ChronicaHORTICULTURAE

A PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE

Volume 49 - Number 4 - 2009

Symposia and Workshops

Horticultural Highlights

All Africa Horticulture Congress • Rose Research and Cultivation • EucarpiaSection Ornamentals • Landscape and Urban Horticulture • Artichoke, Cardoonand Their Wild Relatives • Horticultural Economics and Management •Horticultural Research, Training and Extension • Molecular Markers inHorticulture • Growing Media and Composting

Juan Sánchez Cotán: Mystical Artist of Horticulture • The Epoch of Philip II:Botanical and Horticultural Impact • Historical Wines of Spain • HistoricalWines of Portugal • Iberian Olive Growing in a Time of Change • The CitrusIndustry in Spain • Temperate Fruits and Nuts: Iberian Diversity • Tropical FruitCrops in Spain and Portugal • Postharvest Technology in Spanish Horticulture •Spanish Vegetable Production: Processing and Fresh Market • HorticulturalProduction in a Natural Park in Portugal • Iberian Ornamentals Industry:Diversified and Innovative • Protected Cultivation in Iberian Horticulture

Special IssueFeaturing

Iberiawww.ihc2010.org

chroni nr. 4 09 27-11-2009 18:02 Pagina 1

CONTENTS

ChronicaHORTICULTURAE

Chronica Horticulturae© ISBN: 978 90 6605 702 9 (Volume 49 – Number 4;December 2009); ISSN: 0578-039X.Published quarterly by the International Society for Horticultural Science, Leuven,Belgium. Lay-out and printing by Drukkerij Geers, Gent, Belgium. ISHS© 2009. Allrights reserved. No part of this magazine may be reproduced and/or published in anyform, photocopy, microfilm or any other means without written permission from thepublisher. All previous issues are also available online at www.ishs.org/chronica.Contact the ISHS Secretariat for details on full colour advertisements (1/1, 1/2, 1/4page) and/or mailing lists options.

Editorial Office and Contact Address:

ISHS Secretariat, PO Box 500, B-3001 Leuven 1, Belgium. Phone: (+32)16229427, fax:(+32)16229450, e-mail: info@ishs.org, web: www.ishs.org or www.actahort.org.

Editorial Staff

Jules Janick, Science Editor, janick@purdue.eduKelly Van Dijck, Associate Editor, kelly.vandijck@ishs.orgPeter Vanderborght, Associate Editor - Production & Circulation,

peter.vanderborght@ishs.org

Editorial Advisory Committee

Jules Janick, Purdue University, USA, Chair of the Editorial Advisory CommitteeIsabel Ferreira, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisbon, PortugalKim Hummer, USDA ARS NCGR, Corvallis, USAHilde Nybom, Balsgard-Dept. Crop Science, Swedish University of AgriculturalSciences, Kristianstad, SwedenRobert K. Prange, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, CanadaAnthony David Webster, Malmesbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom

Membership and Orders of Chronica Horticulturae

Chronica Horticulturae is provided to the Membership for free: Individual Membership60 EUR per year (developed countries) or two years (developing countries), 50 EUR peryear/two years for members of affiliated national societies, or Student Membership30 EUR per year. For all details on ISHS membership categories and membershipadvantages, including a membership application form, refer to the ISHS membershippages at www.ishs.org/members.

Payments

All major Credit Cards accepted. Always quote your name and invoice or membershipnumber. Make checks payable to ISHS Secretariat. Money transfers: ISHS main bankaccount number is 230-0019444-64. Bank details: Fortis Bank, Branch “HeverleeArenberg”, Naamsesteenweg 173/175, B-3001 Leuven 1, Belgium. BIC (SWIFT code):GEBABEBB08A, IBAN: BE29230001944464. Please arrange for all bank costs to betaken from your account assuring that ISHS receives the net amount. Prices listed arein euro (EUR) but ISHS accepts payments in USD as well.

Acta Horticulturae

Acta Horticulturae is the series of proceedings of ISHS Scientific Meetings, Symposia orCongresses (ISSN: 0567-7572). ISHS Members are entitled to a substantialdiscount on the price of Acta Horticulturae. For an updated list of available titles, goto www.ishs.org/acta. A complete and accurate record of the entire ActaHorticulturae collection, including all abstracts and full text articles is available onlineat www.actahort.org. ISHS Individual membership includes credits to download 10full text Acta Horticulturae articles. All Acta Horticulturae titles – including those nolonger available in print format – are available in the ActaHort CD-ROM format.

Scripta Horticulturae

Scripta Horticulturae is a new series from ISHS devoted to specific horticultural issuessuch as position papers, crop or technology monographs and special workshops orconferences.

The Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology (JHSB)

The JHSB, a "partner" refereed research Journal of the ISHS, is a leading peerreviewed, citation-rated Journal of international stature, reputation and eminence. Itpublishes high-quality original research findings in horticultural science and biotech-nology to a world-wide audience. JHSB is an English Charity owned by its Trustees forthe benefit of horticultural science and society-at-large, on a not-for-profit basis.Available online at www.pubhort.org

The ISHS has a number of collaboration agreements with other Journals. Additionalinformation can be seen from the PubHort website.

A publication of the International Society forHorticultural Science, a society of individuals, orga-nizations, and governmental agencies devoted tohorticultural research, education, industry, andhuman well-being.

ISHS • 2

� News & Views from the Board3 IHC Lisbon: Gateway to World Horticulture, A.A. Monteiro and

V. Galán Saúco4 Board Report – a Summary of the October 2009 Meeting,

I.J. Warrington

� History6 Juan Sánchez Cotán: Mystical Artist of Horticulture,

J. Janick and A.L. González Reimers8 The Epoch of Philip II: Botanical and Horticultural Impact,

C. Castel-Branco and J. Tito Rojo11 Historical Wines of Spain, F. Perez-Camacho13 Historical Wines of Portugal, V. Loureiro

� The World of Horticulture15 Iberian Olive Growing in a Time of Change, L. Rallo17 The Citrus Industry in Spain, L. Navarro20 Temperate Fruits and Nuts: Iberian Diversity, G. Llácer, I. Batlle,

I. Iglesias, M. Mota and C. Moniz Oliveira24 Tropical Fruit Crops in Spain and Portugal, V. Galán Saúco and

I. Hormaza26 Postharvest Technology in Spanish Horticulture, F. Riquelme and

D. Valero27 Spanish Vegetable Production: Processing and Fresh Market,

P. Hoyos Echevarría30 Horticultural Production in a Natural Park in Portugal,

M.E. Ferreira and P. Dolleman33 Iberian Ornamentals Industry: Diversified and Innovative,

J.M. Costa and P. Cermeño Sacristán37 Protected Cultivation in Iberian Horticulture, J.F. Meneses and

N. Castilla40 New Books, Websites41 Courses and Meetings

� Symposia and Workshops42 Ist All Africa Horticulture Congress: A new African spirit “grown

under the sun”44 Vth Int’l Symposium on Rose Research and Cultivation45 XXIII Int’l Eucarpia Symposium, Section Ornamentals -

“Colourful Breeding and Genetics”47 IInd Int’l Conference on Landscape and Urban Horticulture -

Landscape Horticulturists and Architects: Bridging Views forSuccessful Discussions at Bologna

49 VIIth Int’l Symposium on Artichoke, Cardoon and Their WildRelatives

51 XVIth Int’l Symposium on Horticultural Economics andManagement together with the Vth Int’l Symposium onHorticultural Research, Training and Extension – A JointSymposium

53 IInd Int’l Symposium on Molecular Markers in Horticulture55 IInd Int’l Symposium on Growing Media and Composting

� News from the ISHS Secretariat56 New ISHS Members57 Awards58 In Memoriam58 Calendar of ISHS Events62 Index to Volume 49 of Chronica Horticulturae64 Available Issues of Acta Horticulturae

Cover photograph: Bodegón (Quince, Cabbage, Melon, and Cucumber) ofJuan Sánchez Cotán, 1602 (Courtesy San Diego Museum of Art, gift ofAnna R. and Amy Putnam). See p. 7.

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 3

IHC Lisbon: Gateway toWorld Horticulture

NEWS & VIEWS FROM THE BOARD

António A. Monteiro and Víctor Galán Saúco, Congress Co-Presidents

António A.Monteiro

The International Horticultural Congress (IHC)is a stellar event wherever in the world it occurs.Held every four years under the auspices of theISHS, the Congress is the zenith of the Society’scalendar of events. More than a mere scientificconference the IHC hosts multiple activitiesincluding plenary lectures, oral and poster pre-sentations, round-table discussions, technicalvisits and an exhibition. The Congress mirrorsthe diversity of Horticulture with numerousevents dedicated to the various crops and prod-ucts and a wealth of disciplines and technolo-gies. Knowledge providers interact with theirpeers but also with knowledge users and inno-vators. Horticulture’s boundaries are broad andso is the Congress. We seek outreach with otherscientific areas, the stakeholders and the Societyat large. The objective of the IHC Lisbon 2010organisers is to offer the participants a memo-rable experience.

Víctor GalánSaúco

The IHC Lisbon 2010 is a joint venture betweenthe Portuguese Horticultural Association (APH)and the Spanish Society for HorticulturalSciences (SECH). A long cooperation betweenour two national horticultural societies haspaved the way for a smooth working relation-ship during the Congress preparation. Spanishand Portuguese horticulturists serve in the vari-ous committees and as conveners, and for thefirst time the Congress has two co-presidents,one from each country.

The APH and SECH have also a long and richrecord of collaboration with the ISHS. They haveboth organised many ISHS symposia in Spainand in Portugal, their representatives regularlyattend ISHS Council meetings, and members ofthe two national societies often serve as chair-persons of ISHS sections, commissions, andworking groups. The good understandingbetween the ISHS and APH and SECH has madethe planning of the Congress programme easyand provided the opportunity for a valuableinteraction between the three societies.

Cooperation between the APH and SECH start-ed in 1983 and was consolidated in 1990 whenthe 4th Spanish Congress of HorticulturalSciences was held in Lisbon, with a highPortuguese participation, in what was labelledthe 1st Iberian Congress of HorticulturalSciences. Subsequently several Iberian congress-es have been regularly organised in Portugaland Spain. The last one, in May 2009, was heldin Logroño, Spain. The IHC2010 advances thisfruitful scientific collaboration that emphasisesscience in horticulture and interaction with theindustry. The IHC2010 programme will natural-ly express much of these common views.

Science comes first in the Congress priorities asit also comes first in the Congress theme“Science and Horticulture for People.” But sci-ence will interact with industry and with theSociety through the active participation ofstakeholders. Some workshops will be organ-ised by growers’ organisations and others willbe held during the technical visits to discusslocal industry-driven topics.

This issue of Chronica highlights horticulture inthe Iberian Peninsula and archipelagos. Thediversity of crops and products has a logicalfocus on Mediterranean species but alsoincludes species from sub-tropical regions and

those that benefit from the cool summer andmild winter along the Atlantic coast. The histor-ical roots of horticulture interact with cuttingedge technological innovations, which is clearlyvisible in the diversity and quality of productsfor home consumption and export.

Some of the facts and situations depicted in thearticles of this special issue of Chronica will beincluded in the Congress technical visits. Therewill be one-day visits in Portugal and longer vis-its in Spain. This will ensure a lively presence ofSpain in the Congress and allow the partici-pants to see some of the largest horticulturalgrowing areas in Europe. The Congress alsocontains an Exhibition and a Spanish Pavilionwhere horticultural industry and institutions ofresearch and development will be highlighted.

The articles in this issue, an introduction to thehorticulture of Iberia, are a small sample of theregional panorama that awaits you. Portugaland Spain also contain much to offer in additionto horticulture that you will discover withdelight when coming to the Congress. We lookforward with anticipation to your presence inLisbon next August.

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ISHS • 4

Board Report - a Summaryof the October 2009 Meeting

The Board of the ISHS held its second meetingfor 2009 in South Africa in early October.

Prior to the Board’s business sessions, thePresident, Vice President and Executive Directorattended the African Crop Science Society’sCongress in Cape Town, discussed options forcollaboration with members of the ACSS Boardand promoted the services of the ISHS to ACSSmembers. This was the first engagement withthe ACSS. There was an extensive coverage ofhorticultural crops within its Congress pro-gramme and there are clearly opportunities forclose collaboration with the ACSS, which will beexplored with their incoming Board of Directors.

The ISHS Board also met with the President, Dr.Puffy Soundy, and Directors of the SouthernAfrican Society for Horticultural Science at aspecial meeting in Stellenbosch. The relation-ship between ISHS and SASHS has been strongfor many years and the meeting covered topicssuch as the scientific programme for theInternational Horticultural Congress, the role ofhorticulture in the development agenda forAfrica, and the commitment by the SASHS tohost the Second All Africa HorticulturalCongress in 2012.

The ISHS Board meeting was held over two daysat the modern Stellenbosch Institute forAdvanced Study at the University ofStellenbosch. Key matters to arise from thatmeeting were as follows:

Ian J. Warrington, ISHS Vice President

Membership

Individual membership currently stands at 7155,which is slightly higher than at the ends of 2007and 2008. There are 345 members from Africa,1547 from Asia and Australasia, 341 from non-

EU countries in Europe, 2520 from the EU, 262from the Middle East and 1495 and 645 fromNorth and South America, respectively. Thereare currently 41 Country/Region members and116 Institutional members.

Finances

The Society is in a very strong position financial-ly with an end-of-year result forecasted to be inexcess of 100,000 Euro, which is well ahead ofbudget. Reserves now exceed 1.4 million Euro,which is consistent with the Council’s require-ment that the Society holds the equivalent ofone year’s budget in reserve.

Despite the current successful financial positionof the Society, the Board continues to monitorglobal financial circumstances very closely andhas contingency plans in place, through mildand severe crisis budget provisions, to ensurethat the ISHS can manage through any difficul-ties that might arise.

Publications and the Scientific Programme

The number of scientific symposia and the con-sequent number of Acta Horticulturae pub-

President Norm Looney, Treasurer Rob Bogers, Executive Director Jozef Van Assche, CongressPresident Antonio Monteiro and Publications Director Jules Janick attempt to hold steady for thephotograph in a driving south easterly gale at the Cape of Good Hope.

Board members from the Southern African Society for Horticultural Science and theInternational Society for Horticultural Science meet on the steps of the Department ofHorticultural Science at the University of Stellenbosch.

Ian J.Warrington

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 5

Relaxing and enjoying a formal wine tastingwith hosts from South Africa: Dr. WiehannSteyn (far left), Mike North (second left) andMichael Schmeisser (front right).

A view of the impressive landscape from the top of Franschhoek Pass.Wineries and apple orchards are important contributors to the economyof this region.

Dr. Mias Pretorius explains the challenges of apple growing to mem-bers of the ISHS Board at Grabouw in the Western Cape fruitgrowingregion.

in excess of 40. The number of ActaHorticulturae published during 2009 will be 43by year-end.

Chronica Horticulturae has had more than 52pages of content in recent issues with volume49(3) providing wonderful articles to celebratethe 50th Anniversary of the Society and 49(4)highlighting Iberian horticulture.

Partnerships

The ISHS now celebrates partnerships withmany scientific and industry organisationsaround the world. In some cases these partner-ships embrace the provision of secretarial serv-ice from the ISHS (including website andnewsletter management), management of elec-tronic versions of proceedings and journals onthe PubHort portal, joint symposia, joint mem-bership arrangements and a number of otherservices. Amongst these valued partners are thefollowing professional societies: EuropeanAssociation for Potato Research (EAPR),International Society for Mushroom Science

(ISMS), American Pomological Society (APS),International Plant Propagators Society (IPPS),American Society for Plasticulture (ASP), and theInteramerican Society for Tropical Horticulture(ISTH).

International Horticultural Congress

The plans are now finalised for IHC2010 inLisbon with a full programme of symposia, sem-inars, colloquia and workshops. All ISHS mem-bers are encouraged to contribute papers andposters to this important scientific congress.Ongoing updates about the Congress can beaccessed at www.ihc2010.org.

The Board was able to enjoy the hospitality ofhosts from South Africa during its visit to thisimportant horticultural region. The surroundingphotographs record some of the scientific andsocial elements of the field trips that were heldin association with the Board meetings.

lished annually has grown considerably over thepast decade. In the late 1990’s it was typical foraround 30 symposia to be held annually where-as for the past two years this number has been

Did you renew your ISHS membership?Logon to www.ishs.org/members and renew online!

chroni nr. 4 09 27-11-2009 18:02 Pagina 5

ISHS • 6

HISTORY

Juan Sánchez Cotán: Mystical Artist ofHorticulture

Many of Cotán’s austere still-life paintings(Fig. 2A to F) revolve around a simple theme: acollection of common vegetables (cabbage, car-doon, carrot, chayote, cucumber, lettuce,melon, radish); fruits (apple, citron, limonetta,lemon, blood orange, quince); and sometimesdead game birds (chaffinch, common linnet,European goldfinch, European roller, Europeansparrow, European turtledove, francolin, littlebustard, mallard, red partridge, serin, turtle-dove). These are all organized in a square frame,perhaps a window, with some objects hangingfrom a string, a common method of preserva-tion at that time, and some nestling on theledge or leaning on the frame. The individualobjects are brightly lit by sunlight shining fromthe left, but appear against a black backgroundin the style known as tenebrism. The objects inthe paintings are isolated from each other andare painted with extreme “photo-realism.” Wecan almost touch and feel them. Their arrange-ments are not natural, but indicate a definitive,careful placement by the artist. The purpose isnot obvious but one feels the artist is searchingand striving for some mysterious effect. On 10August 1603, before Cotán entered his reli-gious order, he made his last will and invento-ried his works, which included 11 paintings ofhorticultural subjects. Fig. 2 A, D, E, F wereincluded indicating the date of composition pre-ceded this date. Fig. 2C is signed and dated1602. While, there is no way to date accuratelythe sequence of paintings the fact that Fig. 2Bis not mentioned in the inventory suggests thatit might be the last painting of the series possi-bly painted when he joined the Carthusianmonastery since it was found there in 1835,when all monastery properties were taken overby the government. The fact that the otherpaintings were either in his possession orowned by two of his best friends suggests that

Jules Janick and Ana Luisa González Reimers

The Spanish artist, Juan Sánchez Cotán (1560-1627), had a dual career as a painter of religioussubjects and still lifes of which only a few remain. Born in the town of Orgaz, he became a suc-cessful popular artist in nearby Toledo, but in 1603 his career took a different direction as hejoined a Carthusian monastery as a layperson, and devoted the rest of his life to painting pure-ly religious subjects, many specifically relating to his order (Fig. 1). Oddly enough his religiouspaintings are now considered unexceptional but his revolutionary, secular, still-life works, paint-ed just before he changed his vocation to a life of contemplation, have placed him as one ofthe great artists of the Spanish Baroque.

they rather than being painted on commissionwere made for personal reasons.

The almost banal objects have a noble simplici-ty. Each is treated with intense interest andrespect. The arrangements are graceful butunnatural and transcendental, with most itemsconfined to their own space. When the series ofpaintings are viewed together one gets the feel-ing that the artist was searching for a particularunfathomable arrangement. Astonishingly, onepainting, now labeled Quince, Cabbage, Melon,and Cucumber, (Fig. 2 E, see also the cover)appears as the epitome of his long search forperfection. It is an iconic example of a still lifewith a metaphysical meaning constructed fromfour common horticultural objects spiraling in adescent from heaven to earth. The gashedmelon and the slit flesh of the slice show evi-dence of the human world, yet the juxtaposi-tion of the floating apple, the exploding cab-bage head, cut melon and slice with the cucum-ber balancing on the edge, pointing to theviewer, somehow belong to another concept ofthe world, known only to the painter. Thesuper-realistic fruits are immersed in a darkabstract emptiness yet their arrangementreflects a deep knowledge of perspective andgeometry providing a transcendent contempla-tion of both nature and the spirit.

There is horticultural information to be gleanedin these five paintings. We can distinguish treefruits (quince, apple, four types of citrus); rootvegetables (radish and various carrots with pig-ment ranging from white to yellow to purple);and three different cucurbit fruits (a yellowfleshed casaba melon; a cucumber, very similarto modern pickling types; and a chayote, a NewWorld plant from Mexico that may be the firstpainting in Europe of this species). There are

two species of leafy vegetables: two types ofcabbage, a loose heading tronchuda cabbagewith thick petioles (Fig. 2D) and a firm headingtype (Fig. 2E) common in Europe in the MiddleAges and similar to the modern type; and a typeof non-heading lettuce known as Batavia. Themost depicted vegetable, found in four of thesix works, is cardoon, a well-known plant ofCastile whose seed is a common food source ofthe European goldfinch; carrots and cabbageare found in three paintings.

It seems clear that all the fruit in each paintingwere not painted from life. For example the car-doon in Fig. 2A (dated ca. 1600) and 2C (signedand dated 1602) are identical in form and posi-tion suggesting the latter image was repaintedfrom the former or vice versa, but the cardoonsin Fig. 2B and D seem to be unique based onthe cut surfaces. It is clear that Fig. 2F was madeby reduplicating Fig. 2E and then adding thebirds and the chayote. Using transparencies, thecommon vegetables line up almost exactly. Theattribution of Fig. 2F as an original Cotán wasonce controversial, but the 1603 inventory doesdescribe a still life with four birds.

One of the unique attributes of Cotán’s paint-ings is that the fruits are posed, reminding theviewer of a Caravaggio tableaux. They indicate

Figure 1. Self portrait (right figure) ofJuan Cotán from the painting Apariciónde la Virgen del Rosario a San Bruno(Granada Museo de Bellas Artes).

