong to the same router?

A. Yes, duplicate ip addresses are allowed on serial interfaces. It isa more efficient way ofbundling links together (ie. MLPPP) and alsoa better way to preserve address space. Change the encapsulationfrom the default HDLC to PPP in order to assign duplicate ipaddresses.

Q. I have primary and secondary IP addresses configured on anEthernet interface and my router is running RIP (a distance vector

routing protocol). How does split-horizon affect the routing updates?

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A. Refer to How Split Horizon Effects RIP/IGRP Routing Updates

when Secondary Addresses Are Involved.

Q. Is there a performance advantage when using the the IP access listkeyword establishedon an extended ACL? Does using "established"

make the access list more vulnerable? Do you have specific examplesof the usage?

A. There is no real performance advantage. The keyword

establishedsimply means that packets with the acknowledgment(ACK) or reset (RST) bits set are let through. To learn more aboutACLs in general, refer to Configuring IP Access Lists.

The establishedkeyword allows the internal hosts to makeexternal TCP connections and to receive the return control traffic. In

most scenarios, this type ofACL would be essential on a firewallconfiguration. The same result can also be achieved either by usingReflexive ACLs or Context-Based Access Control. Refer toConfiguring Commonly Used IP ACLsfor some sampleconfigurations.

Q. I have four equal cost parallel paths to the same destination. I amdoing fast switching on two links and process switching on the other

two. How will the packets be routed in this situation?

A. Assume that we have four equal cost paths to some set ofIPnetworks. Interfaces 1 and 2 fast switch (ip route-cache enabledon the interface) , 3 and 4 do not (no ip route-cache). The routerfirst establishes the four equal cost paths in a list (path 1, 2, 3, and4). When you do a show ip route x.x.x.x, the four "next hops" to

x.x.x.x display.

The pointer is called interface_pointer on interface 1.Interface_pointer cycles through the interfaces and routes in someorderly deterministic fashion such as 1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4-1 and so on.

The output ofshow ip route x.x.x.x has a "*" to the left of the "nexthop" that interface_pointer uses for a destination address not foundin the cache. Each time that interface_pointer is used, it advancesto the next interface or route.

To illustrate the point better, consider this repeating loop:

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y A packet comes in, destined for a network serviced bythe four parallel paths.

y The router checks to see if it is in the cache. (Thecache starts offempty.)

y If it is in the cache, the router sends it to the interface

stored in the cache. Otherwise, the router sends it tothe interface where the interface_pointer is and movesinterface_pointer to the next interface in the list.

y If the interface over which the router just sent thepacket is running route-cache, the router populates thecache with that interface ID and the destination IPaddress. All subsequent packets to the samedestination are then switched using the route-cacheentry (thus they are fast-switched).

If there are two route-cache and two non-route-cache interfaces,there is a 50 percent probability that a uncached entry will hit aninterface that caches entries, caching that destination to thatinterface. Over time, the interfaces running fast switching (route-cache) carry all the traffic except destinations not in the cache. Thishappens because once a packet to a destination is process-switched over an interface, the interface_pointer moves and pointsto the next interface in the list. If this interface is also process-switched, then the second packet is process-switched over the

interface and the interface_pointer moves on to point to the nextinterface. Since there are only two process-switched interfaces, thethird packet will route to fast-switched interface, which, in turn, willcache. Once cached in the IP route-cache, all the packets to thesame destination will be fast-switched. Thus, there is a 50 percentprobability that a uncached entry will hit an interface that cachesentries, caching that destination to that interface.

In case ofa failure ofa process-switched interface, the routing table

is updated and you would have three equal cost paths (twofast-switched and one process-switched). Over time, the interfaces

running fast switching (route-cache) carry all the traffic exceptdestinations not in the cache. With two route-cache and one non-route-cache interfaces, there is a 66 percent probability that auncached entry will hit an interface that caches entries, caching that

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destination to that interface. You can expect that the two fastswitched interfaces will carry all the traffic over time.

Similarly when a fast switched interface fails, you would have threeequal cost paths, one fast-switched and two process-switched.

Over time the interface running fast switching (route-cache) carriesall the traffic except destinations not in cache. There is 33 percentprobability that a uncached entry would hit an interface that cachedentries, caching that destination to that interface. You can expectthat the single interface with caching enabled will carry all of thetraffic over time in this case.

Ifno interface is running route-cache, the router round-robins the

traffic on a packet-by-packet basis.

In conclusion, ifmultiple equal paths to a destination exist, someare process-switched while others are fast switched, then over timemost of the traffic will be carried by the fast-switched interfacesonly. The load balancing thus attained is not optimum and might insome cases lower the performance. Therefore, it is recommendedthat you do one of the following:

y Either have all route-cache or no route-cache on allinterfaces in parallel paths.

or

y Expect that the interfaces with caching enabled willcarry all of the traffic over time.

