CIRCULATORY OR TRANSPORT SYSTEMSIN GENERAL, regardless of the organism, all transport systems have the same function: TRANSPORT = MOVE MATERIALS AROUND THE BODY:

MORE SPECIFICALLY: Bring O2 from gas exchange (respiratory system) surfaces, and nutrients from digestive systems, to individual cells; and bring CO2 from cells to gas exchange (respiratory system) surfaces, and wastes and extra water from cells to the kidneys for excretion.

O2 (oxygen gas) and the nutrient glucose are needed by cells to perform cellular respiration to provide chemical energy for the activities of cells. Other nutrients like proteins are needed to grow, repair and maintain tissues.

CO2 (carbon dioxide gas) is produced by cells during cellular respiration and is poisonous in high concentrations so must be gotten rid of. Wastes like some nitrogen (N)-containing chemicals (NH4+) are produced when protein is broken down. They are poisonous so must be gotten rid of. Excess water comes from what you drink and eat. Too much extra water dilutes your blood and other tissues. This can cause heart failure or seizures so it must be gotten rid of.

A.SINGLE-CELLED VERY SMALL ORGANSISMS

Example 1: Bacteria: No special system. Small enough that diffusion of materials in and out of them is enough.

Example 2: Amoeba: No special system; BUT can move or “squirt” their cytoplasm (“cytoplasmic streaming”) to move materials around inside of them. Get rid of excess water by collecting it in a contractile vacuole which then bursts releasing it to the outside

B.MULTICELLUAR SIMPLE ANIMALS

Example 1: Hydra: Have a combination digestive system/circulatory system -- the gastrovascular cavity. This works well because most of their cells are in direct contact with the water containing the food they will digest in their GVC; or with water that surrounds them.

They just circulate the nutrients around and diffusion does the rest

C.MULTICELLULAR ANIMALS WITH “TRUE SYSTEMS”

There are two main categories of true circulatory or transport systemsi) OPEN SYSTEMSii) CLOSED SYSTEMS

Both these systems have the following 4 main components:1. Pumps (often called “hearts” – but there are other names)2. Tubes (most people just think of “veins” – but there are 5 types of

tubes: arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries)3. Fluid (often called blood – but there are other kinds)4. Valves

________________________________________________________________________1. Fluid: Some types have different cells flowing along in it, some do

not. All fluids (or the cells in the fluid) have oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes dissolved in them

2. Pumps: Muscular hollow organs connected to tubes that push the fluid around

3. Tubes: hollow tubes like drinking straws that are pathways for the fluid

4. Valves: one-way gates keep fluid moving in one direction only in any particular tube so the fluid moves along instead of sloshing back and forth

i) OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS : The opposite of “closed” systems

The fluid (often called “blood” but can have other names) is NOT confined inside of tubes at all times. Instead, it pours out of a few main tubes into open spaces (SINUSES) between internal organs and bathes them in “blood”. The cells in the organs get nutrients and/or O2 (oxygen gas) from this fluid by diffusion; and they get rid of wastes and/or CO2 (carbon dioxide gas) into this fluid by diffusion.

GENERAL DRAWING OF OPEN SYSTEM:

SPECIFIC TYPES OF OPEN SYSTEMS

Example 1: Grasshoppers and other Insects

"fluid" is called hemolymph. It is in the tube and in the sinus.It does not carry O2 or CO2 since they have a branching air intake

system where the tubes bring air (O2) directly to and (CO2) directly from body cells. You see HEMOLYMPH when an insect is squashed by a car’s windshield.

It is used to distribute nutrients and wastes. "tube(s)" is the vessel in front of the part labeled "ostia") "pumps" are the things labeled "hearts" "valves" can be inferred by the direction of arrows

Example 2: Crayfish

ii) CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

Fluid is contained within tubes at all timesBlood is pumped through a closed system of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Blood is always contained within blood vessels. Blood is pumped in one direction and does not "contact" organs. Capillaries surround and pierce between cells in the organs, making sure that all cells can receive oxygen and remove their waste products.

More Detail about the 4 Main Components of a Closed Circulatory System

1. FLUIDS: Other organisms like earthworms, and all the vertebrates: _________________________,

________________________, _____________________________, _________________________,

____________________________ have “blood.”

Worm blood has white blood cells but not red blood cells.

All vertebrate circulatory system fluids have

A. 3 types of cells or cell parts in their blood plus B. a liquid

A.CELLS AND CELL PARTS:

1. Red blood cells (RBC’s): Carry oxygenHave hemoglobin – a pigment that can reversibly attach and unattach to O2. O2 is transported throughout the body in these cells which travel in the blood in the tubes. Hemoglobin with O2 attached = oxyhemoglobin (Hgb-O2) is a brighter red colour than hemoglobin without O2 attached = deoxyhemoglobin (Hgb). This is why people will say blood is really blue until you cut yourself when it then touches oxygen and goes red (this is only partially true – it never is true “blue” – but it does get brighter and redder with O2)

2. White blood cells (WBC’s): Fight infectionTransported throughout the body in the fluid in the blood BUT can also squeeze out of the blood vessels and crawl around between the cells of

different tissues. They are like amoeba (Protista) that look around for and then eat or otherwise destroy foreign cells they find – such as bacteria, fungi and Protists. They also find and destroy viruses. Sometimes they are tricked into thinking a protein from something like a peanut is attached to a foreign cell so they overreact and try to “kill” it. This causes allergies to different types of food for some people.