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 7

Figure 2. The horticultural paintings (bodegones) of Juan Sánchez Cotán. A. Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) and francolin (Francolinus francolinus).B. Cardoon and carrots (Daucus carota). This painting is not mentioned in the 1603 inventory. C. Top from left to right: limetta (Citrus limetta,probably ‘Arancia da Spagna’), apples (Malus x domestica), European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis), chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), red partridges(Alectoris rufa). Bottom from left to right: six birds on a stick: from bottom to top there are a common linnet (Carduelis cannabina), one Europeangoldfinch, two European sparrows (Passer domesticus), another European goldfinch, and a male serin (Serinus serinus); carrots, radishes(Raphanus sativus), and cardoon. D. Top from left to right: blood orange (Citrus sinensis), citron (Citrus medica), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.tronchuda), carrots. Bottom from left to right: cardoon, lemon slice (Citrus limon), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and quince (Cydonia oblonga). E. Fromleft to right: quince, cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata), casaba melon, melon slice (Cucumis melo subsp. melo Inodorous Group), and cucumber(Cucumis sativus). F. Birds added to E from left to right: European roller (Coracias garullas), European turtledove (Streptopelia turtur), little bustard(Tetrax tetrax), and mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). The new fruit on the bottom left is chayote (Sechium edule).

Naturaleza Siempre Viva Nature Always Alive

Un bodegón. No es comestible A still life. InedibleSon seres sólo imaginarios Are only imaginary beingsCon forma y color muy concretos, Of concrete form and color, Realidades para los ojos. Realities for the eyes.Un gran silencio las envuelve. A great silence surrounds them.Aparición en la ventana. An apparition in the window.Son meras frutas y hortalizas. Are merely fruits and vegetables.Membrillo y col penden colgados. Quince and cabbage hanging.En la madera del alféizar On the wooden windowsillSe apoyan melón y pepino. Lie melon and cucumber.Los objetos-objetos The objects themselvesDescansan, reductibles Rest, reducedA su material inerte To their inert materialDe modo radical, In a radical mode,Tan intenso, tan puro So intense, so pureQue la materia alcanza That the matter itself reachesPlenitud de sentido, Full meaning,Como si revelase As if to revealYa la noción de Ser Finally the notion of BeingAnte quien ve y admira, To the admiring viewer,De pronto ingenuamente aristotélica. Suddenly ingenuously Aristotelian.

Jorge GuillénSánchez Cotán, San Diego, California

A don Emilio Orozco Díaz

a fascination with perspective and indeed onebook in his library is a 1583 treatise on this sub-ject by Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola (Le due regoledella prospettiva). The geometry of the sixarrangements appears to be influenced by thegeometrical shape of the cardoon, which,depending on the orientation, is a growing ordecaying exponential curve. In Fig. 2A, whichcontains the cardoon and a francolin limplyhung in space, this curve is made from the baseof the cut root, upward away from the eye ofthe viewer bisecting the plane of vision. In Fig.2B, the growing exponential curve starts withone carrot pointing away from the viewer, andcontinues through the cardoon that leansagainst the side of the frame. In Fig. 2C, a sim-ilar arrangement is made but the space abovethe curve is filled with citrus, apples, and birds.It is interesting to note that the cardoon in Fig.2C is identical to the one in Fig. 1A. Finally inFig. 2D, there is a completely new arrangement.The wilted cardoon has collapsed and is placedunceremoniously on the ledge along with alemon slice, a loose lettuce head, and a quince,while the base of the hanging objects (bloodorange, citron, cabbage, and carrots) creates analmost descending linear slope from left toright. The effect seems chaotic and unsettling.The masterpiece (Fig. 2E) was created with five

chroni nr. 4 09 27-11-2009 18:02 Pagina 7

ISHS • 8

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Jules Janick

Jules Janick is the James Troop DistinguishedProfessor of Horticulture at Purdue Universityand is member of the Board of the InternationalSociety for Horticultural Science. Email:janick@purdue.edu

Ana Luisa González Reimers is an art historianwho resides in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.Email: vgalan@icia.es

Ana LuisaGonzálezReimers

FURTHER READINGS

Ingvar Bergström, I. 1970. Maestros Españoles deBodegones y Floreros del Siglo XVII. InstitutoIberoamericano de Gotemburgo (Suecia) – Ínsu-la, Madrid.

Cherry, P. 2000. El ojo hambriento: los bodegonesde Juan Sánchez Cotán. p.241-258. In: N.Sobregués (ed.), El bodegón, Fundación Amigosdel Museo del Prado, Madrid.

Orozco Díaz, E. 1993. El pintor fray Juan SánchezCotán. Universidad de Granada, DiputaciónProvincial de Granada.

Robins, A. 2006. Slow art: Meditative process inpainting and drawing. PhD thesis, University ofSouth Wales, Australia. p.65-71.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Víctor Galán Saúco, António A.Monteiro, Francisco Pérez Padrón, FranciscoSantolalla, and Harry S. Paris for assistance inspecies identification.

objects (quince, cabbage head, melon and slice,and cucumber) spiraling in the window frame.Marvelously, the spiral, admittedly somewhatambiguously, is in the shape of a helix, presag-ing the structure of DNA! The curve formed bythe bottom of the birds in Fig. 2F creates a com-plementary helical form. Do we have premoni-tion of the double helix? Mystery of mysteries.

Cotán has infused horticultural objects withmultiple meanings. We know these commonobjects as food for our bodies but they repre-sent something much more in the eyes of theartist, food for the soul. Cotán has arrangedthem so that they represent life itself – the com-ponents of a mysterious universe descendingfrom heaven to our hearts.

ASIAN ENCOUNTERS

When Philip II (Fig. 1) arrived in Portugal, in1581, to get to know his latest possession hewas impressed with its exuberant gardens andfountains, which were described with delight(Andresen et al., 1998). At that time, caravels,frequently leaving from Lisbon, had reachedIndia since 1498, Brazil since 1500, and Japansince 1543. An intense trade had been estab-lished, importing valuable goods including newplants, spices, and medicinals that contributed

The Epoch of Philip II: Botanical andHorticultural Impact

Cristina Castel-Branco and José Tito Rojo

The reign of Philip II corresponds to a key period in European history that had great impact onbotany, horticulture and pharmacy. Philip, son of Charles V of Spain and princess Isabella ofPortugal, reigned over Spain (1556-98) and Portugal (1580-98). The Crown dominions ultimate-ly included Naples, Sicily, the Netherlands and the Duchy of Milan, together with the depend-ent territories in America, Africa, and Asia. Philip II was also honorary King of England, as aresult of the terms stipulated in his marriage to Mary Tudor. With his kingdom extending toalmost the entire world the political circumstances and consequences of this moment in timewere exceptional. This epoch, a time of adventure and travel, made it possible to incorporaterich discoveries from the Orient and the Americas into Europe. The impact was far-reaching andtransformed the daily lives of Europeans to include their eating habits, medication, and theplants used to decorate their homes and gardens. The vast documentation gathered for the400th anniversary of the birth of Philip II, confirms that the King was fond of gardens and curi-ous of plants; his cabinet was decorated with plant illustrations and floral engravings. Scientificand artistic testimonies indicate that the events in the reign of Philip II left a lasting imprint inbotany and garden art.

to botanical science, medical progress, dailynutrition, and the beautification of gardens.

The exotic plant novelties adapted well inPortugal, where climate and soils are diverseand freezes rarely occur. The introduction of thesweet orange (Citrus sinensis) to Lisbon duringthe 16th century (Castel-Branco, 1998b) hadintense consequences in eating habits and gar-den art. Filipe II was duly impressed: “They gaveme the other day, what I am sending to younow in this box. They told me that it’s a sweet

Figure 1. Felipe II. Ticiano Vecellio, ca.1550. Galeria Palazzo Pitti, Florencia.

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 9

lemon and though I think it is a kind of lemon,I wanted to send it to you because I never sawsuch a big one…” (Bouza Alvarez, 1988).

The lack of an established system of classifica-tion added to the confusion of what plants thePortuguese introduced in Europe during theiramazing explorations. In 1563 The Coloquios(Fig. 2), the first Western scientific descriptionof plants from India and the Eastern World waspublished in Goa, with local or adapted namesand uses. Its author, Garcia de Orta, aPortuguese physician, had studied the Indianflora in Goa for 30 years, emphasizing those ofmedical value. The sweet orange from China isincluded along with 69 species of medical andcommercial value. Camellias from Japan wereadmired by the Portuguese Jesuits who arrivedin the Far East to proselytize the Japanese toChristianity (Froes, 1565). Some 16th centurygardens in Kyoto such as the temple ofGinkaku-ji, sub-temples of Daitokuji, or thegolden pavilion Kinkaku-ji, were visited by Luisde Froes in 1565 who describes garden tech-

niques including plant pruning. As a result newAsian plants such as camellias (Camelia sinen-sis), loquat (Eriobotryon japonica) and wisterias(Wisteria sinensis), were incorporated inPortuguese gardens. The acclimatization ofcamellias (named japoneiras in Portuguese) wassuccessful in the North of Portugal where acidsoil and humid climate resemble those of Japan.Artistic decoration in Portuguese tiles (azulejos)can be found in the Palacio Fronteira (ca. 1668)(Fig. 3).

THE NEW WORLD

The encounter of Columbus with the NewWorld in 1492 was brought about by the searchfor a western maritime route to the spice-richIndies. As a result of the “discovery” botanicalknowledge of American plants began to beincorporated into Iberian life. In the decadesimmediately following the new discovery, manyhundreds of new plants were collected. Theseincluded edible plants such as maize, beans,capsicum peppers, tomato, potato, and cacao,plants with medicinal and drug properties(Nicotiana spp., Psilocybe mexicana,Erythoxylon coca), and those used mainly fordecorative purposes (Schinus molle,Liquidambar styraciflua). Between 1565 and1574, two ambitious botanical ventures wereundertaken in the field of American flora: theexpedition by Francisco Hernández to Mexico(1571-1587) and the publication of the HistoriaMedicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestrasIndias Occidentales (Medical History of thethings brought from our West Indies) by NicolásMonardes. Hernandez’s work, partially pub-lished posthumously, was primarily of botanicalinterest, based upon a scientific expedition thatidentified over 3000 plants. Monardes’ work(he never visited America) was directed towards

Figure 4. Panorama de la Alhambra, ca. 1890. Litografia de Junnhandel. Private collettion.

Figure 3. Camellia-patterned tiles, c.1668. Fronteira, Lisboa – Portugal.

Figure 2. Front page of Colloquios dossimples. Garcia d’Orta, 1563.

medicinal use and prepared on the basis of theplants brought to the Iberian Peninsula. Hiswork was published relatively quickly, benefitingfrom his relationship with various Europeanbotanists, in particular Clusius who travelled toSpain and Portugal at this time as part of anambitious editorial project by the Plantin print-ing press. Clusius incorporated Monardes’observations as well as Garcia de Orta’s registerof plants found in India, in the Rariorum aliquotstirpium per Hispanias observatarum historia(1576); only a few American plants were includ-ed.

ISLAMIC TRADITIONS

There were multiple botanical impacts as aresult of the Islam incursion into Iberia (711-1492). The great gardens that Philip II had builtin his palaces, especially at the Real Sitio deAranjuez should be seen as the product of theamalgamation of Islamic, Mudéjar, andEuropean Renaissance styles. The wide use ofIslamic tradition is due both to their achieve-ments in gardening innovation, and the well-deserved reputation of Moorish labor, whichwas commonly considered superior to Christianmanpower. That preference played a leadingrole in the conservation of the Islamic gardensof the Alhambra and the Generalife (Fig. 4).These sites are unique in the world, reflectinglong term conservancy of Middle Ages gardensrather than archaeological recovery or modernrestoration (Fig. 5).

GARDEN FLORA OF IBERIA

The present garden flora of Iberia is the result ofappropriation of plants incorporated by theArabs combined with new species broughtabove the new lands discovered in America and

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

CristinaCastel-Branco

Dr. Cristina Castel-Branco is a Professor ofLandscape Architecture at the UniversidadTecnica de Lisboa and Director for the PhD inLandscape Architecture in association with twoPortuguese universities. Dr. Castel-Branco is thefounder of ACB Ltd, a firm that specializes inheritage sites and contemporary garden design.Her field is the design, planning, history andtheory of garden art.Email: cristina.castelbranco@acbpaisagem.com

Dr. José Tito Rojo is Curator of the BotanicalGarden of Granada and coordinates the Masterof Landscaping, Gardens, and Public Spaces ofthe University of Granada. His specialty is thehistory and restoration of gardens with specialreference to Andalucia. Email: jarbot@ugr.es

José Tito Rojo

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

Andresen, T., Fortes, M. and Marques, T. 1998. Felipe II y el reino de Portugal. p.201-219. In: C. Añón andJ.L. Sancho (eds.), Jardín y naturaleza en el reinado de Felipe II, Edição de Sociedade Estatal para laCommemoración de los Centenários de Felipe II y Carlos V, Madrid.

Armada Diez de Rivera, J. and Porras Castillo, I. 1991. Las plantas de Gregorio de los Ríos. p.27-62. In: I.Fernández Pérez and I. González Tascón (eds.), Agricultura de jardines… compuesta por Gregorio de losRíos Tabapress, Real Jardín Botánico y Ayuntamiento de Madrid, Madrid.

Bouza Alvarez, F.J. 1988. Cartas de Felipe II a sus hijas. Ed. Turner, Madrid, Crt XIII, p.58.Camões, L. 1572. Os Lusíadas, Lisboa.Castel-Branco, C. 2008. The gardens of the Vice-roys. Fronteira, Ed. Leya, Lisboa.Castel-Branco, C. 1998a. Los jardines de Portugal en tiempos de Felipe II. p.137-164. In: C. Añón, Felipe II,

El Rey Íntimo – Jardim y naturaleza en el siglo XVI; Aranjuez. Edição de Sociedade Estatal para laCommemoración de los Centenários de Felipe II y Carlos V.

Castel-Branco, C. 1998b. The Green Book of Expo '98, Parque Expo, Lisbon.Clusio, C. [Carolus Clusii]. 1576. Rariorum aliquot stirpium per Hispanias observatarum Historia. Christophori

Plantini ed., Antuerpiae.Conde de Ficalho. 1880. A flora dos Lusíadas. Ordem e Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencias, Lisboa.Froes, L. 1565. The history of Japan.Herrera, A. 1996. Agricultura General [facsimile edition]. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación,

Madrid.Navarro Palazón, J. 2005. Sobre palacios andalusíes (Siglos XII - XIV), Vivir en palacio en la Edad Media. Siglos

XII - XV, Caja Segovia, Segovia. p.111-144.Orta, Garcia de. 1563. Coloquio dos Simples e Drogas da India, Goa.Pardo Tomas, J. and Lopez Terrada, M.L. 1993. Las primeras noticias sobre plantas americanas en las relaci-

ones de viajes y crónicas de Indias (1493–1553), Instituto de Estudios Documentales e Históricos sobre laCiencia, Valencia.

Ríos, G. 1991. Agricultura de jardines. [facsimile edition] Real Jardín Botánico, Madrid.

Asia. There are two excellent contemporarytreatises on the cultivation of plants in Spain. InAgricultura General by Alonso de Herrera(1513), written immediately prior to the reign ofPhilip II, American plants used in agriculture donot yet make an appearance. The second,Agricultura de Jardines, was a technical work bya royal gardener Gregorio de los Ríos (1592),written just after that king’s long reign anddevoted to ornamental plants. Seventeen NewWorld plants, corresponding to 8.6% of thetotal are mentioned.

Important elements of the gardens and sacredprecinct of India were also adapted toPortuguese garden design (Castel-Branco,2008). Large reservoirs, used as an embellish-ment of the garden, became a constant ele-ment. The superlative example of this is theKnights Lake at the Fronteira garden belongingto a family of Viceroys and Governors of India(Fig. 6). There the Islamic tradition of ceramictiles (azulejos), cover the reflecting walls of animmense pool of Indian influence. However, thecomposition of the garden reflects the Italianstyle.

Iberian poets of the 16th century were touchedby the phenomena of imported new plants andan analysis of their poetry is a unique method ofdocumentation. The epic Os Lusiadas (1572) ofLuiz Vaz de Camões describes in a poetic waythe tropical flora as an enriching element.Studies by Conde de Ficalho have retrieved a listof plants referred to by Camões. The famousgarden of the poet Pedro Soto de Rojas, whichhe described in detail in his book Paraíso cerra-do para muchos, jardines abiertos para pocos(Paradise closed to many, gardens open to few;1652), refers to two plants of American origin.However, from the 18th century onward, theincorporation of American plants was unstop-pable and the flora of the New World nowaccounts for a significant part of the plantsgrown in European gardens.

Figure 5. Panorama de la Alhambra desde el Carmen de laFundación Rodríguez-Acosta.

Figure 6. Knights Lake at the Fronteira garden.

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 11

Historical Wines of SpainFernando Perez-Camacho

The wine comes to us out of the abyss of antiquity

Winkler (1965)

Spain has more surface area of vineyard than any country in the world. Grape cultivation andwine production are extremely important in Spain both economically and culturally. The diverseclimate and soils of Spain have produced a wide diversity of wine and at present there are morethan 60 Spanish wine appellations (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Denominations (appellations) of origin, Spain.

HISTORY OF SPANISH WINES

In antiquity, Phoenician traders carried winearound the Mediterranean Sea and a sunkenPhoenician ship close to the Turkey coasts,dated in the 14th century BCE, has been shownto have carried wine among its goods althoughthe precise origin is unknown. However,amphorae used for wine have been found inthe south of Spain that can be dated to the 8thcentury BCE. During the Roman domination ofIberia, vineyards and wine production weregreatly intensified. In the year 93, the RomanEmperor, Titus Flavio Domiciano, in a move toprotect the Italian economy, ordered half of thevineyard of Baetica (southern area of RomanSpain) to be removed. Happily this project couldnot be realized. Although the Arabic occupationcaused a serious loss for the wine industry, vine-yards did not disappear. Wine is referred to withappreciation by Arabic Andalusian poems writ-ten since the 9th century and is discussed in theHistory of the Judges of Cordova by Al-Jusani, ajudge of the Omeya epoch, 11th century.

With the reconquest of the peninsula byChristian troops the landscape was again filledwith vineyards and wineries. Spanish winesonce more acquired their stellar reputation. Thewines of Rioja were praising by Gonzalo deBerceo (1190-1264), a priest of Suso’sMonastery in San Millán de la Cogolla, consid-ered the first poet of the Castilian language.The wines of Jerez (called sherry by the English)were praised and supported by the Castilianking Alfonso X, El Sabio, at the end of the 13thcentury.

SHERRIES AND SIMILARWINES

Spanish sherries are the most representative ofhistoric Spanish wines. The styles Pale Dry(Fino), Oloroso, and Amontillado along withPedro Ximenez from the Montilla-Morilesappellation of origin, constitute the typical wineof the Andalusian region. The grapevine culti-vars used to produce these wines are ‘Palomino’in Jerez and ‘Pedro Ximenez’ in Montilla-Moriles; both of them white grapes.

Sherries, especially the olorosos, were mainlyconsumed by the English from the first half ofthe 14th century, during the reign of Edward IIIof England. In a document from the Jerez CityHall, dated from 1431 to 1435, there are writ-ten registers on the export of these wines toEngland. William Shakespeare, the great Englishplaywright has Falstaff mouth the followingcomment:

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If I had a thousand sons, the first human princi-ple I would teach them should be to foreswearthin potations, and to addict themselves toSherry. Henry IV, Part II 4.2; 109-111.

Pedro Ximenez is an excellent sweet wine madefrom raisins of the same name. Its principalregion is Montilla-Moriles; alcoholic content isbetween 15% and 17%. Other historic Spanishwines include those from the “Condado deHuelva” appellation of origin. The ‘Zalema’grape cultivated there, comprises more than75% of the total. Before the presence of phyl-loxera, an insect coming from America at theend of the 19th century that decimated thevinifera grape industry of Europe, there wereother white grape cultivars such as ‘Listan’ and‘Garrido Fina’. These Huelva wines were proba-bly the first ones that arrived to the New Worldduring the first voyages of Columbus.Exportation continued through the port ofSeville (Fourneau, 1975). There is documenta-tion in 1502, of over 400 liters of wine derivedfrom Villava del Alcor, a village close to Huelvacarried in ships commanded by Nicolás deOvando destined for Hispaniola in the NewWorld. This wine probably was used forconsumption of the crew and for liturgical pur-poses.

RIOJAS WINES

Red and white wines from Rioja (Fig. 2), elabo-rated with different cultivars, are also of greathistorical importance. There is reference to theexistence of vineyard in Rioja as early as 873.The most representative cultivars are the white‘Tempranillo’ and the white ‘Viura’. These wineswere praised widely by Gonzalo de Berceo:

Quiero fer una prosa en román paladinoCon la cual suele el pueblo fablar con su vecinoCa non so tan letrado per fer otro latinoBien valdrá como creo um vaso de bon vino

I’d like to write some prose this time,Neighborly, friendly, and benign.I’m no Latin scholar or divine,But it will be worth a glass of wine.

Berceo cites the Rioja wine in numerous poems.In the book Milagros de Santa María (Miraclesof Saint Mary) he writes about a simple priestlocked in the monastery winery, so drunk thatthe Virgin Mary had to come to his aid.

In many literary writings from the medieval peri-od there are numerous references to wine. In along, anonymous poem from the 13th centurytitled Razón de amor con los denuestos delagua y del vino (A lovers quarrel between waterand wine), a dispute takes place between aglass of water and a cup of wine. The poemends with the following couplet:

Mi razón aquí la finoE mandate nos traer vino

My reasoning is ended, I opineAnd order you to bring us wine

OTHER HISTORIC WINES

There are many historic Spanish wines. Thefamous Manzanilla wine is derived fromSanlúcar de Barrameda, a city close to Jerez.This wine is produced with the same cultivar,‘Palomino’, as sherry.