Q. What is Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (uRPF)? Can a default

route 0.0.0.0/0 be used to perform a uRPF check?

A. Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding, used for preventing sourceaddress spoofing, is a "look backward" ability which allows therouter to check and see ifany IP packet received at a routerinterface arrives on the best return path (return route) to the sourceaddress of the packet. If the packet was received from one of thebest reverse path routes, the packet is forwarded as normal. If thereis no reverse path route on the same interface from which thepacket was received, the packet is dropped orforwarded,depending on whether an access control list (ACL) is specified in

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the ip verify unicast reverse-path list interfaceconfigurationcommand. For more information, refer to the Configuring UnicastReverse Path Forwarding chapter of the Cisco IOS SecurityConfiguration Guide, Release 12.2.

Default route 0.0.0.0/0 can not be used to perform a uRPF check.For example, ifa packet with source address 10.10.10.1 comes onSerial 0 interface and the only route matching 10.10.10.1 is thedefault route 0.0.0.0/0 pointing out Serial 0 on the router, the uRPFcheck fails and it drops that packet.

Q. Who does load-balancing when there are multiple links to a

destination, Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF), or the routing protocol?

A. CEF does the switching of the packet based on the routing table

which is being populated by the routing protocols such as EIGRP,RIP, Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), and so forth. CEF does theload-balancing once the routing protocol table has been calculated.For more details on load balancing, refer to How does load-balancing work?

Q. What are the maximum number of secondary IP addesses that canbe configured on a router interface?

A. There are no limits on configuring secondary IP addresses on a

router interface. For more information, refer to Configuring IPAddressing.

Q. What is the Pause control counter?

A. The Pause control counter indicates the number of times therouter requests another router to slow the traffic. For example, tworouters, Router A and Router B, are connected through a link withflow control enabled. IfRouter B faces a traffic burst, Router Bsends a Pause output packet to inform Router A to slow the traffic

because the link is oversubscribed. At that time, Router A receivesa Pause input packet that informs it of the request sent by Router B.Pause output / input packets are not a problem or an error. Theyare simply flow control packets between two devices.

Q. Can a VLAN interface and a tunnel interface have the same IPaddress?

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A. No. Bridging over tunnel is not supported, as the tunnel requires

IP traffic to be encapsulated in a GRE header, and you cannotencapsulate the layer 2 traffic.

Q. What is Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF)?

A. Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) is a technology included in

IP network routers that allows multiple instances ofa routing tableto exist in a router and work simultaneously. This increasesfunctionality because it allows network paths to be segmentedwithout the use ofmultiple devices. Because traffic is automaticallysegregated, VRF also increases network security and can eliminatethe need for encryption and authentication. Internet ServiceProviders (ISPs) often take advantage ofVRF in order to createseparate Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) for customers. Thereforethe technology is also referred to as VPN routing and forwarding.

VRF acts like a logical router, but while a logical router can includemany routing tables, a VRF instance uses only a single routingtable. In addition, VRF requires a forwarding table that designatesthe next hop for each data packet, a list ofdevices that can becalled upon to forward the packet, and a set of rules and routingprotocols that govern how the packet is forwarded. These tablesprevent traffic from being forwarded outside a specific VRF path

and also keep out traffic that must remain outside the VRF path.

Q. How do I connect two different ISPs and route different traffic to

different ISPs?

A. Policy based routing (PBR) is the feature that allows you to route

the traffic to different ISPs based on the source address.

Q. What is the difference between the two methods to create static

routes?

A. There are two methods to create static routes:

y The ip route 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 eth 0/0 commandgenerates an ARP broadcast that looks for the next-hop IP address.

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y The ip route 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1command does not generate an ARP request. It keepsLayer 2 out of the routing process.

Q. What is the purpose of ports 2228 and 56506?

A. Ports 2228 and 56506 are not registered port numbers. They canbe used by any application. Some applications initiate a connectionwith these port numbers. Because of this, the port numbers areshown in the output of the show ip sockets command. If the portnumbers need to be blocked, configure an access-list in order toblock the ports.

Q. What is the difference between point-to-point subinterfaces andmulti-point subinterfaces?

A. Point-to-point interfaces are used in serial communication. Thesetypes ofconnections are assumed to transmit solely to the station atthe opposite end. The examples ofPoint-to-point are EIA/TIA 232,EIA/TIA 449, X.25, Frame Relay, T-carrier, and OC3 - OC192.