3. Platelets: Clot bloodThese are broken up bits of a bigger special cell type that starts the process of blood clotting. Factors in the liquid portion of the blood then undergo chemical reactions to form the clot. Blood clots are necessary to stop organisms from bleeding to death. You have seen blood clots if you have ever had a scab. Blood clots forming in small arteries or capillaries in the brain can cause strokes or can cause other problems in other organs, while the inability to form good enough clots can cause bleeding into the brain or other organs – so you need to have properly functioning platelets. Surgeons always want to know how many you have and if they work properly before they will cut you open.

B. LIQUID: allows movement of cells/cell parts/dissolved stuff Called PLASMAHas nutrients from the digestive system and wastes and dissolved CO2 from cells in it. Most of the CO2 in an organism is transported in the liquid portion

When the proteins that cause clotting are removed from plasma it is called SERUM.People with hemophilia are missing one of the clotting chemicals in their plasma (Factor VIII) so they cannot clot blood and are at risk of bleeding to death. They have to inject donated Factor VIII into their blood regularly.

2. PUMPS: Hollow organs made of muscle, which push blood through the system. Birds and mammals have a 4-chambered heart, amphibians and some reptiles have a 3-

chambered heart, and fish have a 2 chambered heart, while the earthworm has 5 aortic arches.

3. TUBESHollow tubes to direct blood flow

i) arteries, ii) arterioles, iii) capillaries, iv) veins, v) venules

i) ARTERIES (A for Away) carry blood away from the heart blood is under high pressure from the pumping of the heart. thick, elastic walls to allow stretch and recoil and to stop having a hole

blown in them. all but one contain oxygenated blood: exception: pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right

ventricle to the lungs, where it gives off carbon dioxide and receives oxygen.

aorta is the largest artery. It carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

ii) ARTERIOLES: small arteries

iii) CAPILLARIES network of tiny vessels with extremely thin –

(only one cell thin) of simple squamous tissue, highly permeable walls. present in all of the major tissues of the body and function in the exchange

of gases, nutrients, and fluids between the blood, body tissues, and alveoli of the lungs

iv) VEINS return the blood back to the heart. blood is lower pressure than in arteries thin walls contain one-way valves to prevent the backflow of blood all but one contain deoxygenated blood:

exception: pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium vena cava is largest vein. It returns blood from the body to the right atrium

v) VENULES: Small veins

Capillary

4.VALVES Prevent backflow of blood as it passes through veins and chambers of the heart. This keeps blood moving in a one-direction loop.

More Detail about Different Animal’s Closed Circulatory Syste ms 1. Invertebrates: Earthworm: Vessels and fluid:

two main blood vessels: the dorsal blood vessel that carries blood to the head (anterior end of worm) and the ventral blood vessel that carries blood to the tail (posterior end of worm).

Pump : five pairs of vessels: “Aortic arches” which connect the dorsal and the

ventral vessels. Aortic arches function as the “hearts” and force blood into the ventral vessel.

Valves : None. Blood can flow backward and the system is only slightly more

efficient than the open system of insects.

2. Vertebrates: Fish, Amphibians, Mammals

2 Chambered HeartsFish : 1 atrium; 1 ventricle

Blood collected from the fish’s body enters a thin-walled chamber = Atrium

When the heart relaxes, blood passes through a valve into a thick walledchamber = Ventricle

Contraction of the ventricle forces blood into the capillary network of the GILLS where gas exchange occurs.

Blood goes to the body where exchanges with tissue occur.

Blood then returns to the atrium.

3 Chambered Hearts: Amphibian (and Reptiles): 2 atria; 1 ventricle

right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the bodyleft atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and skin

Both atria empty into one ventricle deoxygenated blood is mixed with

oxygenated blood in the ventricles

ventricle contracts, and this mixed blood is sent to all body parts to give off O2 and pick up CO2, but also to the skin and lungs to pick up O2 and release. CO2

4 Chambered Hearts:

Mammals, Crocodiles and Birds A four-chambered heart ensures efficient and rapid movement of highly oxygenated blood to the

organs of the body. This helps in thermal regulation and in rapid, sustained muscle movements. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood does not mix.

Blood flow in Humans:All blood enters the right side of the heart through two veins: The superior vena cava (SVC) from the upper body tissues, and the inferior vena cava (IVC) from the lower body tissues.

This blood is low in O2 and high in CO2.

Blood enters the right atrium (RA). When the RA contracts, the blood goes through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle (RV). When the RV contracts, blood is pumped through the pulmonary valve, into the pulmonary artery (PA) and into the lungs where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide..

Blood now returns to the heart from the lungs by way of the pulmonary veins and goes into the left atrium (LA). When the LA contracts, blood travels through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle (LV). The LV pumps blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta. The aorta is the main artery of the body. It receives all the blood that the heart has pumped out and distributes it to the rest of the body by branching. The LV has a thicker muscle than any other heart chamber because it must pump blood to the rest of the body against much higher blood pressure in the rest of the body.Fill in the blanks below using short forms to show the path of blood through the mammalian circulation:

SVC and IVC ____ tricuspid (RAVV) ____P________ A_____

etc keep going

LABEL THIS DIAGRAM OF A MAMMALIAN HEART

TYING IT ALL TOGETHER

Draw tubes with arrows to show the movement of substances through the circulatory system to and from each organ. Use arrows and include the labels: CO2, O2, nutrients, nitrogen-wastes, water.