The wines from Málaga are produced in theSouth of the Iberian Peninsula (Fig. 3).According to Guillen Robles, cited by VasserotFuentes (1984), Idris in the 11th century liked todrink the very sweet Málaga wine. The Catholickings in 1487, according to García Leña, citedby Vasserot Fuentes (1984), created the vinegrower brotherhood, to protect the wines ofMálaga. The main cultivar in this region is‘Moscatel’.

La Mancha in the middle of Spain has the great-est area of vineyard in Spain. The wines fromthis region are mentioned by Cervantes in DonQuijote de La Mancha. The most widely plantedcultivars are ‘Airen’, a white grape, and‘Tempranillo’ (called there ‘Cencibel’), a redgrape.

The wines from Valladolid were known in the15th century. One of the more famous vineyardareas in this region is in the appellation Ruedathat produced a very aromatic white wine from‘Verdejo’.

The wines from Galicia are produced from thewhite ‘Albariño’ and ‘Ribeiro’, and from the red‘Mencía’. The aromatic and acid Albariño, much

appreciated by consumers, is made from thegrape of the same name and is consider themost famous wine of the area.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Fernando Perez-Camacho

Dr. Fernando Perez-Camacho is Professor ofPomology, Department of Agronomy, CordobaUniversity, Campus Rabanales, EdificioCelestino Mutis, Crta Madrid, km. 396, 14071Córdoba, Spain, and is specializing inViticulture. Email: ag1perca@uco.es

Figure 3. Vineyard in the South of Spain.

Figure 2. Winery from Rioja.

REFERENCES AND

FURTHER READING

Al-Jusani. 1992. Historia de los Jueces deCórdoba. Colección de cultura popular andalu-za. Sevilla.

Barbadillo, M. 1996. La Manzanilla. SantoDomingo, Industrias Gráficas S.L. Sanlúcar deBarrameda.

Comenge, M. 1942. La vid y los vinos españoles.Talleres Gráficos “Marsiega.” Madrid.

Fourneau, F. 1975. El Condado de Huelva:Bollullos, capital del viñedo. Diputación deHuelva.

García Gómez, E. 1980. Poemas arábigo andalu-ces. Espasa - Calpe Col. Austral. Madrid.

González Gordon, M.M. 1970. Jerez-Xeres-Sherish. Jerez de la Frontera.

López Alejandre, M.M. 2007. Manual de viticul-tura, enología y cata. Editorial Almuzara.Córdoba.

Vasserot Fuentes, A. 1984. El vino de Málaga.INDO. Málaga.

Winkler, A.J. 1965. General Viticulture. Univ.California Press. Berkeley.

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 13

VITICULTURAL HISTORY

Vine and wine have been constant for millenniain the territory that is now Portugal. This eco-nomical and cultural inheritance wasbequeathed by people from the Mediterraneanbasin and from the 6th century BCE onwards;Phoenicians, Greeks, Jews and Romans left inthis area their practices and techniques, tech-nologies, sets of dishes, and customs as well asgrape cultivars. In a second period dating fromthe Moorish conquest of Iberia in the 8th cen-tury another legacy of grape growing wasbequeathed. Arab viticulture was enhancedwith new grapes, more for table use or raisinsthan for the production of wine or vinegar,although vinegar was regularly produced andvery appreciated in cookery. In the medievalperiod during the origin of national identity, athird acculturation period occurred. The RomanCatholic mass, based on the rite of the Eucharistand the transubstantiation of wine into theblood of Christ, was the original stimulus tomedieval grape-growing that spread the culture

Historical Wines of PortugalVirgílio Loureiro

Portuguese culture did not escape the “wave of progress” that devastated the viticultural worldin the end of the 20th century but contributed to affirm the wine as a global drink of prestige.Besides the Port, Madeira, and Mateus Rosé wines, which were already globalized, the Greenwine, the Alentejo, the Douro, and the Dão reached international maturity. However, not every-thing has been positive. The powerful force of new technologies and the anxiety to producemore and lower-priced wine caused irreparable damages to regional originalities, the soul ofworld cuisine, especially in its millenarian grape and wine-growing patrimony. It is in this contextthat it has become urgent to speak about old European historical wines, so that one of the mostimportant symbols of the Mediterranean World and Western civilization is to be understood asmore than merchandise or business.

of the vine and led to abundant consumptionand commerce. Cistercian friars coming fromBurgundy brought in an original way to culti-vate the vine and to make the wine. Other reli-gious orders helped to spread grape culture,and raised wine into a religious symbol.

This millenary inheritance we are so proud ofalthough struggling is still alive and uninjured insome grape-growing regions, due in part to theslow rhythm of both viticulture and oenology. Itis important to maintain this patrimony, evenwhen forces finance its destruction withouteven perceiving it. It is the duty of people devot-ed to wine and culture to join efforts to defendthis heritage.

HISTORICAL WINES

There is no unanimously accepted definition for“historical wine” but in the present context, adefinition will be used that has been adopted bythe Association of Historical Wines of Portugal,created in 2008 to protect a cultural heritage inrisk of extinction. Thus, “historical wine” is the

wine produced using ancestral grapes andancient wine-growing techniques and knowl-edge, presenting its own peculiarities, whichconsumers in our century should not ignore ifthey want to understand these wines. The mostrelevant Portuguese historical wines are Greenwine (vinho verde) produced with grapes fromvines cultivated in tall forms such as the‘Enforcado’, ‘Arjões’ or ‘Ramadas’, sandy soilColares, Medieval Palhete from Ourém, and Potwine from Alentejo and Azores wine.

Green Wines (Vinho Verde)

Produced in the Northwest of Portugal, cultivarsproducing green wines are very popular in theMinho region, and are cultivated by many smallgrape growers. Their distinctive characteristicsresult from being produced in elevated trellises(Fig. 1) and by being sparkling (gaseous peak),as a result of the activity of lactic acid bacteria.The ‘Enforcado’ and ‘Ramadas’ grapevines maybe of Etruscan origin, and are freely found inthe Minho landscape. The ‘Arjões,’ developedfrom the ‘Enforcado’ vine, is more recent andbecame common from the end of the 19th cen-tury.

Sandy Soil Colares

Both white and red wines from Colares, 30 kmfrom Lisbon and next to the Atlantic coast, arejewels of Portuguese oenology. Although ofremote antiquity, they reached a peak duringthe 19th century phylloxera epidemic that dev-astated the vinifera industry in Europe, since thevines, planted in sands with great depth, resis-ted the plague. Culture is unusual with the

Figure 1. Pruning the tall grapevines, often trained to trees, thatmake up the typical Green Wine landscape. Photograph by courtesyof CVR Vinho Verde.

Figure 2. The “sandy soil” of Colares, with the grapevines crawlingon the soil. Photograph by courtesy of V. Loureiro.

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untrellised vines crawling on the sand, resem-bling a giant octopus with thick tentacles(Fig. 2). The heat radiating from the sand thatserves as a thermal accumulator ripens thegrape. The small area of the vine parcels, themanual culture, and the cane fences to protectthe grapevines from the strong maritime winds,confer a unique and archaic distinct appearanceto the Colares landscape. The grape cultivarsinclude white ‘Malvasia’ and red ‘Ramisco’whose quality is unanimously recognized andappreciated. The wines, of striking acidity, lowalcoholic degree and surprising mineral charac-teristics, have an exceptional aging capacity.

Medieval Palhete of Ourém

Produced by innumerable small grape growers,a few kilometres from Fátima, Medieval Palheteof Ourém is one of the few Europe wines thatcontinue to respect the techniques of theCistercian friars, which had been installed inAlcobaça in the end of the 12th century. Its twomain particularities are the form and density ofthe vine culture that provides an authenticmedieval style to the landscape as well as themedieval process of production in small cellars(Fig. 3). The white wine is mixed (4:1) with thetint, a red wine fermented for a week in a smallstone press or a wooden vat.

Jar Wines

White, red, or pale wines made in great clayjars, hence their name, have a long tradition inthe Alentejo, the southern part of the country,and these wines continue to be made accordingto this Roman process (Fig. 4). The special tasteconferred makes it the preferred one to allAlentejanos, who only drink another winewhen jar wine ends. The jar manufacturers, thatdid not use the potter wheel, have disappeared,and the gateadores, that placed the patches(cats) in the jars, as well as the pesgadores, thatwaterproofed the interior of the jars with pitch,are almost gone. Among jar wines, the Palhetesof Vila de Frades assume particular relevanceand are locally known as petroleiros. They are avariety of the jar wines that originated in theSaint Cucufate Convent. The friars, having usedone of the largest Roman villae in Lusitania,now in ruins, created a petroleum color jar winecalled palhete, made from a blend of about80% white grapes and 20% red grapes.

Azores Wine

Most of the Azorean wines produced in Pico,Graciosa, and Terceira Islands, fit in the defini-tion of historic wines, as they are made withgrapes grown in the famous plots, built withbasaltic stone, according to a grape-growingtechnique invented by the first colonizers in the15th century. But it is the wine of Pico, whosefame is of World renown, that impresses themost. It was here, on one stretch of rough rockyground that later would be called thick soil orbiscuit, or on the smooth surface of the petri-fied drained lava – the lajido soil, that thePortuguese and the Flemish “invented” aunique World wine. They started by trying tointroduce some grapevine roots into the darkrock fissures and soon perceived that, with theaid of the wet climate, the vines would extendtheir roots searching for nutrients. Influenced byFranciscans and Carmelites, resident in theneighbouring Island of Faial, they selected theearly ripe aromatic ‘Verdelho’, the most appro-priate grape cultivar of the region. Basaltic rockshelters were thought to protect plants fromthe salty wet winds coming from the ocean.With rock collected from appropriate places,walls still continue to be constructed to delimitthe famous squared or rectangular plots with anaverage area varying between 9 and 12 m2,where, as a rule, three vines are planted. As aresult, a cyclopean reticulate of black rock wallshas been created throughout the centuries (Fig.5). These rocky walls, about 1 m in height, ifjuxtaposed, would have an extension equivalentto double the circumference of Earth measuredat the Equator. According to credible estimates,these walls contain more rock than the famousWall of China and are the best testimony ofPortuguese belief and of human ability to bothunderstand and dominate Nature by convertingsupposedly useless rock into a source of life andsustenance. UNESCO has recently declared the

Figure 5. A. The cyclopean landscape ofPico Island vineyard, with the characteris-tic plots. Photograph by courtesy ofFOTOPICO. B. Detail of “lajido” soil.Photograph by courtesy of V. Loureiro.

Figure 4. An Alentejo wine cellar of jars.Photograph by courtesy of V. Loureiro.

Figure 3. A typical medieval style cellarfrom Ourém region. Photograph by cour-tesy of A. Mil Homens.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Virgílio Loureiro

Dr. Virgílio Loureiro is Associate Professor at theInstituto Superior de Agronomia, TechnicalUniversity of Lisbon, Portugal. His expertiseranges from Food Microbiology and winema-king to cultural aspects related to wine. Email:vloureiro@isa.utl.pt

Pico Island vineyard landscapes as a WorldHeritage.

Visiting Pico, searching for the trimmed darkstone walls, hidden strains, small wine-cellars,medieval alembics, and searching for the hospi-tality and authenticity of its inhabitants is towithdraw hundreds of years in history and tounderstand European culture, which continuesto have in wine the great symbol of its identity.And if you are lucky enough to taste the greatPico wine, you will then know what it is like toenter Paradise.

A

B

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 15

Iberian Olive Growing in a Time of Change

THE WORLD OF HORTICULTURE

TRADITIONAL OLIVE GROVES

Several patterns characterize current traditionalolive groves in Mediterranean countries. Thelarge sized tree, a common feature in manyplantations, constitutes a difficulty for harvest-ing the crop. Beside that, many plantations aremore than 50 years old, and some more than100. Grove longevity represents a major con-straint to social and economical changes thatare taking place nowadays. Currently, obsoles-cence becomes a common feature of manyolive groves.

The olive tree is very well adapted to theMediterranean climate, which is characterizedby a mild and short winter and a long, dry andhot summer. Olive has developed adaptationmechanisms to summer water stress insuringthe survival of the trees but reducing crop load.Up to recent years only 8-10% of olive orchardswere irrigated. The general strategy consisted indevoting low yield potential soils to olive, manyof them on sloping lands, without possibility ofirrigation. These groves insure low yields.Therefore, the increasing demand for olive oiland table olives has traditionally been achievedby planting olives in new and less productivesoils. For instance, while more than one millionhectares of olive trees were planted in Spainbetween 1888 and 1972, yield per hectaredecreased.

Harvesting olives has been a highly intensivehand labour task (Fig. 1A). More than 70% oftotal labour demand in an olive grove is

Luis Rallo

The origin of olive growing is associated with the discovery of vegetative propagation using cut-tings in the Middle East about 5500 years ago. Since that time the crop has expanded westalong both shores of the Mediterranean Basin. The arrival of Phoenicians to the SpanishSouthern coast, approximately 2800 years ago, marks the beginning of olive growing in theIberian Peninsula. This crop was well established by Roman times as witnessed by the agricul-tural treatises of Pliny and Columella. Olive oil export from Andalusia towards the rest of theRoman Empire is well documented by “Mount Testaccio,” a rubbish dump remain of amphoraeaccumulated in Rome. The subsequent changes in olive growing have been discontinuous withperiods of expansion and contraction associated with events such as demographic changes,olive oil and table olive demand, and political factors. For instance, the protection of lamb hus-bandry in the late Middle Ages decreased the area planted to olive while the actively promotedtrade with the American colonies since the 16th century increased the area. Currently there are2.5 millions ha in Spain and 450,000 ha in Portugal producing more than 1,100,000 tonnes (t)and 30,000 t of olive oil and 500,000 t and 11,000 t of table olives, respectively. In both coun-tries traditional olive groves and new olive orchards represent the basis of the current olive oiland table olive industries.

required for harvesting. Traditionally, eventoday, olive harvest has provided the principalsource of work in many rural areas. This is amajor reason why olive expansion has been his-torically associated with periods of demograph-ic increase. The progressive concentration ofplantations in many olive producing zones ofthe Mediterranean world has triggered a tem-porary labour demand to attend olive harvest-ing. Temporary migration during the 2-4months of olive harvest and cultural celebra-tions associated with the end of the harvest arecommon features in the olive world. However,unemployment the rest of the year, biennialtrend of the olive tree crop, and cyclic crisis ofprices have been considered a major cause ofsocial instability in olive zones with monocul-ture.

Most of the traditional olive growing technolo-gy is local and empirically based. Cultivars usedand pruning practices are clear examples. Olivecultivars in almost all Mediterranean countriesare locally selected individuals within open-pol-linated seedlings that have been vegetativelypropagated by farmers for many centuries. As arule, diffusion of most cultivars was confined totheir supposed area of origin. In Spain, forinstance, 24 cultivars account for most of thecrop and most of them have been diffused toonly one continuous area. Only two main culti-vars, ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ and ‘Empeltre’,both propagated by grafting, have been largelycultivated out of their original area of diffusion.Thus, farmers have used the best performing

cultivar among the many selected in most olivegrowing areas. Also pruning practices, either totrain or renew the trees as much as to increasefruit size for table olives, are empiric, local, anddiverse. Reducing tree size to facilitate theaccession to the canopy at harvesting has beena common feature of many pruning practices.However, different approaches led to manylocal pruning systems in different growingareas.

Figure 1. Olives are moving from manualcollection (A) to mechanical harvesting(B). Photo A by Antonio Cezard’Abrunhoza with permission of M.d’Abrunhoza Mansinho.

A

B

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CHANGE: THE IBERIANPARADIGM

After World War II, migration towards citiesreduced rural population in olive growing areasof Southern Europe. First in Italy and afterwardsin Spain, Portugal and Greece scarcity andincreasing cost of labour became a major eco-nomical problem in the olive groves of thesecountries. Furthermore, by the beginning of the1970s, the low yield of the plantations and theconcurrence in the markets of other vegetableoils from annual crops such as soybean, sun-flower, and rape, which are cheaper than oliveoil, triggered a crisis in the Iberian olive oilindustry. A public program to reconvert olivegroves aimed at increasing yield and reducingcost by mechanical harvesting was held in Spainbetween 1972 and 1986. However, in 1986when Spain and Portugal entered the EuropeanUnion (EU) subsidies for olive oil production pro-moted a revived olive industry. Since that timeprofound and probably historical changes havetransformed the new olive plantations in Spainand Portugal.

By the 1970s, mechanical harvesting became amust for the new plantations (Fig. 1B). Trunkshakers associated with different frames to col-lect the falling fruits from the trees was the firstapproach to mechanical harvesting. InAndalusia, the main producing region of theWorld, traditional olive plantations had about100 trees per ha (Fig. 2A) with several trunksfrom the ground. The new olive orchards adapt-ed to the shaker had 200-300 trees per ha withsingle trunks.

The higher investment required by the newplantings compared to traditional orchards andits earliness of bearing triggered the search forproductivity. The general strategy involvedincreasing planting densities for high yield, earlybearing, and mechanical harvesting in the neworchards (Fig. 2B). However, water stress limitedcrop and oil yield. By that time drip irrigationwas the most efficient way to increase yield inCalifornia and Israeli orchards. A small increasein drip irrigation occurred in the 1970s and early1980s, followed by a steady increase after-wards. In 1997 more than 40% of the neworchards were drip irrigated and this percentagehas risen continuously since that time.Currently, most of the new orchards are irrigat-ed following a deficit irrigation strategy. Thenew irrigated orchards are the main reason forthe increase of the oil production per year inSpain from 600,000 t in 1980-1985 to1,100,000 t in 2003-2008. Potential productionhas risen in Portugal since new plantations fol-lowing this model were allowed in 1998.

In the 1980s, improved processing systems foroil and table olive production were innovated.New continuous systems based on centrifuga-tion for oil processing increased both the rateand the capacity of the oil industry. This changecarried out a substantial improvement of oliveoil quality. The table olive industry has alsoincreased its capacity and diversified the typesof product.Propagation methods also changed in the1980s. Nurseries started the development ofsemi-hardwood and softwood cuttings undermist and in a continuous expansion productionexceeded 30 million plants per year in 2007.Propagation by the farmer has practically disap-peared and only three oil cultivars (‘Arbequina’,‘Picual’ and ‘Hojiblanca’) and one table olivecultivar (‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’) account formore than 95% of produced plants. For the firsttime, the risk of genetic erosion has dramatical-ly appeared in olive growing. The incidence ofverticillium wilt, a disease caused by the fungusVerticillium dahliae that severely affects oliveorchards planted with the above cultivars, hasraised the alarm to the olive sector. As a conse-quence certification of nursery plants, conserva-tion of genetic resources, and breeding (Fig.3A) have become a priority on the agenda.In the first half of the 1990s, the conjunction ofinterest between the Spanish nursery industryand the vine straddle harvester manufacturerspromoted a new planting system: the high den-

Figure 3. Cross breeding programs (A)will yield in the near future new cultivarslike ‘Sikitita’ (‘Chiquitita’ in USA) (B)more adapted to the new intensive andearly bearing orchards.

Figure 2. Traditional rain fed and manu-ally harvested low density (< 100 treesper ha) olive yards (A) are being progres-sively replaced by mechanically harvest-ed irrigated high density (200-550trees/ha) (B) and by hedgerow (>1500trees per ha) (C) orchards.

sity hedgerow (>1500 trees per ha) (Fig. 2C). Inthis system ‘Arbequina’ is the standard cultivarbut ‘Arbosana’ and ‘Koroneiki’ are also planted.Since 1993 the expansion of this system hasbeen exponential and currently more than60,000 ha have been planted in many countriesaccording to the estimates of the nursery indus-try. This system requires high investment(> 6000€/ha), produces the earliest crop(> 1000 kg of oil/ha at the third year of plantingand more than 1800 kg of oil/ha from the 5thto the 9th or 10th year) with 150-250 mm ofapplied water annually. One harvester may col-lect up to 3-4 ha per day, thus, reducing costdrastically. The major problem is the manage-ment of orchards over 9-10 years old. At thistime, the height of the hedgerow limits incidentsolar radiation on the canopy and yield isreduced by 20-30%. There is also a higher inci-dence of some pests and diseases, particularlyColletotrichum spp. and Pseudomonas savas-tanoi. New harvester designs underway mayallow orchard densities in the range of 450-1000 trees/ha in which orchards would proba-

A

B

C

A

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FURTHER READINGS

Fereres, E. 1984. Variability in adaptative mecha-nisms to water deficits in annual and perennialcrops plants. Bulletin Société Botanique deFrance. Actualités Botaniques 131:17-32.

Barranco, D., Fernández-Escobar, R. and Rallo, L.(eds.). 2008. El Cultivo del Olivo. Junta deAndalucía-Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca.Mundi Prensa.

De la Rosa, R., León, L., Guerrero, N., Rallo, L. andBarranco, D. 2007. Preliminary results of anolive cultivar trial at high density. Australian J.Agr. Res. 58:392-395.

León, L., De la Rosa, R., Rallo, L., Guerrero, N. andBarranco, D. 2007. Influence of spacing on theinitial production of hedgerow ‘Arbequina’olive orchards. Spanish J. Agr. Res. 5(4):554-558.

Pastor Muñoz-Cobos, M. (ed.). 2005. El cultivodel olivo con riego localizado. Junta deAndalucía-Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca.Mundi Prensa.

Rallo, L. 1995. Selection and breeding of olive inSpain. Olivae 59:46-53.