Point-to-multipoint connects one station to several other stations.Point-to-multipoint are of two types

y Point-to-multipoint Non-Broadcasty Point-to-multipoint Broadcast

In Point-to-multipoint Non-broadcast, the communication isreplicated to all the remote stations. Only specific, selected stationshear the replicated communication. The examples are Frame Relayand ATM.

Point-to-multipoint Broadcast are characterized by a physicalmedum that connects to all machines and where all communicationis heard by all stations.

Q. Can you configure different MTU for subinterfaces under the samemain interface? How do 75000/GSR/ESR routers behave in thisscenario?

A. You can configure different IP MTU with the ip mtu command ondifferent subinterfaces. When you change the MTU on a

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subinterface, the router checks the MTU from the main interface. Ifthe main interface MTU is set to a lower value than the oneconfigured on the subinterface, the router changes the MTU on themain interface to match with the subinterface. Thus, the physicalMTU configured with the mtu command on the main interface

needs to be higher than the IP MTU configured on the subinterfaces.

Packet memory is carved based on the highest MTU configured on75000/GSR. There is one exception to this; the Engine 4+ linecarddoes not require to carve buffers on MTU change. On ESR, thepacket memory is carved at boot time and is not affected by MTUsettings. So ifyou change the MTU, you should not have anyimpact on ESR.

Q. How do you limit the number of sessions when a customer

accesses the network?

A. If the customers use the same IP address, then use the pppipcp address unique command in order to reduce the number ofsessions that the customer uses.

Q. How is accounting data age calculated?

A. The accounting data age increments its value in a 1 minute basis

since the time IP accounting was enabled. This continues until theclear ip accounting command is issued, which resets it from 0.

Q. What does the term threshold and timeout in IP SLA operationmean?

A. Threshold sets the rising threshold that generates a reaction

event and stores history information for an IPSLAs operation.

Timeout sets the amount of time an IPSLAs operation waits for a

response from its request packet.

Q. What is the significance of Time mentioned in the routing table

entry?

A. This is the age of the route in the routing table. It is the timeperiod for which the route is present in the routing table.

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Q. What is Network Descriptor Block (NDB)?

A. It is the network information, which is stored in "Routing table"with Routing Descriptor Block (RDB). The memory to hold the IProuting table learned prefixes is divided into NDB and RDB. Each

route in Routing information Base (RIB) requires one NDB and oneRDB for each path. If the route is subnetted, additional memory isrequired in order to maintain the NDB, and the direct memory useforIP RIB can be shown with the show ip route summarycommand.

Q. Why are loopbacks advertised as /32 host routes in OSPF?

A. Loopbacks are considered host routes in OSPF, and they areadvertised as /32. For more information, refer to section 9.1 ofRFC

2328 . In Cisco IOSSoftware Releases 11.3T and 12.0, if the ipospf network point-to-point command is configured underloopbacks, OSPF advertises the loopback subnet as the actualsubnet configured on loopbacks. ISDN dialer interface advertises/32 subnet instead of its configured subnet mask. This is anexpected behavior ifip ospf network point-to-multipoint is

configured.

Q. How do I change the reference bandwidth in OSPF?

A. You can change the reference bandwidth in Cisco IOSSoftwareRelease 11.2 and later using the ospf auto-cost reference-bandwidth command underrouter ospf. By default, reference

bandwidth is 100 Mbps.

Q. How does OSPF calculate its metric or cost?

A. OSPF uses a reference bandwidth of100 Mbps for costcalculation. The formula to calculate the cost is reference bandwidthdivided by interface bandwidth. For example, in the case ofEthernet, it is 100 Mbps / 10 Mbps = 10.

Note: Ifip ospf cost costis used on the interface, it overrides this

formulated cost.

Q. Are OSPF routing protocol exchanges authenticated?

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A. Yes, OSPF can authenticate all packets exchanged betweenneighbors. Authentication may be through simple passwords orthrough MD5 cryptographic checksums. To configure simplepassword authentication for an area, use the command ip ospfauthentication-key to assign a password ofup to eight octets to

each interface attached to the area. Then, issue the area xauthentication command to the OSPF router configuration toenable authentication. (In the command, x is the area number.)

Cisco IOSSoftware Release 12.x also supports the enabling ofauthentication on a per-interface basis. Ifyou want to enableauthentication on some interfaces only, or ifyou want differentauthentication methods on different interfaces that belong to thesame area, use the ip ospf authentication interface mode

command.

Q. What is the link-state retransmit interval, and what is the command

to set it?

A. OSPF must send acknowledgment ofeach newly received link-state advertisement (LSA). It does this by sending LSA packets.LSAs are retransmitted until they are acknowledged. The link-stateretransmit interval defines the time between retransmissions. Youcan use the command ip ospf retransmit-interval to set the

retransmit interval. The default value is 5 seconds.