Rallo, L., Barranco, D., Caballero, J.M., Del Río,C., Martín, A., Tous, J. and Trujillo, I. (eds).2005. Variedades de olivo en España. Junta deAndalucía-Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca.Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación.Mundi Prensa.

Rallo, L., Barranco, D., De la Rosa, R. and León, L.2008. ‘Chiquitita’ olive. HortScience 43:529-531.

Tous, J., Romero, A. and Hermoso, J.F. 2006. Thehedgerow system for olive growing. Olea26:20-26.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Luis Rallo

Dr. Luis Rallo is Professor of Pomology at theUniversity of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales,Ctra de Madrid Km. 396, 14071, Córdoba,Spain. His entire career has been spent on oliveresearch. Email: lrallo@uco.es

bly last longer without restriction on incidentsolar radiation. Low vigor cultivars or dwarfingrootstocks that extend the time of maximumcrop without reduction of solar radiation on thecanopy have become an objective for breederssince the beginning of this system. The jointprogramme of the University of Córdoba andthe Instituto de Investigación y FormaciónAgraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), initiated in 1991,currently has more than 13,000 genotypesunder observation. A low vigor cultivar, ‘Sikitita’(initially named ‘Chiquitita’) (Fig. 3B), wasreleased for the hedgerow system in 2006.

CHALLENGES

Olive oil is now considered an important agri-cultural product for health. However, there areseveral challenges that have arisen that requirethe attention of the olive sector and of publicpolicies. (1) Is the simultaneous existence of tra-ditional olive groves and new intensive oliveorchards compatible? Policies to solve thisdilemma are urgently needed in many coun-tries. (2) The new olive industry needs an effi-cient R&D system. Most of the technology intraditional olive groves was based on empiricalknowledge. In the future, scientific knowledgeand new innovations will be the main techno-logical support of the olive industry. (3) The newglobal world requires global strategies in themarket. Thus, integrated organizations for thedistribution of olive oil and table olives fromfarm to table are compulsory. (4) Finally, theolive industry has to be an efficient tool for thedevelopment of olive producing countries.

INFLUENCE OF DISEASES ONINDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT

The Spanish citrus industry has been highly con-ditioned in the past by diseases. The first impor-tant problem appeared at the end of the XIXth

The Citrus Industry in SpainLuis Navarro

The Spanish citrus industry has a long and worldwide known tradition. Citrons (Citrus medica)were introduced by the Romans during the Vth century, sour oranges (C. aurantium), lemons (C.limon), and pummelos (C. maxima) by the Arabs during the Xth and XIth centuries, sweetoranges (C. sinensis) by Genoese traders during the XVth century and a reintroduction of high-er quality varieties by the Portuguese in the XVIth century and finally, the mandarins (C. reticu-lata) during the XIXth century. Initially citrus were used as ornamental plants and for medicinalpurposes, and after the introduction of sweet oranges also for direct consumption at very localscale. Commercial plantings started at the end of the XVIIIth century and exports of fresh fruitto other European countries were done from this time. Today Spain has 330.000 hectares pro-ducing 6.3 million tonnes. About 50% of the production is exported as fresh fruit, 20% is con-sumed in the internal market also as fresh fruit, 18% is processed and the rest are wastes. Spainis the fifth production country and the first fresh fruit citrus exporting country in the world.

century, when there were about 4,000 ha of cit-rus either grown as seedlings or grafted on sev-eral rootstocks as sweet orange, lemon, citronand sour orange. Observations in 1892 indicat-ed that trees were dying as a consequence of adisease, much later identified as caused by

Phytophthora sp. In 10-15 years all trees incommercial plantings died, except those graftedon sour orange that is tolerant to the pathogen.As a consequence all new plantings were doneon sour orange rootstock that has an excellenthorticultural behavior and is tolerant to mostbiotic and abiotic stresses. In fact, most citrusgrowing countries followed the example ofSpain, and sour orange became the predomi-nant citrus rootstock worldwide. This created aserious problem because it is highly susceptibleto Citrus tristeza virus (CTV).

In the period 1910-1930 new higher quality cul-tivars were imported from different countriesthat were used for new plantings and also tochange old cultivars by topworking old trees.These importations were done without any san-itary control, among other reasons, because atthat time it was not known that citrus wereaffected by several graft-transmissible

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pathogens. Today we have evidence indicatingthat many of the imported cultivars were affect-ed by viruses and viroids that were spreadthroughout the country.

The first outbreak of CTV in Spain was recordedin 1957, and since then it has produced thedeath of more than 44 million trees of sweetoranges and mandarins grafted on sour orange.At the end of the 1960s the total surface of cit-rus was about 210,000 ha and citrus exportswere the main source of foreign currency of thecountry. The risk of socio-economic disastercaused by CTV was so high that theGovernment legislated very severe rules to try todiminish the damage produced by thepathogen. The use of sour orange was prohibit-ed in new plantings, importation and evenmovement of citrus plants within the countrywere prohibited and propagation of plants at

citrus nurseries was wholly regulated and as aconsequence its number was reduced fromthousands to nine.

Early surveys and indexing disclosed that othervirus and virus-like diseases were widespread inall Spanish cultivars. Psorosis, impietratura, andconcave gum were producing important directdamage. Exocortis infected all cultivars and con-sequently, Troyer citrange, which was the tris-teza-tolerant rootstock better adapted to theSpanish growing conditions, could not be usedfor propagation. It was estimated that in addi-tion to tristeza, other virus and virus-like dis-eases produced losses estimated at 10-25% ofthe total production.

THE CITRUS VARIETYIMPROVEMENT PROGRAM(CVIPS)

In the early 1970s the Spanish citrus industrywas seriously threatened by graft-transmissiblepathogens that were the major limitation for itsdevelopment and even for its maintenance. Itwas evident that the control of virus and virus-like diseases required the use of pathogen-freecultivars grafted on tristeza tolerant rootstocks.Since all Spanish cultivars were infected, thefirst step to achieve this goal was to recoverhealthy plants from infected ones. The develop-ment of the technique of shoot-tip grafting invitro (STG) (Fig. 1) to recover healthy citrusplants allowed the setting up in 1975 a pro-gram with the objectives of recoveringpathogen-free plants from all cultivars grown inSpain, establishing of a germplasm bank withpathogen-free plants, and releasing pathogen-free budwood to nurseries through a mandato-ry certification program (Fig. 2). Later in 1983 asafe in vitro quarantine procedure based on STG

was developed and legislation was changed toallow the importation of citrus budwood. Thus,introduction of genotypes for commercial andscientific purposes was included as an addition-al objective of the program.

Today the germplasm bank has close to 600accessions and its protected collection (Fig. 3) isthe source of initial material used by all nurs-eries to produce plants under the certificationprogram. Nurseries started to sell certifiedplants originated in the CVIPS in 1982 and untilnow they have sold about 130 million plants,representing more than 95% of the Spanish cit-rus industry. Diseases produced by graft-trans-missible pathogens, which were the main limi-tation of the Spanish citrus industry in the past,do not produce any damage anymore in thenew plantings, which produce more fruits ofhigher quality. In addition, there is now a muchlarger number of cultivars available for thegrowers to choose the most appropriate fortheir orchards and to meet consumer prefer-ences. Spain is probably the first country thatbases a large fruit tree industry in biotechnolo-gy procedures.

PESTS

In Spain many potential important citrus pestsare kept under excellent or satisfactory naturalcontrol by either exotic or indigenous naturalenemies (e.g. Panonychus citri by Euseius stipu-latus). Exotic biological control agents wereimported during the last century into Spain fol-lowing classical (inoculative) biological controlprograms and are now naturalized in our coun-try (e.g. Rodolia cardinalis). However, the factthat most of Spanish citrus production goes tothe fresh market has important consequenceson the status of some citrus pests that directlydamage the fruit. Because these species aresubjected to cosmetic thresholds, which arecommonly very low, biological control is consid-ered insufficient on a limited, but important,number of pests. In Spain, the key pests of cit-rus are the diaspidids, especially the CaliforniaRed Scale, Aonidiella aurantii, and theMediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata.Furthermore, especially in the case of theClementine trees by their particular vegetativetraits, the aphids Aphis gossypii and A. spi-raecola and the spotted spider mite Tetranychusurticae are considered important pests.Chemical control is still being used to controlthese pests, but important current researchefforts are focused to find out biorational con-trol methods to reduce the application of chem-icals and the amount of residues in fruits.

CULTIVARS

The cultivar has always been a key aspect in theSpanish citrus industry due to the need to adaptthe production to international marketdemands. In addition to new plantings, changeof cultivars by topworking is a common cultural

Figure 2. Screenhouse collection of the IVIA germplasm bank that is the initial material forthe certification program.

Figure 1. In vitro grafting: A. Histologicalsection of a sweet orange shoot tip 5days after grafting on a Troyer citrangeseedling. B. Sweet orange on Troyer cit-range rootstock 6 weeks after grafting invitro.

BA

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practice that facilitates the quick implantationof new cultivars. Today about 48% of the pro-duction are sweet oranges, 35% mandarins and16% lemons, although the tendency in newplantings is to reduce sweet oranges and toincrease mandarins, according to the prefer-ences of consumers. In fact, about 70% of themandarin production is exported in contrastwith 50% of the oranges.

The competitiveness in citrus international mar-kets is increasing dramatically and the mainte-nance of the production and competitiveness ofthe Spanish citriculture highly depends on thecontinuous availability of new and improvedcultivars that will meet the increasing demandof the markets for higher quality fruits. The

Figure 5. ‘Garbí’ mandarin, a recentlyreleased late maturing triploid varietyrecovered by embryo culture after polli-nation of diploid ‘Fortune’ mandarin withdiploid ‘Murcott’ tangor.

Figure 4. Fruit production in a healthymandarin tree.

Figure 3. Fruit from the IVIA germplasmbank.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Luis Navarro

Luis Navarro is the President of the InternationalSociety of Citriculture and Director of theCentro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología,Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias(IVIA), Apartado Oficial, 46113-Moncada,Valencia, Spain. Email: Lnavarro@ivia.es

FURTHER READINGS

Navarro, L. and Juarez, J. 2007. Shoot tip graftingin vitro: Impact in the citrus industry andresearch application. p.353-363. In: I. Khan(ed.), Citrus genetics, Breeding, and biotechno-logy. CAB International Publ., Wallingford,Oxfordshire, UK.

main objective in the three main cultivatedspecies is to have high quality cultivars that willmature throughout the season from Septemberto June. In the case of sweet oranges and man-darins the cultivars need to be seedless, becauseconsumers do not accept seedy fruits. In thecase of sweet oranges the available cultivars ofthe navel and Valencia groups, all obtained byselection of spontaneous budsport mutationsthroughout the world, allow a continuous sup-ply of high quality fruits to the markets frommid October to the end of the season.

In the mandarin group (Fig. 4) there are highquality cultivars of the Satsuma and Clementinegroups, also obtained by selection of naturalbudsports, which can be supplied to the mar-kets from early September to the end ofJanuary. After this date the available cultivars donot have enough quality or they cross-pollinatewith Clementines inducing the formation ofseedy fruits not accepted by the market.

New late maturing seedless mandarin cultivarsare the main priority of the Spanish citrus indus-try. Several active breeding programs based onploidy modifications and irradiation are in oper-ation to fulfill this demand. Recently two newlate maturing triploid cultivars have beenreleased (Fig. 5).

Until a few years ago most propagated cultivarswere public, but now all new cultivars are pro-tected. Exploitation of protected cultivars haschanged quickly in a few years. The first pro-tected cultivars could be propagated by all nurs-eries that wanted to sign the propagation con-tracts with the owners, paying the agreed royal-ty per plant sold. This modality is now onlymaintained for the cultivars obtained in publicresearch centers. The second step was theexclusive rights for propagation to one or a fewselected nurseries that could sell plants to anygrower. Now we are in the third step ofexploitation of cultivars in clubs, where theowner tries to limit the amount of total produc-tion of the variety licensing directly to theselected growers, who can buy the plants onlyin the designated nurseries. In this case thereare several mechanisms to pay the royalty by thegrowers.

The CVIPS has services to import and clean-upprotected cultivars for private owners. Thisallows that protected cultivars are also propa-gated under the same scheme of safety as pub-lic cultivars.

PROSPECTS

The Spanish citrus industry is facing severalproblems of different origins. Production cost isvery high compared to all countries competingin the international markets, mainly due to highlabor costs, but also to the small size of plant-ings in traditional citrus areas. The total amountof fruits of different origins reaching the mar-kets is in some periods higher than the demand,and this reduces the price. The consequence of

the situation is that benefits of growers aredrastically diminished. It is assumed that toovercome this situation it is very important toincrease research activities to obtain new prod-ucts of higher quality at lower costs.

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SPAIN

Mainland Spain lies between parallels 36º and43º North Latitude and is varied in altitude.Thus, the climate is very diverse in the temper-ate zone fruit and nut producing areas, from200 chilling hours in the south to 1200 in thenorth. This feature allows a wide range of fruit(pome and stone) and nut production. Spanishtree crops production is undergoing a largetransformation process based on technology

Temperate Fruits and Nuts:Iberian Diversity

Gerardo Llácer, Ignasi Batlle, Ignasi Iglesias, Mariana Motaand Cristina Moniz Oliveira

Fruit and nut production in the Iberian Peninsula is both diverse and economically important. Inrecent years Spain and Portugal, both traditional fruit and nut producers, have developed a mod-ern industry. Climatic conditions vary from Atlantic or Mediterranean to Continental and thusalso adaptation of species and outputs. Soil types are diverse, from deep clay to shallow andsandy. Fruit and nut production is mainly based on irrigated areas but some large producingregions are only under rainfed conditions; yearly rainfall varies between 350 and 1500 mm.Important producing areas are concentrated along rivers such as the Ebro Valley (northeast inSpain) and the Guadalquivir Valley (south in Spain) and Douro Valley (north in Portugal). In theimportant producing areas under irrigation, water is stored and derived from reservoirs and dis-tributed through channels. A large number of fruit and nut species are being produced. Theintroduction of new cultivars and rootstocks is rapid and up-to-date using worldwide breedingreleases. In Spain, a number of private, public, or mixed-funded fruit and nut breeding programsare underway. Production technology is modern and environmentally friendly. Spanish produc-tion is mainly focused on exports and the Portuguese industry is mainly aimed at the domesticmarket (except orange, pear, chestnut, pinion pine nut, and wine). The productive sector is wellorganized and mainly based on small growers but also some large scale companies are operat-ing. Most productions are certified and traceable. Large differences in commodity prices betweenproducers and consumers are impairing growers’ incomes and thus need to be adjusted.

and cultivar improvement. Before the 1990s,native and foreign free cultivars were grown.From the 1990s non-free foreign cultivars werelargely introduced and currently new cultivarsreleased by Spanish breeding programs areplanted. Fruit and nut trees breeding programsin Spain, except for almond, started in the twolast decades. There are now 43 programs, 29focused on stone fruits and the rest on pome

fruits, nuts, and underutilized fruits. The largeand well developed Spanish fruit industry isaimed at both the export and domestic market.

Stone Fruits

Peach is the main stone fruit grown (75,000 ha)(Fig. 1). The area devoted to this crop hasincreased slightly (4%) over the past 15 yearsbut production has doubled in this same period,reaching 1,300,000 tonnes (t) in 2008, due tothe use of drip irrigation, efficient training sys-tems, and the introduction of new improvedcultivars and more efficient rootstocks. Spainranks fourth worldwide after China, Italy andUSA, producing 25% of the peach crop in theEuropean Union. Fruit type distribution in 2008was 36% non-melting peach, 35% nectarine,24% melting cultivars and 5% platycarpa (flat)types. In the last 15 years the main innovationwas the introduction and development of newcultivars having a high color potential andsweet taste for both nectarine and peach(including flat types, Fig. 2). Peach and nec-tarine export in 2008 was 47% of total produc-tion.

Sweet cherry production (76,000 t) has morethan doubled over the last 20 years but crop-ping area (33,700 ha) has only increased 20%.In recent years, Spanish cherry production isexpanding from mountainous areas to theplains and valleys and it is mainly based on for-eign early, medium (Fig. 3A), and late cultivars,with a few late local cultivars. Spain stands third

Figure 1. Peach production in Spain is becoming more important in recent years due to itsgood adaptation to dry and hot areas.

Figure 2. Flat peaches are becoming verypopular and gaining consumers’ accept-ance in recent years because of theirnew shape (easy eating) and sweettaste.

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in Europe and it is becoming a large freshexporter (38% of total production). There iswide interest in new self-fertile cultivars withlarge fruit and firm flesh, having an extendedharvesting season, and showing low sensitivityto fruit cracking.

Apricot production (103,000 t in 2008) (Fig. 3B)has decreased over the past 15 years due to theexpansion of the sharka disease (plum pox virus,PPV) in the two main producing regions Murciaand Valencia. Production prospects will increaseas recently released PPV-resistant Spanish culti-vars have been commercialized by the Centrode Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura –Consejo Superior de Investigationes Científicas

(CEBAS-CSIC) and the Instituto Valenciano deInvestigaciones Agrarias (IVIA). Other breedingobjectives include self-compatibility, low chillingrequirements, and increased fruit quality (taste,firmness) and appearance (blush, size).

Pome Fruits

The growing area for apple (table and cider) is38,000 ha ranking second to peach. Annualproduction is close to 600,000 t. Spanish appleproduction (Fig. 4) in Europe ranks fifth afterPoland, Italy, France and Germany. In Spain,production of newer bicolored cultivars isincreasing, while that of old cultivars is steadilydecreasing. However, most new cultivars origi-nate from more temperate countries than Spainand many are not well adapted to the southernEuropean producing regions, showing a lack ofcolor and firmness and, sensitivity to sunburn.One of the main climatic limitations for opti-mum fruit color development compared to coldareas and/or mountain areas is low day-nighttemperature fluctuations. There are two scionbreeding programs, one for table cultivars(Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agro-alimentàries, Spain – Plant & Food Research,New Zealand (IRTA-PFR)) aiming for fruit qualityand the other for scab-resistant cider apples(Servicio de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario,Spain (SERIDA)).

The pear growing area (28,000 ha) rates fourthafter peach, apple, and cherry with averageannual production about 500,000 t. In Europe,Spanish production ranges second after Italy.Old European cultivars dominate current pro-duction and growers are asking for new oneswell-suited to the warm growing conditions toenlarge the narrow range of cultivars currentlyavailable. The importance of pear is steadilydecreasing in Spain. One scion breeding pro-gram (IRTA-PFR) aims for fruit quality and a pearrootstock breeding program carried out jointlyby IRTA and the Institut National de laRecherche Agronomique (INRA) aims for lowvigor, calcareous soil tolerance, and good com-patibility.

Underutilized Fruits

The eastern Spanish region comprises zoneswith particular climatic and soil characteristics

that are suitable to the development of under-utilized or minor fruit crops as: persimmon,loquat, pomegranate, fig and carob. Thesespecies are an alternative to major fruit crops.Spain is the main European producer of thesefive species. The most striking case is persim-mon (Diospyros kaki). The selection of the highquality cultivar ‘Rojo Brillante’ (Fig. 3D) from thenative germplasm, along with the application ofthe technique for removing astringency withoutlosing fruit firmness, allowed expansion of theculture in the 1990s in the Valencia area.Persimmon production increased by more than300 times in the last 15 years, reaching 70,000t in 2008. This year, 62% of the production wasexported.

Spain is the main exporter of loquat (Eriobotryajaponica) (Fig. 3C) producing 40,000 t but rank-ing a distant second after China. Productionlocalized in Alicante province is based on‘Algerie’, which overtook local cultivars. TheSpanish loquat germplasm bank at IVIA with126 accessions is the most important geneticreservoir of the species outside Asia, and pro-vides germplasm for a unique European breed-ing program.

Pomegranate production in Spain (27,000 t) isbased mainly on ‘Mollar de Elche’, mainlygrown in Alicante Province. This cultivar is high-ly regarded in the European markets due to itshigh fiber content and antioxidant activity. Figproduction (26,000 t) is mainly rainfed andbased on local cultivars. Most production is des-tined for drying but there is also some freshconsumption.

Spain is the largest world producer (56,000 t) ofcarob (Ceratonia siliqua), which is grown on thewarm coastal and rainfed Mediterranean areasand based on local cultivars. In Europe, themost valued part of the carob pod is the seedfor gum extraction, which is used as stabilizerand thickener by the food industry (additive E-410).

Nuts

Almond, hazelnut, walnut, pistachio, andstone pine are the main nuts growing in Spain.There is an IRTA Research Center for studyingnuts in Tarragona Province. The almond growingarea in Spain (540,000 ha) is mainly located inrainfed lands along the Mediterranean coastalarea. Spain ranks second in almond productionin the world after California. Cultivars producedare hard shelled (Fig. 5) having kernel percent-ages from 25 to 35%. The two main traditional-ly grown cultivars in Spain are early flowering. Inthe last 30 years, some late flowering Frenchcultivars and a number of Spanish releases fromthree breeding programs have been planted.Currently there is a trend towards using newlybred self-compatible cultivars. Almond seedlingrootstocks have been used for centuries buttoday calcareous soil resistant peach x almondhybrids, mainly INRA GF-677 and nematoderesistant G x N series of CITA are planted.

Figure 3. A. ‘Cristalina®’ cherry, amedium harvest cultivar, is one of thenew cultivars from Summerland(Canada) planted in Spain; B. Apricotselection from IVIA breeding program;C. Loquat selection from IVIA breedingprogram; D. ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmon.

A

B

C

D

Figure 4. ‘Brookfield Gala’ apple, a highcolored strain; the ‘Gala’ group is secondin importance in the European Union.

chroni nr. 4 09 27-11-2009 18:02 Pagina 21

ISHS • 22

Pinyon pine (Pinus pinea) production is basedon natural stands or forests. Its edible and valu-able nut is the main commercial interest. Spaintogether with Portugal are the main world pro-ducers, accounting each for 35% of the totalworld production. In Spain, the stone pine sur-face is of 450,000 ha, 75% of the worldwideproducing area, of which 175,000 ha are natu-ral forests. Portugal has some 50,000 ha. Thereare not known cultivars but a clonal germplasmbank was established and maintained in Madridby INIA. Clonal selection of productive treesproducing high quality nuts has been carriedout in different ecological zones in Spain andPortugal. Commercial plantings have recentlybeen made following horticultural models.Selected clones have been grafted on seedlingsof Aleppo pine (P. halepensis), which is moretolerant to calcareous soils than P. pinea.

PORTUGAL

The major fruit crops in Portugal are citrus andpome fruits, together with wine grapes andolives. Portugal is the 4th largest producer ofcitrus fruits in Europe with over 300,000 tonnes(Table 1). Orange production is mainly sold forfresh consumption, but oranges are also export-ed for juice production (Costa et al., 2008).Berries and dried fruits are also interesting cul-tures in our conditions. Fruit production hasnatural competitiveness factors, as compared toother sectors and regions, because of the spe-cial climate of Portugal, which influences quali-ty and precocity. The sector is based on small-scale companies that still require more market-oriented organization of both production anddistribution infrastructures. In some regions,scarcity of quality irrigation water still impairsthe achievement of high productivity.

Stone FruitsAlthough Portugal is deficient in prune fruits,there is production of cherry, peach, and nec-

Figure 7. Table grape production inFerreira do Alentejo – Herdade do Valeda Rosa.

Figure 6. The ‘Rocha’ pear. Photo by cour-tesy of Dr. João Martins.

Figure 5. Heavy almond set in hard shelled cultivar ‘Marinada’ recently released by IRTA.

Crop Area Production(ha) (tonnes)

Olive 379,421 373,396

Grape (wine) 222,621 1,029,000

Dried fruits 71,870 48,341

Citrus (orange,mandarin) 26,135 307,600

Apple 20,674 254,000

Pear 12,871 174,000

Cherry 6,350 15,561

Grape (table) 6,013a 52,000

Peach 5,925 50,000

Plum 1,904 16,149

Kiwifruit 1,307 13,000

Strawberry ,650b 14,000b

Table 1. Area and production of the majorfruit crops in Portugal (including Madeiraand Azores) in 2006.

SOURCE: Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE), Portugalahttp://www.gppaa.min-agricultura.pt/pbl/period/Anuario_Veg_2006.pdfbL-INIA, INRB, Portugal

tarine (Table 1). There are some very successfulplum productions, as the ‘Ameixa RainhaCláudia Verde de Elvas’, much appreciated asfresh or processed as a sweet candy.

Pome FruitsApple production represents more than 25% ofthe total production of fresh fruits. Commercialcultivars such as ‘Gala’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and‘Delicious’ dominate but regional cultivars suchas ‘Bravo de Esmolfe’ are receiving more atten-tion from growers to respond to the increaseddemand of the internal market. Portugal is the8th largest European pear producer and thenative ‘Rocha’ cultivar (Fig. 6) is the mostexported item of fresh fruits and vegetables

(40 million € in 2006). Consumers appreciatethe sweet taste and retailers the good shelf lifeand storage ability.

Vine and Berry Fruits

Grape and wine production requires specialmention. Wine accounts for 16% of the totalagricultural production and is among the mostimportant Portuguese exported products (Costaet al., 2008). The sector is facing a significantmodernization and restructuring, aiming todevelop or consolidate good positions in exportmarkets, taking advantage of the internationalimage of Port wine and other prestigiousPortuguese wines. Table grape productionreached 54,000 tonnes in 2006 and it is inexpansion, making use of Portuguese or newseedless or semi-seedless cultivars in combina-tion with plastic covering (to raise air tempera-ture over the canopy, inducing early fruiting aswell as yield with increased quality) (Fig. 7).

Kiwifruit (Fig. 8) is a crop with rising impor-tance. Private retailers undergo a great effort toorganize growers in order to guarantee thesupply and quality of the fruits going to thenational market and to increase exports.

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 23

Figure 8. Kiwi orchard in Beira Litoral Region.

Dr. Gerardo Llácer is Fruit breeder and Virologistworking as Head of the Fruit BreedingDepartment of the Instituto Valenciano deInvestigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Apartado Oficial,46113 Moncada (Valencia), Spain. He hasresearched on fruit viruses for many years andbred apricot, peach and loquat more recently.Email: llacer_ger@ivia.gva.es

Dr. Ignasi Batlle is Fruit breeder and Geneticist wor-king as Research Director of Fruit Breeding at theInstitut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries(IRTA), Mas de Bover, Ctra. Reus-El Morell, Km3,8, 43120 Constantí (Tarragona), Spain. He hasa wide experience both on fruit breeding andmarker assisted selection. He has also been res-ponsible of fruit and nut genetic resources formany years. Email: ignasi.batlle@irta.cat

Dr. Ignasi Iglesias is Pomologist and Extension spe-cialist working as Director of Fruit Introduction &

FURTHER READINGS

Costa, J.M., Almeida, D. and Oliveira, C.M. 2008.Portuguese fruit producers. Fruit & Veg. Tech.8(2):28-30. http://www.agriworld.nl/

Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Medio Rural yMarino. http://www.marm.es. Accessed 5 July2009.

Nuez, F. and Llácer, G. 2001. La horticultura espa-ñola. Edited by the Sociedad Española deCiencias Hortícolas (SECH).

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Ignasi Batlle

Cristina MonizOliveira

Mariana Mota

Ignasi IglesiasGerardo Llácer

Trialling at the Institut de Recerca i TecnologiaAgroalimentàries (IRTA), Estació Experimental, Av.Alcalde Rovira Roure 177, 25006 Lleida, Spain.He has a large experience on fruit variety androotstock trialling and evaluation. He has beencarrying out extension, advising and transferringinformation to growers for many years. Email:ignasi.iglesias@irta.cat

Dr. Mariana Mota is Researcher at the InstitutoSuperior de Agronomia, Technical University ofLisbon, Portugal, working on biotechnology app-lied to fruit species. Email: mariana@isa.utl.pt

Dr. Cristina Moniz Oliveira is Associate Professor atthe Instituto Superior de Agronomia, TechnicalUniversity of Lisbon, Portugal, working on fruitproduction. Email: crismoniz@isa.utl.pt

Similarly, the production of berries is also gain-ing significant expression. Although the produc-tion of strawberry, raspberry and blueberries isstill reduced in Portugal, the potential to expandis large, mainly off season production for fresh-market to supply demand from North andEastern European countries. Strawberry is themost important of this group (Table 1) and isproduced either in open field, destined to thenational market, or under protected conditions,using soilless production systems in tunnels toavoid problems with soil diseases, and focusedon exportation. Fruits can be grown all yearround, with a peak between April and June.

Nuts and Olive

Chestnuts and pine nuts are also relevant expor-tation products. Chestnuts are exported eitherfresh or processed. Pinecone production hasstrong social and economic implications, sincetraditional harvest involves a lot of labor that isrelatively well paid. The production of pine nutsis in demand by the food industry and approxi-mately 20% of pine nut output is consumedwithin the domestic market, the remaining80% being sold at foreign markets.

Another success is olive oil (Costa et al., 2008).There was a concentration, modernization andtechnological adaptation of olive oil mills, whichhas increased olive oil quality. RecognisedProducers’ Organisations, predominantly coop-eratives, market approximately 35% of totalproduction and the export orientation hasincreased significantly.

In summary, the Portuguese fruit sector hasmodernized rapidly and a clear effort has beenmade to increase yield and quality of the supplychain. This sector has been formally consideredstrategic to the Portuguese economy. In mostcrops, orchard conversions and new plantations(e.g. new olive groves) are in progress and somecultivars being replaced by more profitableones. Many fruit organizations are certifiedunder one of the on-farm assurance systems,like GLOBALGAP. However, the internal supplyof some fruits is still deficient and companies

need to increase exports, despite the increasedcompetitiveness of the international fruitmarkets.

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ISHS • 24

One of the best kept secrets is that Spain andPortugal produce and export tropical fruits,both on the Iberian mainland and in the CanaryIslands and Madeira, autonomous regions ofSpain and Portugal, respectively (Fig. 1 and 2).The subtropical climate of southern Spain andPortugal and the tropical climates of the twoarchipelagos make them suitable for the pro-duction of many tropical and subtropical fruitcrops. These include banana, avocado, mangos,cherimoyas, papaya, pineapple, litchi, andcarambola. Significant horticultural researchefforts and innovations have been made inrecent years. A special consideration commonto all tropical fruits produced in Spain andPortugal is the reduction in the carbon footprintfor the European market as compared to impor-tation from other continents. This presentlyadds special value to these products, whichincreasingly command a greater appeal forEuropean consumers.

BANANA

The combined efforts of the horticultural indus-try and research have led to a sustainable andsuccessful production of banana. In the CanaryIslands, a combination of selected local cultivarsand improved cultural techniques has led tosome of the highest yielding plantings in theworld. Greenhouse cultivation was one of thestrategies utilized in the Canaries to improve pro-duction and offset competition in the Europeanmarkets from less expensive fruit exported fromAfrica and the Americas. Banana greenhousescurrently cover over a third of the total surfacededicated to banana cultivation in the Canariesand production is timed to coincide with peakmarket prices. Additional advantages of bananasunder cover include negligible risks of weatherextremes, improvements in fruit quality, irrigationefficiency, and organic and integrated productmanagement (IPM) systems.

The industry has focused on publicity extollingthe excellent taste of the speciality bananas,mostly ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ cultivars, which areproduced both in the Canary Islands andMadeira. They are greatly appreciated by bothSpanish and Portuguese consumers. Since theearly 1990s, Central America has suppliedEurope with cheap, uniform, and unblemishedbananas. As a result leading Canary bananagrowers have promoted their fruit by runningsuccessive advertising campaigns initiallydesigned to extol their flavour, and to alertSpanish consumers to the fact that the slightspotting and less intense color of their smaller-sized banana was intrinsic to the type, and notindicative of under- or over-ripeness as com-

Tropical Fruit Crops in Spain and PortugalVíctor Galán Saúco and Iñaki Hormaza

pared to the high quality Central Americanimports. These promotional campaigns target-ing wholesalers have ultimately been so suc-cessful at retaining consumer loyalty in Spain,that Canary bananas usually fetch higher pricesthan their cheaper, imported competitors andhave led to a complete segmentation of themarket. Spanish consumers distinguish very well

between “plátanos” from the Canary Islands,which are preferred over “bananas” from anyother sources. This distinction is translated toretail shops where fruit is labelled accordingly toorigin. Local growers are currently financingcampaigns focusing on nutritional comparisons,which they hope will broaden their sales baseeven further.

Figure 1. Tropical and subtropical fruits produced in Portugal and Spain: A. banana, B. avoca-do, C. mango, D. papaya, E. cherimoya, F. litchi, G. pineapple (left ‘MD2’, right ‘Red Spanish’),H. carambola.

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 25

AVOCADO

Although the first commercial orchards of avo-cado were established in Spain and Portugalover 50 years ago, this American fruit was firstintroduced in Iberia in the 16th century. Oldgermplasm, introduced several centuries ago,has been found in the Canaries, mainly WestIndian avocado race, but Mexican andGuatemalan races have been found scatteredthroughout the Southeastern Iberian Peninsula.‘Hass’ is the most widely used cultivar (as it is inmost producing countries worldwide) and over50% of the Iberian crop is consumed by theEuropean Union. Shorter transport to marketsgives Iberian fruit a competitive edge, as doesminimal or zero use of pesticides.

Research initially focused on cultural techniquesto optimize orchard management, developingappropriate methods of pruning, fertilizing andirrigation. Recent multidisciplinary approachesthat merge basic and applied research toaddress the main factors limiting sustainableproduction have resulted in a qualitative changein the avocado industry. Significant advanceshave been made by studies of reproductive biol-ogy to optimize yield, the use of molecularmarkers for genotypic characterization and

Figure 2. Tropical fruits with promise:A. pitaya, B. guava, C. mamey.

Víctor Galán Saúco is Research Professor at theDepartment of Tropical Fruits at the InstitutoCanario de Investigaciones Agrarias, Apdo. 60,La Laguna 38200, Spain. He is a Past Presidentof the Spanish Society of Horticulture, ViceChair of the ISHS Section Banana and Plantain,Chair of ISHS Working Group on Tropical Fruitsand presently Co-President of the 28th IHCCongress, Lisboa 2010. Email: Vgalan@icia.es

Iñaki Hormaza is Research Professor of theSpanish National Research Council (CSIC) andHead of the Department of SubtropicalPomology and Phytopathology at “La Mayora”Experimental Station - CSIC in Málaga, Spain.He has carried out extensive research studies onsubtropical and temperate fruit trees reproduc-tive biology and germplasm conservation.Email: ihormaza@eelm.csic.es

FURTHER READING

Janick, J. and Paull, R.E. (eds.). 2008. Encyclopediaof tropical fruits & nuts. CABI, Wallingford,Oxfordshire, UK.

Galán Saúco, V. 2003. Fruit: Tropical andSubtropical. p.70-78. In: S.H. Katz and W.W.Weaver (eds.), Volume 2. The Encyclopedia ofFood and Culture, Charles Scribners and Sons,New York.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Víctor Galán Saúco Iñaki Hormaza

marker-assisted selection, and in developingappropriate methods for genetic transforma-tion. Biological control strategies are beingdeveloped against both the persea mite(Oligonichus perseae), first reported in Spain in2004, and soil fungi (Phytophthora cinnamomiand Rosellinia necatrix). Studies are underwayto obtain rootstocks capable of tolerating bothfungi, which are fairly prevalent in both Spainand Portugal and for which no definite solutionis now possible.

MANGO

This delicious tropical fruit undoubtedly consti-tutes the greatest progress. Due mainly toadvances in controlling flowering so as to coin-cide with good temperatures for fruit set,mango cultivation has experienced a boom inrecent years, particularly in the Spanish main-land. Research efforts have managed to reducethe problem of Internal Fruit Breakdown (soft-nose) as well as to address specific problemstypical of subtropical cool environments, likeapical necrosis. An interesting breeding pro-gram is ongoing in the Canary Islands, with theaim of producing triploids from naturally-occur-ring tetraploids. Molecular markers are beingused to optimize germplasm management inthe Canary Islands and in mainland Spain. Fruitsfrom selected cultivars not only satisfy localdemand but are currently exported regularly byroad from Málaga to France with excellentresults. The proximity to markets allows Spanishmangoes to compete in equal conditions, par-ticularly quality, with the air freight exportedfruit from Latin America, Africa, or Asia.

CHERIMOYAS

Spain is the largest world producer of this SouthAmerican fruit. About 90% of its production ismarketed locally, with particularly high con-sumptions close to the main producing areas.The local cultivar ‘Fino de Jete’ constitutes thebulk of the production in Spain, while severallocal selections are cultivated in Madeira.Similarly to avocado, much effort has beendevoted to optimizing cultural techniques suchas pruning to extend the harvesting season, ini-tially concentrated between September andDecember, to April. Other significant improve-ments are underway. Hand-pollination has beenenthusiastically adopted by farmers to optimizeproduction. Breeding is underway to reduce therisks attendant on the current dependence on asingle cultivar and marker assisted selection isbeing researched. A great deal of these researchefforts is made in cooperation with developingcountries, mainly in South America.

OTHER TROPICAL FRUITS

Papayas produced under greenhouses in theCanary Islands are free of ring spot virus (PRSV).This contrasts with the open air plantationsused in other countries, where production can

only survive by employing transgenic resistantcultivars but GM produce is currently anathemato European consumers. Pineapples, mainly ofthe Red Spanish group, are also a commercialcrop in the Canaries, with efforts directedtowards introducing new cultivars capable ofadapting well to the subtropics. (Some pineap-ple, ‘Smooth Cayenne’ types, is still produced ingreenhouses in the Portuguese Azores).Important efforts towards evaluation of litchicultivars have also been made by publicresearch institutions in collaboration with theprivate sector, and in recent years fruit has beenexported from Málaga to France where it fetch-es excellent prices due to a production season(end of summer/beginning of autumn) duringwhich virtually no other country is producingfruit. Research is in progress for other species,such as carambolas, pitayas, passionfruit,mamey, guava, litchi, and plantain, to furtherincrease the diversity of tropical fruit productionin both Spain and Portugal.

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ISHS • 26

Adaptation of postharvest technology hasadded tremendous value to the fruit and vege-table industry of Spain. Technological develop-ments are focused on competing in theEuropean Union, Spain’s main export market.These developments have put Spanish horticul-ture in a highly competitive position in the inter-national market, with a strong capacity to con-form to the new requirements expected.

Consumer demand, both internal and export,has determined the orientation of the multidis-ciplinary technologies required for Spain to sur-vive and prosper in a highly competitive arena(Fig. 1). These include the development of newcultivars, more profitable crops, and innovativepostharvest technology. Advanced postharvesttechnologies include ripening control, fruitgrading with image-analysis systems (Fig. 2),spectrophotometric sensors for firmness, robot-ized systems (Fig. 3), controlled atmospherechambers, new packages for modified atmos-phere packaging, and efficient systems fortraceability from field to plate. Other aspectsinclude refrigerated transport, quality assur-ance: information, management, logistic, anddistribution services. Producers and marketersare aware of the need for equipment and sys-tems aimed to optimize the economics, quality,and safety of the commercialized products. Theacquisition of these technologies requires inter-national enterprises with elevated cost.

In recent years, public research funding by theSpanish Governments – local, regional ornational – have not established postharvest sci-ence and technology as a priority, and thusresearch must be funded by a wide range ofexternal sources. In spite of this problem, agreat number of research projects in posthar-vest technology have been carried out focusedon quality, safety guarantee, optimizing nutri-tional quality, and development of new prod-ucts, especially minimally-processed. Processingtechnologies include sensors, informatics, andphysical or chemical treatments.

The goal of postharvest research is to maintainquality and safety and minimize losses of horti-cultural crops and their products between pro-duction and consumption. The research activi-ties include pre-harvest agronomic factors,organoleptic and nutritive quality, and physio-logical and biochemical response to thepostharvest technologies. In the last decade theSpanish Research Groups have increased thenumber of published papers in internationalpeer-reviewed journals; more than 800 researchpapers deal with postharvest technologies and

Postharvest Technology in SpanishHorticulture

Fernando Riquelme and Daniel Valero

their impact on fruit and vegetable quality andshelf life extension. The most preferred journalsare Postharvest Biology and Technology (135papers), Journal of Agricultural and FoodChemistry (120), Journal of the Science of Foodand Agriculture (50) and European FoodResearch Technology (40). Most of the ResearchGroups are located in provinces close to theMediterranean Sea (Almería, Murcia, Alicante,and Valencia) with other groups in Zaragoza,Lleida, and Seville. However, many of the tech-nologies and results obtained do not reach hor-ticultural companies. Most of the time, the col-laboration between researchers and marketerscould be considered as minor with the excep-tion of actions to solve a specific problem. Thereis a need for a postharvest research network toachieve coordinated proposals at both thenational and European level. In recent years,there is a tendency for collaboration betweenSpain and other international countries, espe-cially with South-America through theIberoamerican Science and Technology forDevelopment Program (CYTED) as well as withdeveloping countries.

A recent analysis of the sector revealed thatthere is a wide gap between research activitiesand technological developments. One explana-tion could be attributable to the fact that theresearch and development objectives are notthe same in both groups, and that develop-ments by researchers are insufficiently advancedto be used in the market. This can be seen inthe published reports in technical journals, bothnational and international. It appears that themarket demands research focused on fruit andvegetable handling and packaging activities, aswell as the storage in order to fulfill qualityrequirements by the distributors. The prioritieswithin the postharvest sector have evolved froma primarily technical focus geared toward thereduction of losses to a more holistic approachdesigned to link on-farm activities to process-ing, marketing, and distribution. Despite thisevolution in trends, fundamental problems andconcerns of the sector have remained relativelyunchanged, with high postharvest losses, weakresearch, and inadequacies in policies, infra-structure, and information exchange cited asmajor constraints within the sector.

The association of industries within the posthar-vest sector should define jointly the preferences,to establish broader research programs thatrespond and solve the current demanding prob-lems that face the industry. Research and trans-ference of the postharvest innovations require a

better connection and collaborative activitieswith the horticultural sector, to improve bothefficacy and productivity. Continued consolida-tion and vertical integration among producersand marketers will characterize the global mar-keting systems for fresh produce. This will facil-itate collaboration among producers and mar-keters.

Although remarkable progress in postharvestbiology and technology of horticultural cropshas been achieved in Spain during the past 10years through interdisciplinary research and

Figure 2. The packaging systems show ahigh standardization level, with severalsensor types: size, image, firmness, etc.(Picture from “Grupo Molinense”Distribution and Markets, S.A. Murcia,Spain).

Figure 1. Quality and commercial promo-tion actions are considered an importantsystem to produce introduction at theInternational Markets.

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 27

Figure 3. Robots (Fanuc Robotics Ibérica, S.L.) along the lettuce processing and packaging(El Dulze, Murcia, Spain).