Q. What is the purpose of the variable IP-OSPF-Transmit-Delay?

A. This variable adds a specified time to the age field ofan update.If the delay is not added before transmission over a link, the time inwhich the link-state advertisement (LSA) propagates over the link isnot considered. The default value is 1 second. This parameter hasmore significance on very low-speed links.

Q. Is it true that only the static option of the virtual link in OSPFallows discontiguous networks, regardless of the mask propagation

properties?

A. No, virtual links in OSPF maintain connectivity to the backbonefrom nonbackbone areas, but they are unnecessary fordiscontiguous addressing. OSPF provides support for discontiguous

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networks because every area has a collection ofnetworks, and

OSPF attaches a mask to each advertisement.

Q. Are the multicast IP addresses mapped to MAC-level multicast

addresses?

A. OSPF sends all advertisements using multicast addressing.Except for Token Ring, the multicast IP addresses are mapped toMAC-level multicast addresses. Cisco maps Token Ring to MAC-level broadcast addresses.

Q. Does the Cisco OSPF implementation support IP TOS-basedrouting?

A. Cisco OSPF only supports TOS 0. This means that routers route

all packets on the TOS 0 path, eliminating the need to calculatenonzero TOS paths.

Q. Does the offset-list subcommand work for OSPF?

A. The offset-list command does not work forOSPF. It is used fordistance vector protocols such as Interior Gateway Routing Protocol(IGRP), Routing Information Protocol (RIP), and RIP version 2.

Q. Can an OSPF default be originated into the system based on

external information on a router that does not itself have a default?

A. OSPF generates a default only if it is configured using thecommand default-information originate and if there is a defaultnetwork in the box from a different process. The default route inOSPF is 0.0.0.0. Ifyou want an OSPF-enabled router to generate adefault route even if it does not have a default route itself, use thecommand default-information originate always.

Q. Can I use the distribute-list in/out command with OSPF to filter

routes?

A. The distribute-list commands are supported in OSPF but workdifferently than distance-vector routing protocols such as RoutingInformation Protocol (RIP) and Enhanced Interior Gateway RoutingProtocol (EIGRP). OSPF routes cannot be filtered from entering theOSPF database. The distribute-list in command only filters routesfrom entering the routing table; it does not prevent link-state

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packets from being propagated. Therefore, this command does nothelp conserve router memory, and it does notprohibit a routerfrompropagating filtered routes to other routers.

Caution: Use of the distribute-list in command in OSPF maylead to routing loops in the network ifnot implemented carefully.

The command distribute-list out works only on the routes beingredistributed by the Autonomous System Boundary Routers(ASBRs) into OSPF. It can be applied to external type 2 andexternal type 1 routes, but not to intra-area and interarea routes.

Q. How can I give preference to OSPF interarea routes over intra-arearoutes?

A. According to section 11 ofRFC 2328 , the order ofpreference

forOSPF routes is:

y intra-area routes, Oy interarea routes, OIAy external routes type 1, O E1y external routes type 2, O E2

This rule ofpreference cannot be changed. However, it applies only

within a single OSPF process. Ifa router is running more than oneOSPF process, route comparison occurs. With route comparison,the metrics and administrative distances (if they have beenchanged) of the OSPF processes are compared. Route types aredisregarded when routes supplied by two different OSPF processesare compared.

Q. Do I need to manually set up adjacencies for routers on theSwitched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) cloud with the OSPF

neighbor subcommand?

A. In Cisco IOSSoftware releases earlier than Cisco IOSSoftwareRelease 10.0, the neighborcommand was required to establishadjacencies over nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) networks(such as Frame Relay, X.25, and SMDS). With Cisco IOSSoftwareRelease 10.0 and later, you can use the ip ospf networkbroadcast command to define the network as a broadcast network,

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eliminating the need for the neighborcommand. Ifyou are notusing a fully meshed SMDS cloud, you must use the ip ospfnetwork point-to-multipoint command.

Q. When routes are redistributed between OSPF processes, are all

shortest path first algorithm (SPF) metrics preserved, or is the defaultmetric value used?

A. The SPF metrics are preserved. The redistribution between themis like redistribution between any two IP routing processes.

Q. How does Cisco accommodate OSPF routing on partial-mesh

Frame Relay networks?

A. You can configure OSPF to understand whether it should

attempt to use multicastfacilities on a multi-access inter

face. Also,ifmulticast is available, OSPF uses it for its normal multicasts.

Cisco IOSSoftware Release 10.0 includes a feature calledsubinterfaces. You can use subinterfaces with Frame Relay to tietogether a set ofvirtual circuits (VCs) to form a virtual interface,which acts as a single IP subnet. All systems within the subnetshould be fully meshed. With Cisco IOSSoftware Releases 10.3,11.0 and later, the ip ospf point-to-multipoint command is also

available.