Dr. Fernando Riquelme is Scientific Researcher(CEBAS-CSIC – Murcia) and President of theSpanish Society of Horticultural Science (SECH).His research activities are related with fruit andvegetable quality, susceptibility to mechanicaldamage during produce handling and the effectof plant nutrition on produce quality. Email:riquelme@cebas.csic.es

Dr. Daniel Valero is the Head of Post-HarvestGroup at the Department of Food Technology,University Miguel Hernández, Alicante, as wellas Chair of the Commission Post-Harvest andIndustries of the Spanish Society of HorticulturalScience (SECH). His research activities includeenvironmentally friendly postharvest technolo-gies with special interest in organoleptic, nutri-tive and bioactive compounds with functionalproperties as well as safety issues. Email:daniel.valero@umh.es

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Fernando Riquelme Daniel Valero

FURTHER READING

APOEXPA + FECOAM + PROEXPORT. 2006. Plande competitividad del sector de frutas y hortali-zas 2006-2010.

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. 2009. VI PlanNacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrolloe Innovación Tecnológica para el período 2008-2011. www.plannacionalidi.es.

Pozancos, J.Ma. 2004. Perspectivas de la exporta-ción española de frutas y hortalizas. Vida Rural(1 diciembre 2004): 168-171.

Tomás-Barberán, F.A. 2009. Investigación en pos-cosecha, ¿en qué se trabaja? HorticulturaInternacional 69:69-71. Año XVI.

Vidal Maté. 2009. Crisis bajo plástico. ElPais.com(17/05/2009).

development, devoting more attention toflavour and nutritional quality of fruit and veg-etables is strongly recommended. This shouldinclude identification of the reasons that thepostharvest life based on flavour is shorter thanpostharvest life based on appearance.Innovative technologies need to be developedthrough collaboration between public and pri-vate organizations for maintaining optimal tem-perature and relative humidity, delaying lossesof flavour and nutritional quality by new treat-ments, and ensuring product safety. The successof R&D activities should be measured by thedegree of acceptation and utilisation of theresearch results, as well as new innovations andprocesses. Finally, it is clear that postharvestbiologists and technologists will play a key rolein the future of horticulture.

Spanish Vegetable Production:Processing and Fresh Market

Pedro Hoyos Echevarría

Spain was the first fruit and vegetable exporting country in the World in 2007. Currently, thevalue of vegetable and annual fruits such as melon, watermelon, and strawberry reached 7,438million Euros (MARM, 2008), which represents 18% of gross agricultural production and 30%of total plant production, up from 9% and 17%, respectively, in 1985. The entrance of Spain inthe EU in 1986 had triggered a continuous increase of vegetable production.

Exporting capacity is currently the major strength of Spanish horticulture. According to the FAO,Spain is the first exporting country in the world for tomato, lettuce, pepper, cauliflower and broc-coli and it has a strong position in other products such as cucumber, onion, and carrot. Yet, thesedata should be viewed with caution due to the introduction of China and Mexico into the inter-national markets and the increasing exported production of Turkey. All these facts have hap-pened in a very short time. For instance, the role of Spanish vegetable production in markets inthe 1980s was very meagre. The deep change in Spanish vegetable production may be due totwo major causes; emigration from rural to urban areas, and the entrance of Spain into the EUin 1986. This brief review describes the major patterns of open field vegetable production inSpain.

FROM TRADITIONAL TO HIGHTECH PRODUCTION

Spanish horticulture has undergone profoundchanges through the 20th century. Spanish tra-ditional horticulture was carried out in smallorchards and gardens by local farmers to attendtheir own consumption and that of the localinhabitants in their neighbourhood. Traditionalhorticulture also included the surroundings of asmall number of large cities such as Barcelonaand Valencia in the Mediterranean coast, aswell as Madrid in the interior.

The deep change in Spanish horticulture thatbegan in the second half of the 20th centurywas associated with the rise in industrial devel-

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ISHS • 28

etable growing, Valencia and Murcia in theMediterranean Coast, the Ebro valley in theNortheast, as well as new areas likeExtremadura in the West, which became animportant producer of tomato for processing.Andalusia, especially the Guadalquivir valleyand Almería, in the East Coast of this region,began to be relevant horticultural areas. InAlmería the “enarenados,” a growing tech-nique to advance the harvest and increase yieldby covering soil with sand (arena in Spanish),and very simple greenhouses, using the struc-tures previously used for grape growing, called“parral,” initiated the development of the cur-rent protected-vegetable cultivation. This ispresented elsewhere in this special issue ofChronica Horticulturae. The entrance of Spainin the EU represented an outstanding opportu-nity for Spanish horticulture and in only a fewyears almost 85% of the exported vegetableswere addressed to EU Countries. However,local traditional vegetable production contin-ues throughout Spain.

COMPETITIVE FACTORS

Several competitive factors have encouragedvegetable production in Spain. To begin withSpain is located in the South of Europe, at lati-tudes around from 36º to 43º N where the cli-mate, especially in the south, allows the pro-duction of vegetables out-of-season as com-pared to the rest of Europe. Although otherregions from the South of Italy and France arealso able to produce vegetables out of the pro-ducing season in Northern Europe, only someSouthern Mediterranean regions of Europe, likeMurcia (Fig. 1) and Almería in Spain, Sicily inItaly and Crete in Greece are located at 37-38ºN. The second factor that favoured highly com-petitive vegetable production was low costlabour. Finally, the capacity and adaptability ofSpanish horticulturists to adapt their productionto market requirements and demands fromSpain and abroad were important factors. Thatcapacity in many cases contrasted with theinflexibility of other European suppliers.

Figure 1. Vegetables in Águilas (Murcia area).

Figure 4. Different dispositions in carrots (Segovia area).Figure 3. Different lettuce types in Campo de Cartagena(Murcia area).

Figure 2. Grafting watermelon.

opment. Industry’s labour needs were providedby migration from rural to urban industrialareas, which saw a doubling of population in afew years. This rural exodus resulted in the firstincrease of Spanish commercial horticulture dueto the fact that the emerging workforce consist-ed of vegetables consumers, who continued todemand these commodities when they arrivedin the large cities. The improvement of thetransport network and the progressive develop-ment of refrigeration facilitated vegetables dis-tribution from the producing to the consump-tion areas. In a short period of time vegetableproducts increased fourfold in the total grossagriculture product that is dominated by tradi-tional dryland crops such as cereals, legumes,grapes, and olives. Citrus fruit, olive oil, wine,and to a lesser extent onion, were the mainexport commodities.

A period of consolidation of vegetables pro-duction came by the end of the 1970s andthrough the 1980s. By that time vegetablegrowing settled in traditional areas of veg-

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 29

PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Spanish vegetable production is an importantmarket for vegetable seed processed by multina-tional companies. Many of them have researchcentres in Spain where they carry out their cen-trally designed seed producing programs. Thesecompanies consider Spain a strategic location inorder to establish links with countries withemerging vegetable production, such asMorocco, Turkey, Egypt, and Mexico. The advan-tage lies in the fact that these countries wereeager to adapt techniques that had been previ-ously tested in Spain. The same circumstancescould also be applied to companies devoted toirrigation, greenhouses, plastics, phytosanitaryproducts, fertilizers, and nurseries.

Another feature to be mentioned is the produc-tion of large amounts of vegetable transplants.Spanish nurseries produce more than 7,000 mil-lion plants. No other country except China isable to produce that amount of transplants. Ina short period of time nurseries have been able

to supply farmers with various grafted vegeta-bles (Fig. 2), mainly watermelon and tomato.

Two additional features characterize Spanishvegetable production. Nowadays Spain is one ofthe most active countries producing fresh andminimally processed vegetables, ready for use(fresh cut or 4th gamma). The other featurerefers to the fact that Spanish horticulture pro-vides vegetables to a large part of the Europeantrade system, which, in turn, exports theseproducts to third countries. Holland and morerecently France are now developing this tradestrategy.

FIELD PRODUCTION

An important part of field production of vegeta-bles is mainly geared for the processing indus-try. However, many major fresh vegetable cropssuch as lettuce (Fig. 3), broccoli, carrots (Figs. 4and 5), onions and leeks (Fig. 6) are mainlygrown outdoors. Currently processing vegeta-bles represent 15 to 20% of the total vegetableproduction (MARM, 2008) and two-thirds ofthis production is tomato. This vegetable pro-duction, devoted to canning and freezing,requires high mechanization. In many cases(spinach, peas, green beans, sweet corn andeven tomato), all tasks are completely mecha-nized. Large harvesters for these crops are com-mon in Spanish fields (Fig. 7).

Most vegetables produced outdoors are alsohighly mechanized. Crops such as leek and car-rots are almost fully mechanized and otherssuch as onion have also a high level of mecha-nization. Lettuce grown in large fields inMurcia and Almería is mechanically harvestedfor almost all field tasks except for cutting thecrop, which must be carried out manually.However, mechanization of crops like broccoliand artichoke is more difficult and less devel-oped. In most cases, cultivars, growing tech-niques, and machinery are similar to thoseused in other central and northern Europeancountries.

Figure 7. Harvesting peas for freezing(near Albacete).

Figure 6. Leek production (Cadiz area).Figure 5. Harvesting bunching carrots.

CURRENT CHALLENGES

Wage Costs

The continuous increase of wages becomes amain difficulty for being competitive withemerging countries such as Turkey, Egypt, andMorocco, where the wages are much lowerthan in Spain. For instance, the ratio of wagesbetween Spain and Morocco is 8:1.

Competition for Land Use

Horticulture in some booming areas such asMurcia and Almería cannot compete for landwith the building industry. In the last years somevegetable producing companies closed downbecause their farms were bought by buildingcompanies. This trend may remove thousandsof hectares from the current best outdoor hor-ticultural farms. Competition for good climateby tourism may limit the recent expansion ofSpanish horticulture in the future.

Environmental Concerns

Vegetable production has to be environmental-ly friendly. This also applies to other areas ofSpanish horticulture that are engaged with sus-tainable and environmentally friendly systems ofproduction. The interdiction of methyl bromideuse illustrates the limits for horticultural produc-tion systems in the near future. Most of the pro-posed alternatives are based on taking advan-tage of local climate as solarization and bioso-larization, and on the use of plant materialresistant to diseases as in the case of vegetablegrafting using rootstocks resistant to the majorsoil borne diseases.

Transport

Long distance transport of vegetables is relatedto emissions of large quantities of CO2 to theatmosphere. This drawback may seriously affectthe export of horticultural products. For this rea-son the EU encourages the concept of proximi-ty products. Some distribution companies

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ISHS • 30

inform customers on the amount of CO2 emit-ted during the transportation of a certain prod-uct. One Spanish distribution company is con-sidering transporting most of its products eitherby train or by boat, in order to limit CO2 emis-sions in the midterm.

End of a Cycle?

We may well be at the end of a cycle, in whichSpanish horticulture was, and still is, in the fore-front of the European horticultural sector.However, as it happens in all these processes,some steady, but necessary changes, will takeplace. Although we do not expect the transitionto be rapid, we are ready for this change. A sim-ilar change took place in Holland. In this coun-try, the government promoted the concentra-tion of greenhouses to allow its survival, and tosupport this technological model. One reason tomaintain the capacity of Spanish horticulture isto participate in the horticultural developmentof emerging countries. The development ofSpanish horticulture may be a suitable paradigmfor new emerging countries.

FURTHER READING

FAO. 2009. Datos del comercio. FAOSTAT.TradeSTAT. www.fao.org

González Vallvé, J.L. and Benedicto, M.A. 2006.La mayor operación de solidaridad de la historia.Crónica de la política regional en España. Ed.Oficina de Publicaciones Oficiales de lasComunidades Europeas.

Hoyos, P. 2007. Horticultura, un sector en con-stante evolución. Horticultura, Extra 2007: 2-43.

INE. 2006. Población española de hecho desde1900 hasta 1991. Instituto Nacional deEstadística. www.ine.es

MARM. 2008. Anuario de EstadísticaAgroalimentaria. S.G.T. Ministerio de MedioAmbiente, Rural y Marino, Madrid.

Pérez Parra, J., López, J.C. and Fernández, M.D.2002. La agricultura del sureste: Situación actu-al y tendencias de las estructuras de producciónen la horticultura almeriense. Col. MediterráneoEconómico: La Agricultura mediterránea en elsiglo XXI: 262-282. Ed. Cajamar.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Pedro HoyosEchevarría

Pedro Hoyos Echevarría is Professor of VegetableProduction at the Polytechnic University ofMadrid, E.U.I.T. Agricola, Ciudad Universitaria,28040 Madrid, Spain. His research experienceincludes production techniques on carrot, leek,salad crops, and vegetable grafting. Email:pedro.hoyos.echevarria@upm.es

Horticultural Production in a NaturalPark in Portugal

Maria Elvira Ferreira and Paul Dolleman

The Portuguese region of Odemira is situated inthe Southwest Alentejo and Vicentine CoastNatural Park (Fig. 1) is one of the 30 areas thatare officially under protection in Portugal. ThisNatural Park has many natural beauties and isimportant for its landscape, geology, flora andfauna, architecture, history, traditional andarchaeological heritage. There are spectacularviews over the seashore with cliffs shieldingwonderful sandy beaches and estuaries. It is thelargest stretch of the Portuguese coastline thatis subject to special protection. The traditionaldryness of the Alentejo countryside has beenchanging over the last decades due to theappearance of calm lakes surrounded by greenzones. Pivotal for the development of irrigation,and for supplying towns with water, these damsare wonderful places to enjoy nature, toobserve the flora and the fauna, and to enjoywater sports.

THE ECOSYSTEM

The Mira irrigation system, covering an area of12000 ha within this Natural Park, was builtduring the 1960s and became operational inthe early 1970s. The system is gravity fed from

the Santa Clara Dam holding 240 million m3 ofhigh quality class reasonably priced irrigationwater. Due to the gravity-fed system, the wastelevels are high. Recent investments have beenmade in pressurising one of the irrigation sec-tors in order to drastically limit this waste.

The irrigated Odemira region has a special microclimate due to its proximity to the AtlanticOcean. A rocky coastline provides the coastalarea with an elevated altitude, resulting in apermanent mild breeze coming in from theOcean avoiding peaks in temperature. Theoccasional night-frost normally occurs in themonths of January and February with minimumtemperatures from -2 to -4ºC for a short time atsunrise. Maximum summer temperatures rarelyexceed 35ºC with relatively cool nights, whichmakes the area also suitable to horticulturalproduction during the summer. Rainfall is veryerratic with yearly amounts anywhere between400 and 1200 mm from November to May.

Soil type is predominantly Podsol with subsoilcementation, causing frequent drainage prob-lems. Areas that have been drained with land-drains are suitable for winter vegetable produc-tion. Most of the land under the irrigation sys-tem has not yet been drained. A part of the area

consists of soils high in iron stone content verypoorly drained making it unsuitable for landcrop production.

In general, due to the combination of climate,soil-type and good water availability, the regionis suitable for horticultural production. Soft fruitdoes well with the climate being particularlysuitable for raspberry production. Crops with ashort cycle such as baby-leaf salads, baby-car-rots, baby-potatoes, etc. do very well in thearea.

Coexistence between so-called intensive horti-cultural production and the values of a NaturalPark has not been easy in the past. After sever-al clashes between the parties involved, thePortuguese ministries of Agriculture andEnvironment decided to write a code of con-duct for the area, which is known as theOdemira Sectorial Plan. This is to be absorbedinto the new legislation for the Natural Park.This plan would guarantee a future for sustain-able farming in the area. The Odemira regionhas great agricultural potential and is alreadyhome to several important agricultural compa-nies.

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 31

SOUTHWEST ALENTEJO HOR-TICULTURISTS ASSOCIATION

In 2004, a group of eight agricultural compa-nies joined together to form the SouthwestAlentejo Horticulturists Association (AHSA),specialized in the production of vegetables, softfruit, and ornamental plants. There is a total of1,615 ha, 1,420 ha of which is open field and195 ha under protected cultivation. The 2,500employees (permanent and seasonal) of AHSAcompanies, involved in this important econom-ic sector for the region, represent 23% of thetotal workers in the county of Odemira.Consequently, AHSA has a very active role in theeconomic, social and environmental climate ofthe region.

The main horticultural crops produced by AHSAmembers, in the Odemira region, are: baby leafvegetables (Fig. 2) (spinach, wild red spinach,roquette, wild roquette, lettuce, mizuna, peashoots, coriander, parsley, and mint), early pota-toes, parsnip, carrot (Fig. 3), red beet, chinesecabbage, leather leaf fern, sweet potato, radish,leek, berries (strawberry (Fig. 4), blackberry,blueberry, and raspberry (Fig. 5)), sweet pepper(Fig. 6), natural turf, and bamboo.

Their production is mainly for export (about75%) to the Northern European markets, whichare very demanding in terms of food safety,quality and care for employees’ welfare and theenvironment, with specific certified productionstandards.

The AHSA associated companies are:

� Technologically innovative;

� Specialists in added-value crops;

� Experts in niche crops, which often offer newopportunities for growers, bringing a premi-um at market, to coax more profit from theirlabour and land;

� Certified in the areas of hygiene and foodsafety, environmental and production proces-ses, such as GLOBALGAP / BRC (British RetailConsortium), HACCP (Hazard AnalysesCritical Control Point), LEAF (Linking

Environment and Farming), Tesco’s Nature’sChoice, FLP (Flower Label Program) andSEDEX (Ethical Statement of Employment).

The clients of the companies demand high qual-ity products obtained with production technolo-gies preserving the environment and favouringbiodiversity. For instance, the Integrated FarmManagement (IFM), proposed by LEAF, ensuresthe highest standards of food production withthe minimum environmental impact.

THE PLAN

In order to preserve the environment and cropsustainability, the AHSA members promote:

� Good Agronomic Practices related withIntegrated Crop Production;

� The development of conservation projects forthe region;

� The development of a system of labelling andcertification of the regional products, in part-nership with the Natural Park and based onLEAF certification, which will assure the highquality of its products, the linkage withnature and competitiveness.

The use of good agronomic practices inducesthe production of high quality products by usingnatural resources and regulating mechanisms toreplace potential polluting inputs and to securesustainable farming. The preservation andimprovement of soil fertility and of a diversifiedenvironment are essential components.Biological, technical and chemical methods arebalanced carefully taking into account the pro-

Figure 1. Beach at the Southwest Portuguese coast.

Figure 3. Carrots production.Figure 2. Baby leaf vegetables production.

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ISHS • 32

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

M.E. Ferreira Paul Dolleman

Dr. Maria Elvira Ferreira is President of thePortuguese Horticultural Association (APH) andResearch Scientist at the National Institute ofBiological Resources/National Agrarian ResearchInstitute, Oeiras, Portugal.Email: melviraferreira@net.sapo.pt

Ing. Paul Dolleman is President of the SouthwestAlentejo Horticulturists Association (AHSA), hehas been active in horticultural production inthe Odemira region for over 20 years and runshis own consultancy business Horticonsult Lda.Email: paul.dolleman@mail.telepac.pt

tection of the environment, profitability andsocial requirements.

Crop rotation, a good agronomic practice fre-quently used between the neighboring compa-nies in this region, is an important tool for main-taining soil fertility and to avoid the build up ofpathogens and pests that often occur when onespecies is continuously cropped in the same soil.

Organically grown crops, based on the uti-lization of the most modern techniques in fullrespect of the environment that restore, main-tain and enhance ecological harmony, withoutusing synthetic pesticides and favouring biodi-versity, are beginning to be grown in the region.Baby leaf vegetables are produced and certifiedas organic products. Customers’ demand forthis type of products is also increasing.Consumers purchase organic products for vari-ous reasons, including flavour, perceived healthbenefits and environmental concerns.

Producers must be attentive with the market-ing of their products, namely to inform con-sumers about the nutritional value of the prod-

ucts, because consumers are more and moreaware and conscious about its importance. Technology and innovation must go side byside with agriculture. It is also necessary to becompetitive and unique in what to produce. Inthis region agricultural industries practice anintensive horticulture and are technologicallyadvanced, but must have an important role inpreserving biodiversity. All the eight AHSA companies try to create syn-ergies in order for everyone to benefit fromthem. It includes crop rotation, export logistics,and a joint Bio-diversity plan involving farms ofthe companies involved. Examples of activeenvironmental management concepts includethe sowing of wild flowers banks to boost thefood-chain and installation of nesting boxes forbirds.A joint project between the Natural Park andthe AHSA companies is underway to create alocal quality-label for products produced in thepark-area under the agreed environmental cer-tification schemes. This label will help the AHSAassociates to increase product value and facili-tate supply to high-value markets.Produce from the Odemira region is gaining inthe export markets, reflecting the positiverespect achieved by the project. The soft fruithas a reputation for better quality and shelf-lifethan produce from other Southern Europeanregions. The certification has provided an edgeover the competition. Furthermore, supply relia-bility is very high and planting and harvesting iscontinuous. Greenhouse production appears to be a goodoption; one of the few glasshouses in Portugalis based in the area. As result of good light con-ditions, a mild climate and quality water, year-round production of high quality products canbe achieved.

THE FUTURE

A group of companies aiming at the sameobjective is stronger than each one acting sepa-

Figure 6. Pepper production.

Figure 5. Raspberry fruits.

Figure 4. Strawberry production.

rately, which should be beneficial to all mem-bers. The companies that are members of AHSAare some of the most innovative European agri-cultural industries and are examples of success.They have demonstrated that horticulture in aNatural Park can have an added-value and has afuture, if well planned and organized.Horticulture can be environmentally friendly.

There is still a long way to go for the Odemiraarea to reach its full potential. At present onlyhalf of the irrigated area is being used. Themain reason for this is the poor drainage condi-tions of most of the soil. In discussion is the set-ting up of a joint development project involvingco-responsibility of all the local players in orderto overcome the endless legislation/bureaucracyof all the different state-departments involved.

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 33

SPAIN

Flowers started to be grown by small holders inBarcelona by the mid 19th century and in theearly 1900s production moved outside the cityto the neighbouring district of Maresme. Thecultivated area of cut flowers kept increasinguntil the early 1960s and spread along theMediterranean coast (Valencia, Murcia,Andalucía). In the 1970s, production expandedto the northwest of the peninsula and by theearly 1980s it started on the northwest coast ofCádiz, where the cut flower production expand-ed very rapidly and by 1989 there were about1,200 ha in production (mostly carnation).Almost the entire production was being export-ed and sold through the Dutch flower auctions.

Iberian Ornamentals Industry:Diversified and Innovative

Joaquim Miguel Costa and Pedro Cermeño Sacristán

Ornamental horticulture is probably the agricultural sub-sector most driven by innovation dueto a highly competitive market and the constant demand for novelty. The sector has demon-strated the ability to generate profits from investments in research and development. Spain andPortugal offer favourable climatic conditions for ornamental production and the sector hasexperienced rapid expansion and innovative developments in recent decades. However, theornamental sector in Iberia is expected to face common challenges. Technological innovation isthe key for productivity and competitiveness and the basis for future progress and expansionwill depend on a close cooperation between industry and research.

This rapid expansion of the cultivated area,absence of planning, and revaluation of theSpanish currency, the peseta, led to the crisis of1989. Cut flower production disappeared inmany regions and was drastically reduced inothers. However, growers diversified crops androses, Dendranthema, chrysanthemum, lily,gladiolus and cut greens began to be cultivated.The size of the farms increased and marketchannels were optimized by eliminating inter-mediaries and by the activity of large exporters.

The high labor inputs required by ornamentalcrops, together with the increase of salaries hada negative impact on the sector. As a result the

cultivated area of flowers decreased from 2,036ha in 2001 to 1,094 ha in 2005 (MMAMRM,2008). Only the Canary Islands did not decreasetheir production due to favorable climate, newcrops requiring less labor, a higher level of asso-ciation, higher internal consumption, andexports to mainland Spain and other Europeancountries (Cid and Pérez, 2008).

At present the ornamental plant sector is devel-oped in Andalucía, Cataluña, Murcia, Valencia,and Galicia in addition to the Canaries (Table 1and Fig. 1). In 2006, there were 2,889 ha devot-ed to ornamental plants and 2,388 ha in cutflowers (MMAMRM, 2008) with an estimatedmarket value of € 600 million. Between 2002and 2007 imports of ornamentals haveincreased because of increased internal con-sumption whereas exports have decreased(Cermeño Sacristán, 2009).

Innovative Changes

The successive crises experienced by the sectorforced the Spanish industry to innovate and asa result it has rapidly expanded. Some of themost relevant changes in the supply chain arelisted below.

Crop Diversification. The “carnation mono-culture” of the 1980s was replaced by cultiva-tion of a large set of ornamental species (Gorbeet al., 2008). Since 1990 cultivation of a widerange of cut flower and cut green crops hasended the era of carnation hegemony. Morerecently cut flowers production has shownregional shifts to ornamental plants (Fig. 2).Mediterranean species in Cataluña andValencia, indoor pot and seasonal plants in

Figure 1. The regional communities in which the ornamental sector is most developed inSpain.

Figure 2. Gerbera crop in Seville (south ofSpain).

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ISHS • 34

Andalucía, acidophylic species in Galicia, andtropical and subtropical species such as Strelitzia(Fig. 3) and Protea in the Canaries (Table 1).

Improved Greenhouse Structures. In the1970s and 1980s most greenhouses had awooden structure, a height of 2 m, and limitedor no tightness. Nowadays, high greenhouses (5m) with computerized climate control are usedand most crop management practices such asplanting, harvesting, biocide or fertilizer appli-cation are mechanized.

New Production Systems. In the 1980s har-vest of carnation was done between Octoberand May. Yield and quality were fully depend-ent on temperature during that period andthere was scant possibility to control and predictthe amount and quality of the production. Atpresent both harvest time and flower qualitycan be programmed and predicted with diversecut flower crops such as Dendranthema, rose,lily, Gypsophilla, chrysanthemum or pot plants(Fig. 4) such as poinsettia or hydrangea. The useof plant growth regulators allows production ofmore compact plants in a number of speciesand results in significant labour savings.

Increased Water Use Efficiency. Betterknowledge of the plant water requirements inconnection to plant species and developmentalstage, deficit irrigation and growing xerophytespecies (Lavandula, Thymus, Rosmarinus)improve water use efficiency.

Improved Commercial Channels. The highdependency on Dutch auctions during the1980s was replaced by internal and export sell-ing of national companies and this has led tomarket enlargement.

Research, Consulting, and SpecializedCommunications. These areas have becomeincreasingly important.

PORTUGAL

Although ornamental nurseries (CompanhiaHortícola Agrícola Portuense, Viveiros Alfredo

Moreira da Silva, Viveiros Mário Mota) wereactive by the end of the 19th and the beginningof the 20th centuries ornamental horticultureremained a marginal activity and only gainedthe status of an economic sector in the 1960s.

In the 1980s and 1990s the sector expandedrapidly due to increased consumption. Morerecently the rate of increase has slowed andconsumption keeps largely supplied by imports(Costa and Monteiro, 2003; GPPAA, 2007).

Figure 4. Pot plants in a Spanish greenhouse.Figure 3. Strelitzia reginae produced in the Canary Islands.

Characteristics of production

Represents about 50% of the national area of cut flowers. Carnation(205 ha), chrysanthemum, lily, gladiolus, rose, gerbera, gypsophila, and cutgreens (leather fern, Asparagus, Ruscus, Viburnum, Monstera, Aralia) are themost important. The area of ornamental plants was 474 ha in 2006. Themain cultivated ornamentals are indoor tropical plants Epipremnum,Schefflera, Syngonium, Nephrolepis, Spatiphillum, Geranium, Poinsettia,Chrysanthemum, Hibiscus and Hortensia.

A pioneer in cut flower production and diversification. Mediterranean spe-cies are replacing indoor and seasonal plants. In 2006, 127 ha were dedica-ted to cut flowers and 253 ha for ornamental plants. Nurseries occupyaround 1,200 ha on Gerona.

Cut flower production is decreasing and increase in the production of orna-mental plants (pot plants and garden like palms, Ficus, Poinsettia, Hortensia,Cupressus, Nerium, Hibiscus, Bougainvillea). In 2006, ornamentals accountedfor 192 ha and cut flowers 234 ha.

Cultivated area of ornamentals (including nursery) exceeds 5,000 ha; largeMediterranean species have become more important (1,630 ha) but speciesof Cactaceae and Crassulaceae are also produced. The community accountsfor about 33% of national exports.

There are 760 ha dedicated to ornamentals (359 ha for cut flowers, 364 hafor ornamental plants, 37 ha for cutting production). Strelitzia andProteaceae emerged among the traditional cut flowers (chrysanthemum,rose), while cut greens have held up. Indoor plants have decreased, exceptpalms. Other plants of interest are cacti, seasonal plants, Cicadaceae,Poinsettia, and flowering garden bushes and trees. Production of cuttingshas fallen (37 ha).

This autonomous community has the largest increase in ornamental produc-tion in recent years. The region has about 1,000 ha cultivated with orna-mentals. Dominated by acidophilic genera such as Azalea, Buxus, Camellia,Hortensia, Juniper, Magnolia, Rhododendron, Thuja.

Table 1. The main production regions for cut flowers and ornamentals in Spain.

Regions

MediterraneanAndalusia

Catalonia

Murcian Community

Valencian Community

AtlanticThe Canaries

Galicia

Sources: MMAMRM, 2008; Cid and Pérez, 2008.

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 35

Figure 8. Production of turf grass carpetsin Alentejo (Odemira). Photograph bycourtesy of A. Monteiro.

Figure 7. Outdoor plant production inAlgarve and in Entre-Douro & Minho.Photograph by courtesy of A. Monteiro.

Figure 6. Production of cut flowers ingreenhouse (Ribatejo & Oeste).Photograph by courtesy of A. Monteiro.

Figure 5. The seven agrarian regions inPortugal.

Agrarian Region 1986 1989 1995 1999 2002 2005 2007

Entre Douro & Minho 78 129 154 218 214 327Trás-Montes & Alto Douro 2 12 45 30 79Beira Litoral 30 64 118 170 249 179Beira Interior 5 7 5 7 3Ribatejo & Oeste 210 339 403 370 242 532Alentejo 5 32 122 140 110Algarve 15 67 89 66 96 145

Total mainland 333 611 815 995 893 1375 1768

Madeira 30 36 80Azores 12 70 107 110

Table 2. Cultivated areas (in ha) of ornamental crops for the seven agrarian regions inPortugal mainland and in Madeira and Azores.

Sources: Bettencourt, 1990; GPPAA, 2007; Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 2003, 2009.

Ornamental horticulture now occupies an areaof around 1950 ha (Madeira and Azores includ-ed) (Table 2). In the mainland, production con-centrates in agrarian regions (Fig. 5) close to thelittoral where climate is milder and the con-sumption is higher. The Portuguese market forornamentals is limited within the European con-text. The country’s population is small and it hasone of the lowest consumptions per capitawithin the EU (14 € for flowers and 8 € for potplants). The tendency is for an increase(Productschap Tuinbouw, 2007) and the samescenario is expected for outdoors plants.although the current economic crisis may altersuch expectations.

Innovative Changes

Portuguese ornamental horticulture is based insmall size enterprises, with limited specializa-tion, know-how and capital resources (Costaand Monteiro, 2003; GPPAA, 2007). Never-theless, several innovative projects have

emerged in the last 2-3 decades, most of themdue to foreign investors who saw in Portugal anopportunity to use their know-how and theircommercial network and produce ornamentalsat competitive prices.

Exotic Flowers and Pot Plants. One of thefirst companies producing proteaceous plantswas Protealinhas in Alentejo. The companyfocus is the production of pot plants ofLeucadendron, Leucospermum, and Protea,which are partly exported. This is facilitated by apartnership with a Belgian group. Another pio-neer was Europrotea, also located in Alentejo.The company started its activity in the mid1990s with the focus on cut flower productionof species like Banksia, Leucadendron,Leucospermum, and Protea. The companyexports large part of its production and carriesout own breeding research.

Madeira and Azores have a larger tradition inthe production of proteas and the tendency isfor an increase. Both private companies andcooperatives are exporting taking advantage ofproducing in counter-cycle with leading produc-ers like South Africa or New Zealand and havinglower transport costs for Europe. Other relevantspecies produced in the islands include cymbid-iums, various orchids, sterlitzias, heliconias, andvarious bulbous species.

Foliage and Cut Flowers (Fig. 6). A pioneerand leading company in cut foliage productionin Portugal is Frupor (Odemira, Alentejo).Started by foreigners, the company produceseither in the open field or under shade green-houses (16 ha for different fern species).Besides ferns the company produces cut greensfrom species such as Eucalyptus, Arbutos,Unedo or Salix.

Several Portuguese and foreign growers havebeen investing in more modern greenhousesand cultivation techniques for cut flowers (e.g.use of substrate, computerized climate control)in order to produce higher quality flowers (e.g.roses, gerbera, carnation or anthurium) for theinternal market. The major part of these proj-ects locates in agrarian regions of Ribatejo &Oeste, Algarve, Entre-Douro & Minho.

Outdoor Plants and Turfgrass (Figs. 7 and 8).The increased demand by the national publicand private sectors as well as by foreign marketssupported expansion of this sub-sector inPortugal. Palm trees, bamboos, and variousother ornamental species such as Nerium,Lavandula, Solanum, and Citrus are propagatedin the South. In the North, production is mainly

EntreDouro

e Minho

BeiraLitoral

Ribatejoe Oeste

BeiraInterior

Trás - os -Montes

Algarve

Alentejo

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ISHS • 36

Dr. Joaquim Miguel Costa is a researcher at theCentro de Botânica Aplicada á Agricultura,ISA, UTL, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, and at LEM– ITQB, UNL, Av. Republica (EAN), 2780-157Oeiras, Portugal. Email: miguelc@itqb.unl.pt

Dr. Pedro Cermeño Sacristán is a researcher inthe IFAPA Centro Las Torres-Tomejil, Consejeríade Agricultura y Pesca de la Junta deAndalucía, Apdo. Correos: oficial, 41200-Alcalá del Río (Sevilla), Spain.Email: pedro.cermeno@juntadeandalucia.es

LITERATURE CITED

Bettencourt, J.M. 1990. A floricultura em Portugal Continental. Ed. INIA-CNPPA. 33p.Cermeño Sacristán, P. 2009. Ornamentals production in Spain. Chronica Hort. 49(3):29-32.Cid, M.C. and Pérez, M.L. 2008. El sector ornamental de Canarias. Horticultura 204. XXVI-Nº1:60-69Costa, J.M. and Monteiro, A. 2003. Portugal’s potential for commercial production FlowerTech 6(6):47-51.DRAPA. 2007. Programa de desenvolvimento rural 2007-2013. Fileira das hortícolas e flores. Direcção

Regional Agricultura e Pescas do Algarve.Gorbe, E., Costa, J.M. and Calatayud, A. 2008. Ray of hope for fallen carnation. FlowerTech 11(4):26-28.GPPAA. 2007. Diagnóstico das subfileiras. Frutas, Hortícolas, Flores. Gabinete de Planeamento e Produção

Agro-Alimentar, Ministério da Agricultura, Portugal.Instituto Nacional de Estatística. 2003. Inquérito á Floricultura 2002.Instituto Nacional de Estatística. 2009. Estatisticas Agrícolas 2007-8. ISSN 0079-4139.MMAMRM. 2008. Anuario de Estadística Agroalimentaria y Pesquera 2007. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente

y Medio Rural y Marino.Productschap Tuinbouw. 2007. Marktmonitor 2007. Snijbloemen en Potplanten. Rapport n. PT 2700-47.Soares, M. 2008. Camposol, o esplendor da relva. Revista APH 94:9-12.

Joaquim MiguelCosta

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Pedro CermeñoSacristán

of deciduous trees, conifers, camellias and azal-eas. The nursery Alfredo Moreira da Silva &Filhos, one of the oldest ones in the country hasabout 100 ha of nurseries near Oporto andCoimbra. The company produces camellias,azaleas, rhododendrons, diverse conifers andvarious ornamental shrubs and trees, part ofwhich is exported. Another nursery with opera-tions in the North (near Oporto) and also inAlgarve, is the Viveiros Monte-Rosa. UnderSwedish ownership, the company produces alarge diversity of outdoor climbers and shrubs,herbaceous herbs and palms and also exportspart of the production. The Viveiros do Foral inthe Algarve is owned by British specialized inpropagation of ornamental citrus and is alsoexporting to the Netherlands due to a closepartnership with a Dutch distributor. Since the1990s, French growers are also propagating dif-ferent bamboo species in Alentejo for export.The area for production of potted bamboos isabout 50 ha.

Camposol (Odemira Alentejo) is a pioneer and aleader in the production of grass turf for sportand leisure purposes. The production area isestimated at 120 ha (Soares, 2008). Othersmaller companies active in Algarve export turfto Spain (DRAPA, 2007).

CONSTRAINTS AND FUTURECHALLENGES

Spain has a considerably larger and more pro-fessionalized ornamental sector than Portugaland should have more opportunities for innova-tion. Although Portugal has several innovativeand competitive companies, small companysize, low level of specialization, and limitationsin capital resources are a hindrance. The intro-duction of new technologies via foreigninvestors or by importation only partly solvesthe problem.

A major constraint for the sector in both coun-tries is related to labor availability, and increasedlabor costs. Thus competitiveness will dependon cultivation of new ornamentals with lesslabor requirements and by increased mecha-nization.

A more efficient use of water, biocides and fer-tilizers is needed. Water scarcity is becoming amajor limitation of irrigated horticulture in theMediterranean basin and increased consump-tion and competition with other sectors exacer-bates the problem. In addition, the sector needsto be prepared to accommodate more strict EUlegislation (EU Water Directive). Consequently,research on more efficient methods of irriga-tion, monitoring of plant water and nutrientstatus, water and waste plastic recycling, andbreeding for stress resistance could contributeto overcome this problem. Consumers alsoneed to be educated for a more environmental-ly friendly use of ornamentals.

The Spanish ornamental sector requires thecoordinated efforts of government (central,

regional and local), research institutes, and theacademy (Universities, Consejo Superior deInvestigaciones Científicas, Institutos Autonó-micos) to maintain competitiveness. In Portugal,the creation of technological and operative cen-ters for horticulture and irrigation (COTH andCOTR) promotes the interaction between grow-

ers, government, and research institutions. Thesector requires larger grower associations andmore active research institutes, to support inno-vation. Government in turn, must provide moreup-to-date statistics to permit the correct esti-mation of risks and trends for the sector.

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 37

Protected Cultivation in IberianHorticulture

Jorge F. Meneses and Nicolas Castilla

GREENHOUSE TECHNOLOGY

Two major greenhouse types can be differenti-ated: artisanal and industrial. Artisanal struc-tures are prevalent in the Iberian industry. InSpain, the parral greenhouse (Fig. 1) is made bya vertical structure of rigid pillars (wood, iron, orsteel) on which a double grid of wire is placed,to attach the plastic film. In Portugal, the wood-en structure chapel type, such as the EstufaAlgarvia (Fig. 2) has almost disappeared. In

The Iberian protected cultivation industry is a good example of the “Mediterranean greenhouseagro-system,” characterised by low technological and energy inputs. In most cases, the use ofsimple structures, a generally low level of technology, and the lack of equipment for climate con-trol has created a very strong dependence of the greenhouse microclimate on external condi-tions.

The evolution of the protected area shows stabilization at the end of the 20th century in bothPortugal and Spain. Greenhouse area, including walk-in tunnels, reached 2,250 ha in Portugaland slightly over 53,800 ha in Spain (Castilla and Hernandez, 2005). These figures do not includefruit tree net-shelters (over 6,500 ha) mainly used for hail protection of table grapes, loquat, andcitrus in southeastern Spain. The main greenhouse areas in Spain include the adjacent coastalprovinces of Almeria (26,958 ha), Murcia (6,050 ha) and Granada (4,499 ha) in the southeast ofthe Iberian Peninsula, and the Canary Islands (6,763 ha) (Castilla and Hernandez, 2005). Thegreenhouse areas in Portugal include Entre Douro e Minho (386 ha), Trás-os-Montes (105 ha),Beira Litoral (205 ha), Ribatejo e Oete (888 ha), Alentejo (101 ha) and Algarve (461 ha) (INE,2007). During the last years the greenhouse area decreased in the Algarve but has increasedconsiderably in the coastal areas of Beira and Entre Douro e Minho.

About 90% of the total protected area in Spain is devoted to vegetable crops; the rest beingdedicated to flowers, ornamentals and bananas. In Portugal 70% of the protected area is ded-icated to vegetable production and the remaining 30% to the production of flowers and orna-mentals. The explosive expansion of the plastic industry that occurred in the 1980s and 1990sin Iberia has been termed the Plastic Boom. The present trend in the industry is towards moreenvironmentally friendly systems.

industrial structures, arch-shaped multi-span(multi-tunnel) system prevails, mostly coveredwith plastic film (Fig. 3). Arch-shaped multi-tun-nels, normally of galvanised steel, are preferredby the ornamental growers and nurseries (Fig.4). They have been replacing the old woodenstructures in Portugal, where an importantmodernization occurred in recent years(Meneses, 2001).

Choice of greenhouse equipment is determinedby the crop, local climate, growing cycle, andgreenhouse type. There are many technologypackages (greenhouse and equipment). Theirmanagement is oriented to achieve optimalcrop performance, technically as well as eco-nomically (Castilla, 2005). Localised high-fre-quency irrigation systems (mostly drip) are usedin 99% of the greenhouse area, increasing thehigh water use efficiency in greenhouses. Soil-borne diseases, influenced by monoculture, areencouraging the adoption of soilless culture(Fig. 5).

PRODUCTION STRATEGIES

Market Demands

Growers are aware that, in order to meet cus-tomer demands, they have to produce highquality commodities, under hygienic conditionswith high labor safety in an environmentally-conscious manner. Furthermore, produce trace-ability has become a necessity, in order to pro-vide the consumer with the required securityabout production methods.

Market specifications have been translated intoproduction standards. It is a common practice,in contract-based production, to includedetailed protocols to be followed by growers forthe sustainable production of safe and nutri-tious vegetables. Good agricultural practices(GAP) for on-farm production and post-produc-tion processes are widely used.

In the Iberian greenhouse industry the settingup of integral quality management systems is ageneral priority, in order to emphasize the qual-

Figure 2. Multi-tunnel Algarvia greenhouse.Figure 1. Parral type low cost greenhouse.

chroni nr. 4 09 27-11-2009 18:03 Pagina 37

ISHS • 38

ity of product among the different productionstrategies. Labeled, quality certified productsare winning the confidence and sustaining con-sumer fidelity.

Production Strategies

There is a clear demand from the consumers foryear-round supply of high quality products. Thishas changed the production strategies in thegreenhouse industries. The growing period isdependent on local climate and often limiteddue to the lack of a proper climate control (effi-cient cooling in late spring and summer, and/orheating in winter).

The challenge is to supply high quality vegeta-bles year-round. This has been accomplishedusing two basic strategies: (1) growing in high-tech greenhouse year-round; and (2) growing intwo or more locations, whose harvesting peri-ods are complementary, enabling a continuousand coordinated year-round supply to the mar-kets (Castilla and Hernandez, 2007).

In the Iberian greenhouse industry, the high-tech greenhouse is not economical in mostcases, basically due to the competitive open-airand low-cost greenhouse products from nearbyareas, whose harvesting periods sometimesoverlap. In contrast, production in two differentlocations, usually with different greenhousetechnological levels, is becoming an increasing-ly adopted strategy. Similarly, some large grow-

ers in Spain are shifting their high labor-demanding greenhouse crop production todeveloping countries, where labor costs arelower, and coordinate the marketing of the pro-duce with other commodities grown in Spain(Castilla and Montero, 2008).