Q. Which address-wild-mask pair should I use for assigning an

unnumbered interface to an area?

A. When an unnumbered interface is configured, it referencesanother interface on the router. When enabling OSPF on theunnumbered interface, use the address-wild-mask pair of interfacesto which the unnumbered interface is pointing.

Q. Can I have one numbered side and leave the other side

unnumbered in OSPF?

A. No, OSPF does not work ifyou have one side numbered and theother side unnumbered. This creates a discrepancy in the OSPFdatabase that prevents routes from being installed in the routingtable.

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Q. Why do I receive the "cannot allocate router id" error message

when I configure Router OSPF One?

A. OSPF picks up the highest IP address as a routerID. If there areno interfaces in up/up mode with an IP address, it returns this error

message. To correct the problem, configure a loopback interface.

Q. Why do I receive the "unknown routing protocol" error messagewhen I configure Router OSPF One?

A. Your software may not support OSPF. This error messageoccurs most frequently with the Cisco 1600 series routers. Ifyouare using a 1600 router, you need a Plus image to run OSPF.

Q. What do the states DR, BDR, and DROTHER mean in show ip ospf

interface command output?

A. DR means designated router. BDR means backup designatedrouter. DROTHER indicates a router that is neither the DR or the BDR.The DR generates a Network Link-State Advertisement, which listsall the routers on that network.

Q. When I issue the show ip ospf neighbor command, why do I only

see FULL/DR and FULL/BDR, with all other neighbors showing 2-WAY/DROTHER?

A. To reduce the amount offlooding on broadcast media, such asEthernet, FDDI, and Token Ring, the router becomes full with onlydesignated router (DR) and backup designated router (BDR), and itshows 2-WAYfor all other routers.

Q. Why do I not see OSPF neighbors as FULL/DR orFULL/BDR on my seriallink?

A. This is normal. On point-to-point and point-to-multipointnetworks, there are no designated routers (DRs) or backup

designated routers (BDRs).

Q. Do I need any special commands to run OSPF over BRI/PRI links?

A. In addition to the normal OSPF configuration commands, youshould use the dialer map command. When using the dialer map

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command, use the broadcast keyword to indicate that broadcasts

should be forwarded to the protocol address.

Q. Do I need any special commands to run OSPF over asynchronous

links?

A. In addition to the normal OSPF configuration commands, youshould use the async default routing command on theasynchronous interface. This command enables the router to passrouting updates to other routers over the asynchronous interface.Also, when using the dialer map command, use the broadcastkeyword to indicate that broadcasts should be forwarded to theprotocol address.

Q. Which Cisco IOS Software release began support for per-interface

authentication type in OSPF?

A. Per-interface authentication type, as described in RFC 2178 ,was added in Cisco IOSSoftware Release 12.0(8).

Q. Can I control the P-bit when importing external routes into a not-

so-stubby area (NSSA)?

A. When external routing information is imported into an NSSA in atype 7 link-state advertisement (LSA), the type 7 LSA has only area

flooding scope. To further distribute the external information, type 7LSAs are translated into type 5 LSAs at the NSSA border. The P-bitin the type 7 LSA Options field indicates whether the type 7 LSAshould be translated. Only those LSAs with the P-bit set aretranslated. When you redistribute information into the NSSA, the P-bit is automatically set. A possible workaround applies when theAutonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) is also an AreaBorder Router (ABR). The NSSA ASBR can then summarize withthe not-advertise keyword, which results in not advertising the

translated type 7 LSAs.

Q. Why are OSPF show commands responding so slowly?

A. You may experience a slow response when issuing OSPF showcommands, but not with other commands. The most commonreason for this delay is that you have the ip ospf name-lookupconfiguration command configured on the router. This command

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causes the router to look up the device Domain Name System(DNS) names for all OSPF show commands, making it easier toidentify devices, but resulting in a slowed response time for thecommands. Ifyou are experiencing slow response on commandsother than just OSPF show commands, you may want to start

looking at other possible causes, such as the CPU utilization.

Q. What does the clear ip ospf redistribution command do?

A. The clear ip ospf redistribution command flushes all the type 5and type 7 link-state advertisements (LSAs) and scans the routingtable for the redistributed routes. This causes a partial shortest pathfirst algorithm (SPF) in all the routers on the network that receivethe flushed/renewed LSAs. When the expected redistributed routeis not in OSPF, this command may help to renew the LSA and getthe route into OSPF.

Q. Does OSPF form adjacencies with neighbors that are not on the

same subnet?

A. The only time that OSPF forms adjacencies between neighborsthat are not on the same subnet is when the neighbors areconnected through point-to-point links. This may be desired whenusing the ip unnumbered command, but in all other cases, theneighbors must be on the same subnet.

Q. How often does OSPF send out link-state advertisements (LSAs)?

A. OSPF sends out its self-originated LSAs when the LSA age

reaches the link-state refresh time, which is 1800 seconds.

Q. How do I stop individual interfaces from developing adjacencies in

an OSPF network?

A. To stop routers from becoming OSPF neighbors on a particular

interface, issue the passive-interface command at the interface.

In Internet service provider (ISP) and large enterprise networks,many of the distribution routers have more than 200 interfaces.Configuring passive-interface on each of the 200 interfaces can bedifficult. The solution in such situations is to configure all theinterfaces as passive by default using a single passive-interface

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default command. Then, configure individual interfaces whereadjacencies are desired using the no passive-interface command.For more information, refer to Default Passive Interface Feature.

There are some known problems with the passive-interface

default command. Workarounds are listed in Cisco bug IDCSCdr09263 (registered customers only) .

Q. When I have two type 5 link-state advertisements (LSAs) for thesame external network in the OSPF database, which path should beinstalled in the IP routing table?

A. When you have two type 5 LSAs for the same external networkin the OSPF database, prefer the external LSA that has the shortestpath to the Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) and

install that into the IP routing table. Use the show ip ospf border-routers command to check the cost to the ASBR.

Q. Why is it that my Cisco 1600 router does not recognize the OSPF

protocol?

A. Cisco 1600 routers require the Plus feature set image ofCiscoIOSSoftware to run OSPF. Refer to Table 3: Cisco 1600 SeriesRouters Feature Sets in the Release Notes for Cisco IOS Release11.2(11) Software Feature Packs for Cisco 1600 Series Routersfor

more information.

Q. Why is it that my Cisco 800 router does not run OSPF?

A. Cisco 800 routers do not support OSPF. However, they dosupport Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Enhanced InteriorGateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). You can use the SoftwareAdvisor(registered customers only) tool for more information on featuresupport.

Q. Should I use the same process number while configuring OSPF onmultiple routers within the same network?

A. OSPF, unlike Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) or Enhanced

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), does not check theprocess number (or autonomous system number) whenadjacencies are formed between neighboring routers and routing

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information is exchanged. The only case in which the OSPFprocess number is taken into account is when OSPF is used as therouting protocol on a Provider Edge to Customer Edge (PE-CE) linkin a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) VPN. PE routers markOSPF routes with the domain attribute derived from the OSPF

process number to indicate whether the route originated within thesame OSPF domain orfrom outside it. If the OSPF processnumbering is inconsistent on PE routers in the MPLS VPN, thedomain-idOSPF mode command should be used to mark that theOSPF processes with different numbers belong to the same OSPFdomain.

This means that, in many practical cases, you can use differentautonomous system numbers for the same OSPF domain in your

network. However, it is best to use consistent OSPF-processnumbering as much as possible. This consistency simplifiesnetwork maintenance and complies with the network designerintention to keep routers in the same OSPF domain.

Q. I have a router that runs Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) andOSPF, who does load-balancing when there are multiple links to a

destination?

A. CEF works by performing the switching of the packet based on

the routing table which is populated by the routing protocols such asOSPF. CEF does the load-balancing once the routing protocol tablehas been calculated. For more details on load balancing, refer toHow does load-balancing work?

Q. How does OSPF use two Multilink paths to transfer packets?

A. OSPF uses the metric aCost, which is related to the bandwidth.If there are equal cost paths (the same bandwidth on bothmultilinks), OSPF installs both routes in the routing table. The

routing table tries to use both links equally, regardless of

theinterface utilization. Ifone of the links in the first multilink fails,OSPF does not send all the traffic down the second multilink. If thefirst multilink peaks 100%, OSPF does not send any traffic down thesecond multilink because OSPF tries to use both links equally,regardless of the interface utilization. The second is used fully onlywhen the first multilink goes down.

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Q. How can you detect the topological changes rapidly?

A. In order to have a rapid fault detection of topology changes, thehello timer value needs to be set to 1 second. The hold timer value,which is is four times that of the hello timer, also needs to be

configured. There is a possibility ofmore routing traffic if the helloand hold timer values are reduced from their default values.

Q. Does the 3825 Series Router support the OSPF Stub feature? A. Yes, the 3800 Series Router that runs Advanced IPServices

image supports the OSPF Stub feature.Q. What does the error message %OSPF-4-FLOOD_WAR: Processprocess-id re-originates LSA ID ip address type-2 adv-rtrip address in

area area idmeans?

A. The error message is due to the some router that is flushing thenetwork LSA because the network LSA received by the routerwhose LSA ID conflicts with the IP address ofone of the router'sinterfaces and flushes the LSA out of the network. ForOSPF tofunction correctly the IP addresses of transit networks must beunique. If it is not unique the conflicting routers reports this errormessage. In the error message the router with the OSPF routerIDreported as adv-rtr reports this message.

Q. Can we have OSPF run over a GRE tunnel?

A. Yes, refer to Configuring a GRE Tunnel overIPSec with OSPF.

Question No. 01

The console port can be used for which of the following? (Choose three.)

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1.debugging.

2.password recovery.

3.routing data between networks.

4.troubleshooting.

5.connecting one router to another.

Answer:

Correct answer: 1, 2 and 4

Explanation: By using router console port you can configure router, can setpassword and recover password, troubleshooting etc. So, options 1, 2 and 4

are the correct answers. But to route data between networks, you need to

define routing protocol. So, option 3 is incorrect. To connect one router to

another you need a physical medium. There is no use of console port. So,

option 5 is incorrect.

Question No. 02

Select the statements that correctly describe flash memory in a 2600 series

router? (Choose two.)

1.holds the startup configuration by default.

2.can be upgraded with single in-line memory modules.

3.stores Cisco IOS software images.

4.stores routing table information by default.

5.maintains the only copy of an IOS image after the router is booted.

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Answer:

Correct answer: 2 and 3

Explanation: Flash memory is an erasable, programmable read -only memory

which holds operating system image and microcode. It allows software to be

updated without removing any chips and content remain when powered

down pr restart. For this reason, 2 and 3 are the correct answers.

Question No. 03

Which of the following are functions of NVRAM? (Choose two.)

1.stores the routing table.

2.retains contents when power is removed.

3.stores the startup configuration file.

4.contains the running configuration file.

5.stores the ARP table.

Answer:


Explanation: NVRAM stores the backup/startup configuration file for therouter. It retains conten when the router is powered down or restarted.

Question 04.

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Which of the following descriptions are true regarding the management

connections on a Cisco router? (Choose three.)

1.They are non-network connections.

2.They are used to connect the router to the rest of the production network.

3.They are synchronous serial ports.

4.They are used for initial router configuration.

5.They are asynchronous serial ports.

6.They are accessed using their assigned IP address.

Answers:


Explanation: Management connections of Cisco router are used to

configuration router. These are non-network connections. So, option 1, 2 and

4 are the correct answers. Option 3 and 4 are not correct because it's not a

synchronous or asynchronous serial ports. Management connections has no

IP address. So, option 6 is not also the correct answer. So, options 1, 2 and 4

are the correct answers.

Question No. 05

An internetwork must include which of the following? (Choose t hree.)

1.switching.

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2.static addressing.

3.IETF standardization.

4.dynamic or static routing.

5.consistent end-to-end addressing.

Answer:


Explanation: Internetwork includes switching, dynamic or static routing andit's capable of addressing at the end-to-end addressing. So, option 1, 4 and 5

are correct. Internetwork doesn't include IETF standardization or static

addressing.

Question No. 06

Which of the following are functions of RAM? (Choose three.)

1.contains startup configuration file.

2.stores routing table.

3.holds fast switching cache.

4.retains contents when power is removed.

5.stores running configuration file.

Answer:

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Explanation: Cisco RAM has the following characteristics:

stores routing information

address resolution protocol (ARP)

fast-switching cache

packet buffering

packet hold queues

RAM contents are lost if power is down or restarted

provides temporary running memory.

For the above reasons, 2, 3 and 5 options are correct.

Question No. 07

Terminal emulatror software, such as HyperTerminal, can be used to

configure a router. Which of the following HyperTerminal options shown in

the graphic are correctly set to allow configuration of a Cisco router? (Choose

three.)

1.bits per second.

2.data bits.

3.parity.

4.stop bits.

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5.flow control.

Answer:

Correct answer: 2 3 and 4

Question No. 08

Several Ethernet hosts on a LAN need the gateway services of a Cisco 2500

series router. Which of the following would be needed to physically connect

a router to all of the hosts on the LAN? (Choose two.)

1.a crossover cable between the transceiver on a router and a switch.

2.a crossover cables between a switch and hosts on a LAN.

3.a straight-through cable between the auxiliary port on a router and a

switch.

4.a rollover cable between the console port on a router and a switch.

5.straight-through cables between a switch and hosts on a LAN.

6.a straight-through cable between the transceiver on a router and a switch.

Answer:


Explanation:

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Straight-through cables are used for the following types of cabling:

switch to router

switch to PC or server

hub to PC or server

Crossover cables are used for the following types of cabling:

switch to switch

PC to PC

hub to hub

router to router

router to PC

For the above reasons 5 and 6 are the only true answers.

Question No. 09

Why is a console connection to a router or switch preferred when

troubleshooting? (Choose two.)

1.can be accessed remotely.

2.does not depend on network services.

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3.displays startup and error messages by default.

4.does not require special components.

Answer:


Explanation: Console connection doesn't depend on networking services.

Moreover, by using this type of connection the startup and error message

can be easily captured. That's why 2 and 3 are the correct answers. And the

others are not true answers.

Question No. 10

What do routers use to select the best path for outgoing data packets?

1.ARP tables.

2.bridging tables.

3.routing tables.

4.switching tables.

Answer:

Correct answer: 3

Explanation: Router has a routing table and the routing table is used for

outgoing data packets. So, option 3 is the correct answer.

Question No. 11

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Which of the following tasks can be accomplished through a management

connection on a router? (Choose three.)

1.troubleshooting problems.

2.monitoring the system.

3.capturing LAN data packets.

4.configuring the router.

5.routing data packets.

Answer:


Explanation: By using management connection, you can configure router,

troubleshoot and monitor the system. So, 1, 2 and 5 are the correct answers.

Question No. 12

Which basic components do a router and a standard desktop PC have in

common? (Choose three.)

1.CPU.

2.hard drive.

3.input/output interfaces.

4.keyboard.

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5.monitor.

6.system bus.

Answer:


Explanation: A router doesn't have any monitor, keyboard and hard drive. So,

2, 4 and 5 are the incorrect answer. The correct answers are 1, 3 and 6.

Question No. 13

Which of the following describes the function of a WAN?

1.connects peripherals in a single location.

2.connects multiple networks in a single building.

3.provides connectivity on a LAN.

4.provides connectivity over a large geographic area.

Answer:

Correct answer: 4

Explanation:WAN means Wide Area Network which connects a large

geographical area network. So, 4 is the only one correct answer.

Question No. 14

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ABC Company just purchased three new routers to start their company

network. Which items are needed to establish a terminal session between a

PC and the router for the initial configuration? (Choose three.)

1.straight-through cable.

2.terminal emulation software.

3.rollover cable.

4.RJ-45 to DB-9 connector.

5.V.35 cable.

Answer:


Explanation: To connect a PC and a router, you need one rollover cable, RJ -45

to DB-9 connectors and you need a software which is the terminal emulator

software. So, 2, 3 and 4 are the correct answers.

Question No. 15

During the initial configuration of a 2600 series Cisco router, which cable is

required for connecting a PC to the console port?

1.twisted

2.crossover

3.rollover

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4.straight

Answer:

Correct answer: 3

Explanation: To connect a PC and a router, a crossover cable is used. But

when you are configuring your router, then a rollover cable is used. For more

explanation, see explanation of question 08.

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Question No. 16

What contains the instructions that a router uses control the flow of traffic

through its interfaces?

1.packet configuration.

2.configuration files.

3.flash memory.

4.internal components.

Answer:

Correct answer: 2

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Explanation: Only the configuration file can control the flow of traffic through

its interface.So, option 2 is the correct answer.

Question No. 17

Which of the followings are true regarding router interfaces? (Choose three.)

1.provide temporary memory for the router configuration files.

2.connect the router to the network for packet entry and exit.

3.can be on the motherboard or a separate module.

4.hold the IOS image.

5.connect the router to LANs and WANs.

Answer:


Explanation: By using a router, you can connect LANs and WANS. So, option 5

is correct. All the interfaces are placed on motherboard. So, option 3 is also

correct. By using the interfaces the packets are coming and out. So, option 2

is also correct. So, option 2, 3 and 5 are the correct answers.

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Question No. 18

Which of the following devices are used in the construction of a WAN?

(Choose three.)

1.hubs.

2.routers.

3.communication servers.

4.transceivers.

5.modems.

6.multi-port repeaters.

Answer:


Explanation:

WAN is used to communicate large distance network. So, routers,

communication servers and modems are used here. So, 2, 3 and 5 are the

correct answers.

Question No. 19

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Which router component holds the configuration file when power is lost?

1.volatile random access memory.

2.read only memory.

3.non-volatile random access memory.

4.flash memory.

Answer:

Correct answer: 3

Explanation: See the explanation of question 3.

Question No. 20

Which of the following layers of the OSI model are incorporated in WAN

standards? (Choose two.)

1.physical layer.

2.application layer.

3.transport layer.

4.data link layer.

5.session layer.

Answer:

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Correct answer: 1, 4

Explanation: Physical layer, Data Link layer and Network Layer are the

incorporated in WAN standards. So, 1 and 4 are the correct answers.

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