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES INPROTECTED CULTIVATION

Conventional wisdom, not based on solid data,perceives intensive production systems such asgreenhouse horticulture to be an artificialprocess that must be considered as highly pol-luting. However, quantitative environmentalassessments do not always agree with this pointof view (Montero et al., 2009). Muñoz et al.(2008) conducted a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)to compare the environmental impacts ofgreenhouse versus open-field tomato produc-tion in Spain and determined that greenhouseproduction, if properly managed, has a smallerenvironmental impact than open-field crops inmost of the evaluation categories. A greatadvantage could be gained by reducing thewater consumption in greenhouse systemslocated in semi-arid regions. Muñoz’s compara-tive study indicated that water consumption toproduce 1 kg of tomato was 24.2 liters forgreenhouse production and 42.8 liters for openfield production. Other LCA studies on unheat-ed, naturally ventilated greenhouses (Antón,

Figure 6. Integrated production of greenhouse lettuce for pre-processed packing.

Figure 5. Integrated production of soilless grown tomatoes.

Figure 4. Multi-tunnel gerbera production.Figure 3. Multi-tunnel plastic greenhouse (Almeria area).

2004) concluded that fertilizer production anduse is the main factor that influences the envi-ronmental burden.

Good agricultural practices (GAP) regarding irri-gation and fertilization programs are highlyimportant to reduce emissions and have beenwidely adopted. Waste management, by com-posting the plant biomass and recycling ofoperational materials, is another obligation forsustainable greenhouse growing that is increas-ingly carried out. In the Almeria area of Spain,practically all the greenhouse plastic coverresidues as well as the crop residues are recy-cled.

The lower energy inputs of simple climate con-trol methods in the Iberian greenhouse industry,such as whitewashing to provide shading ascompared with mechanical ventilation, con-tribute to reducing environmental impact(Antón et al., 2006). Recent data, comparingthe sustainability of the greenhouse productionin Spain and the Netherlands, show that pri-mary fuel consumption for cultivation andtransport purposes per kilogram of tomato,sweet pepper and cucumber is estimated to be13, 14-17, and 9 times greater, respectively, inthe Netherlands (Van der Velden et al., 2004).

PLANT PROTECTION

Since the 1990s, pest management strategieshave been developed to implement integrated

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 39

Figure 7. Tomatoes from greenhouseintegrated production.

REFERENCES

Antón, A. 2004. Utilización del análisis del ciclo de vida en la evaluación del impacto ambiental del cultivobajo invernadero Mediterráneo. Tesis doctoral, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.

Antón, A., Montero, J.I., Muñoz, P., Perez-Parra, J., Baeza, E., Soriano, T., Escobar, I., Hernandez, J. andCastilla, N. 2006. Environmental and economic evaluation of greenhouse cooling systems in southernSpain. Acta Hort. 719:211-214.

Castilla, N. 2005. Invernaderos de plástico: Tecnología y manejo. MundiPrensa Libros, Madrid, Spain.Castilla, N. and Hernandez, J. 2005. The plastic greenhouse industry of Spain. Chronica Hort. 45(3):15-20.Castilla, N. and Hernandez, J. 2007. Greenhouse technological packages for high-quality crop production.

Acta Hort. 761:285-297.Castilla, N. and Montero, J.I. 2008. Environmental control and crop production in Mediterranean greenhou-

ses. Acta Hort. 797:25-36.INE. 2007. Inquérito à estrutura das explorações agrícolas 2007. Instituto Nacional de Estatística I.P., Lisboa,

Portugal.Meneses, J.F. 2001. A evolução das estufas em Portugal. Workshop CT 142 Estufas: Zonagem de Portugal

para a Utilização de Estufas, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia e Tecnologia Industrial, 22 de Novembro,Lisboa, Portugal.

Meneses, J.F. 2007. Aspectos a considerar para o controlo ambiental em estufas de tomate de produçãointegrada e em cultura sem solo. Rev. APH 90:20-23.

Monteiro, A.A., Vasconcelos, E.P., Meneses, J.F., Mexia, A., Miranda, A., Prieto, R., Rodrigues, S. andHenriques, S. 2005. Desenvolvimento de técnicas de produção integrada em horticultura através da coo-peração de instituições de I&D – empresa. Actas Portuguesas de Horticultura nº 5, V Congresso Ibérico deCiências Hortícolas, Vol. 1, 245-251.

Montero, J.I., Stanghellini, C. and Castilla, N. 2009. Greenhouse technology for sustainable production inmild winter climate: Trends and needs. Acta Hort. 807:33-44.

Muñoz, P., Antón, A., Nuñez, M., Paranjpe, A., Ariño, J., Castell, X., Montero, J.I. and Rieradevall, J. 2008.Comparing the environmental impacts of greenhouse versus open-field tomato production in theMediterranean region. Acta Hort. 801:1591-1596.

Van der Blom, J. 2009. Microbiological insecticides against lepidopteran pests in greenhouse horticulture inAlmeria, Spain. 12th IOBC Meeting of the IOBC/WPRS Working Group Insect Pathogens, 22-25 June,2009 (in press).

Van der Blom, J., Robledo, A., Torres, S. and Sánchez, J.A. 2008. Revolución verde en Almería: Extender elcontrol biológico a todos los cultivos hortícolas. Agrícola Vergel 319:312-315.

Van der Velden, N.J.A., Jansen, J., Kaarsemaker, R.C. and Maaswinkel, R.H.M. 2004. Sustainability of green-house fruit vegetables: Spain versus the Netherlands; Development of a monitoring system. Acta Hort.655:275-281.

Prof. Jorge F. Meneses is a Professor at theDepartamento de Engenharia Rural (former Headof Department), Instituto Superior de Agronomia,

Jorge F. Meneses

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Nicolas Castilla

production programs (Figs. 6 and 7). In 2009over 18,000 ha are expected to reach integrat-ed control of pests and diseases in the Almeriaprovince (M.M. Tellez, pers. commun.). Theseprograms include general plant-hygiene meas-ures inside and outside the greenhouse, remov-ing and recycling crop residues and plastics, useof bees and bumble bees for pollination, prop-er irrigation and fertilization scheduling, andgrafting on resistant rootstocks. In most green-house zones, the mild temperatures in the openair during winter allow the survival of pests andease later invasions, as compared with winterfreezing areas where the invasions of pests(from the open air) are not common as theyspread from distant milder temperature areas.

In the Oeste region of Portugal an importantproject of integrated production techniqueswas implemented with the local professionalassociation of growers, for the application ofnew methods of production, with great success(Monteiro et al., 2005). In most areas at pres-ent, viruses transmitted by insects – Tomatospotted wilt virus (TSWV) transmitted by thrips(Frankiniella occidentalis) and Tomato yellowleaf curl virus (TYLCV) transmitted by white flies(Bemisia tabaci) – can be considered as the mainphytosanitary problems in tomato (Van derBlom, 2009). Currently, the application of ben-eficial arthropods is the basis for all pest controlmeasures in around 50% of the total of 27,000ha greenhouse area in the Almeria province(Van der Blom, 2009). After over 15 years ofextensive research and development work, bio-logical control has been implemented in allsweet pepper crops in the Almeria and Murciaareas. In tomato, the use of very dense screenshas limited the incidence of TYLCV. The use ofchemical sprays has been greatly reduced inorder to avoid any damage to bees and bumblebees (Van der Blom et al., 2008).

CONCLUSIONS

The stabilization of the production area in theIberian greenhouse industry has been followedby the generalised adoption of GAP and inte-grated production and marketing programs,driving protected Iberian horticulture towardsmore environmentally friendly systems.Environmental control is one aspect that hasbeen greatly improved in the Iberian protectedproduction of vegetables and flowers (Meneses,2007). The massive implementation of integrat-

ed pest management (IPM) in greenhouse cropsis a major step forward to guarantee the sus-tainability of Iberian industry (Van der Blom,2009).

Globalisation of the markets has increased thecompetitiveness, highlighting the need for

Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal andresearcher on greenhouses at the Centro deEstudos de Engenharia Rural (CEER). He speciali-zes in animal and horticultural buildings and envi-ronmental control. Email: jmeneses@isa.utl.pt

Dr. Nicolas Castilla is research coordinator in IFAPA(Agricultural Research Institute of the Andalusiaregion), Centro Camino de Purchil, Camino dePurchil 55, Apartado 2027, 18004 Granada,Spain. At present, he is the Chairman of theCommission Protected Cultivation (CMPC) ofISHS. His scientific interests are in the field ofprotected and semi-protected crops, withparticular emphasis on vegetables agronomy andgreenhouse engineering.Email: nicolas.castilla@juntadeandalucia.es

increased quality of greenhouse produce. Thedemands of the market for healthy, safe andhigh quality products have become increasinglyimportant in determining production strategies.Quality and differentiation strategies are a clearpriority for competitiveness.

chroni nr. 4 09 27-11-2009 18:03 Pagina 39

ISHS • 40

The books listed here are non-ISHS-publica-tions. For ISHS publications covering theseor other subjects, visit the ISHS websitewww.ishs.org or the Acta Horticulturaewebsite www.actahort.org

BOOK REVIEWS

Tropical Root and Tuber Crops: Cassava,Sweet Potato, Yams and Aroids. VincentLebot. 2008. Crop Production Science inHorticulture 17. CABI, Wallingford,Oxfordshire, UK. 432p. ISBN 978 1 84593424 8. £ 37.50 / $ 75.00 / € 60.00.www.cabi.org

Olives. Ioannis Therios. 2008. CropProduction Science in Horticulture 18.CABI, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. 416p.ISBN 978 1 84593 458 3. £35.00 / $70.00 /€ 55.00. www.cabi.org

These two volumes are the latest in the CropProduction Science in Horticulture. The other vol-umes of the series include 1. Ornamental Bulbs,Corms and Tubers by A.R. Rees; 2. Citrus by F.S.Davies and L.G. Albrigo; 3. Onions and OtherVegetable Alliums by J.L. Brewster; 4. OrnamenalBedding Plants by A.M. Armitage; 5. Bananasand Plantains by J.C. Robinson, 6. Cucurbits byR.W. Robinson and D.S. Decker-Walters, 7.Tropical Fruits by H.Y. Nakasone and R.E. Paull; 8.Coffee, Cocoa and Tea by K.C. Willson, 9.Lettuce, Endive and Chicory by W.J. Ryder, 10.Carrots and Related Vegetable Unbelliferae byV.E. Rubatzky, C.F. Quiros and P.W. Simon, 11.Strawberries by J.F. Hancock; 12. Peppers:Vegetables and Spice Capsicums by P.W. Boslandand E.J. Votava; 13. Tomatoes by E. Heuvelink;14. Vegetable Brassicas and Related Crucifers byG. Dixon; 15. Onions and Other VegetableAlliums, 2nd Edition by J.L. Brewster; and 16.Grapes by G.L. Creasy and L.L. Creasy.

The Tropical Root and Tuber Crops volumeauthored by Vincent Lebot, a scientist at theFrench Agricultural Research Centre forInternational Development (CIRAD), is anauthoritative treatment for four important rootand tuber crops: cassava. sweet potato, yams,and aroids. The outline for each of the groups istreated in the same format: Origin and History,Taxonomy and Botany, Breeding and Genetics,Developmental Physiology, Agronomy, Pests andDiseases, Post Harvest Quality and Marketing.There is a combined literature cited and index.There are excellent line drawings. This highlytechnical book will be a valuable addition to thelibrary of tuber crop scientists and should be aboon to the developing areas of the world where

New Books, Websites

these crops are important sources of food andnutrition. I was particularly interested in the his-tory of the sweet potato and found the evidencepresented for pre-Columbian migration from theAmericas to Oceania compelling.

Olives by I. Therios of Aristotle University inGreece is composed of 26 chapters that coverhistory, botany, horticulture, and production ofvarious products. This work is treated more as aguide for those interested in olive productionthan as a highly technical resource. There is notreatment of genetics and breeding. The bookwould be useful to students and could be utilizedas a text for college level courses. The new ren-aissance in olive production throughout theworld makes this book a useful addition to theliterature.

Reviewed by Jules Janick, Purdue University, USA

Managing Biodiversity in AgriculturalEcosystems. Edited by D.I. Jarvis, C. Padochand H.D. Cooper. 2007. Columbia UniversityPress, New York, USA. 512p. ISBN 978-0-231-13648-8. $ 77.50 / £ 53.50. www.colum-bia.edu/cu/cup

Managing Biodiversity in AgriculturalEcosystems takes a look at how farmers man-age, maintain, and benefit from biodiversity inagricultural production systems. The volumeincludes the most recent research and develop-ments in the maintenance of local diversity atthe genetic, species, and ecosystem levels.Chapters cover the assessment and farmermanagement practices for crop, livestock,aquatic, and associated diversity (such as polli-nators and soil microorganisms) in agriculturalecosystems; examine the potential role of diver-sity in minimizing pest and disease pressures;and present studies that exemplify the potentialnutritional, ecosystem service, and financial val-ues of this diversity under changing economicand environmental conditions. The volume con-tains perspectives that combine the thinking ofsocial and biological scientists.

Inappropriate or excessive use of inputs cancause damage to biodiversity within agriculturalecosystems and compromise future productivity.This book features numerous case studies thatshow how farmers have used alternativeapproaches to manage biodiversity to enhancethe stability, resilience, and productivity of theirfarms, pointing the way toward improved biodi-versity on a global scale. As custodians of theworld’s agricultural biodiversity, farmers are fullyinvested in ways to create, sustain, and assist inthe evolution and adaptation of a variety of plantand animal species. Thus this text is mandatoryreading for conservationists, environmentalists,botanists, zoologists, geneticists, and anyoneinterested in the health of our ecosystem.

chroni nr. 4 09 27-11-2009 18:03 Pagina 40

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 41

Courses and MeetingsThe following are non-ISHS events. Make sure to check out theCalendar of ISHS Events for an extensive listing of all ISHS meet-ings. For updated information log on to www.ishs.org/calendar

Advances in Nematology, 15 December 2009, Piccadilly, UK. Info:Association of Applied Biologists, The Warwick Enterprise Park,Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK, Phone: +44 (0) 1789 472020,email: carol@aab.org.uk, web: www.aab.org.uk

Plant Microbial Interactions: positive and negative interactions in relationto agricultural and natural ecosystem function, 15-16 December 2009,Grantham, UK. Info: Association of Applied Biologists, The WarwickEnterprise Park, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK, Phone: +44 (0)1789 472020, email: carol@aab.org.uk, web: www.aab.org.uk

International Advances in Pesticide Application, 5-7 January 2010,Cambridge, UK. Info: Association of Applied Biologists, The WarwickEnterprise Park, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK, Phone: +44 (0)1789 472020, email: carol@aab.org.uk, web: www.aab.org.uk

Agri-Environment Schemes – what have they achieved and where do wego from here?, 27-29 April 2010, Oadby, UK. Info: Association of AppliedBiologists, The Warwick Enterprise Park, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV359EF, UK, Phone: +44 (0) 1789 472020, email: carol@aab.org.uk, web:www.aab.org.uk

Advances in Molecular Plant Breeding, 8-9 June 2010, Harpenden, UK.Info: Association of Applied Biologists, The Warwick Enterprise Park,Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK, Phone: +44 (0) 1789 472020,email: carol@aab.org.uk, web: www.aab.org.uk

3rd Symposium on Potato Cyst Nematodes, 14-15 September 2010,Newport, UK. Info: Association of Applied Biologists, The WarwickEnterprise Park, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK, Phone: +44 (0)1789 472020, email: carol@aab.org.uk, web: www.aab.org.uk

XVIII International Botanical Congress (IBC2011), 23-30 July 2011,Melbourne, Australia. Info: Congress Secretariat, ICMS Australasia, GPOBox 5005, Melbourne VIC 3205, Australia, Phone: +61 (0) 3 9682 0500,Fax: +61 (0) 3 9682 0344, email: info@ibc2011.com, web:www.ibc2011.com

18th Triennal Conference of the European Association for Potato Research(EAPR), 24-29 July 2011, Oulu, Finland. Info: Prof. Jari Valkonen,Department of Applied Biology, PO Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), FI-00014University of Helsinki, Finland, Phone: +358 9 1915 8387, Fax: +358 9 19158727, email: jari.valkonen@helsinki.fi, web: www.spk.fi/EAPR2011.pdf

14th International Peat Congress - Peatlands in Balance, 3-8 June 2012,Stockholm, Sweden. Info: International Peat Society, Vapaudenkatu 12,40100 Jyväskylä, Finland, Phone: +358 14 3385 440, Fax: +358 14 3385410, email: ips@peatsociety.org, web: www.peatsociety.org

NEW TITLES

George, R.A. 2009. Vegetable Seed Production,3rd Edition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.320p. ISBN 978-1-84593-521-4 (hardback).£65.00 / $130.00 / € 100.00. www.cabi.org

Schumann, Gail L. and D’Arcy, Cleora J. 2010.Essential Plant Pathology, Second Edition. APSPress, St. Paul, MN, USA. 384p. ISBN 978-1-89054-381-8. $ 89.95. www.shopapspress.org

Scragg, A. 2009. Biofuels: Production,Application and Development. CABI Publishing,Wallingford, UK. 256p. ISBN 978-1-84593-592-4 (paperback). £ 39.99 / $79.95 / € 59.95.www.cabi.org

Shackleton, C.M., Pasquini, M.W. and Drescher,A.W. (eds.). 2009. African IndigenousVegetables in Urban Agriculture. Earthscan,London, UK. 320p. ISBN 9781844077151(Paperback). £ 24.95. www.earthscan.co.uk

Sonneveld, Cees and Voogt, Wim. 2009. PlantNutrition of Greenhouse Crops. Springer, Berlin,Germany. 431p. ISBN 978-90-481-2531-9(hardcover). € 149.95 / £ 135.00 / US$ 199.00.www.springer.com

www.actahort.org+45,500 articles on-line

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ISHS • 42

First All Africa Horticulture Congress:A new African spirit “grown under the sun”

SYMPOSIA AND WORKSHOPS

Objectives of the Congress

� Gathering the fragmented community

� Offering a space for sharing experiences,success stories and difficulties

� Feeling common views, identifying priori-ties, defining a strategy for placingHorticulture in the agendas for Africadevelopment

� Making Horticulture a model sector forpublic-private partnership in Africa

Expected outputs of the Congress

� Role and activities for an AfricanHorticulture Council

� Candidates for future AAH congresses

� Definition of an African HorticultureJournal

� Design of platforms for public-privatepartnership on horticulture in Africa

� Greater collaboration among internatio-nal agencies

The policy and decision makers addressing theCongress clearly and thoroughly enunciated theglobal challenges of horticulture in Africa. TheKenyan Minister of Agriculture, Hon. William A.Ruto, and NEPAD representative, Dr. BibiGiyose, formulated the major question forAfrica’s development: Where and how to investpublic money so that it will benefit entrepre-neurship of small and middle-scale stakeholdersand the health of all African consumers on along-term and sustainable basis? One answerwas suggested by the representative of theNetherlands Embassy, D. Bruinsma, whodescribed the Dutch horticulture investments inEast Africa. The representative of the TanzanianMinistry of Agriculture, G. Kirenga, concludedthat there was a need for events such as thisCongress that allow thoughts, views, experi-ence and information exchanges to reveal com-mon constraints and expectations, and thusgenerate joint strategies and recommendationsto be considered by decision makers and influ-ence African governance. All the other keynotespeakers from the hosting country (KARI andHCDA) or from international organizations(FAO, GFAR, GlobalHort, ICIPE, HCA and ISHS)

Participants of the All Africa Horticulture Congress, 31 August-3 September 2009, Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya.

With the All Africa Horticulture Congress(AAHC) an old dream became true, which wasin the minds of African horticulturists gatheredduring the former IHC of ISHS, Toronto 2002and Seoul 2006. The first meeting in Nairobi (31August-3 September 2009) was the signal ofmaturity for an African community driven bydynamic leaders from Kenya, South Africa,Nigeria and Ghana. It has been facilitated byGlobalHort and ISHS, both placing the eventunder a double challenge: (1) providing a plat-form of interaction between different stake-holders of the horticultural sector in Africawhere the role of science can be discussed anda common strategy formulated, and (2) achiev-ing the scientific quality of ISHS events.

The Kenya Agricultural Research Institute(KARI), in collaboration with GlobalHort andFPEAK (Fresh Produce Exporters Association ofKenya), organized the All Africa HorticultureCongress on the basis of gathering participantsfrom all parts of Africa from public and privatesectors. This first objective was successfullyachieved with more than 330 registered partici-pants from 42 different countries amongstwhich 30 were African.

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 43

highlighted horticulture as a key sector for theemployment of small-scale farmers and womenin particular, for diversified and higher incomes,for added value, and for improved nutrition.

In order to offer a large overview of the on-going research activities in Africa, in the formatsof presentations, papers and posters, the AAHCorganized four parallel thematic sessions: (1)Food security, (2) Human health, nutrition andlifestyle, (3) Environment and natural resourcemanagement and, (4) Socio-economics, foodsafety and market issues. These sessions andtheir presentations will provide the basis for fullpapers to be published in the proceedings ofthe Congress, a volume of Acta Horticulturae ofISHS. In addition to the parallel sessions, a seriesof side-events were also hosted by the AAHC inthe form of mini-symposia that wanted to high-light and exemplify one specific horticulturalchallenge: food city supply (FAO), integratedpest management (ICIPE), and vegetable seedindustry (AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center)successfully managed by convener A. Hodder,C. Borgemeister and J. Hughes, respectively.

Field excursions were offered to the congressparticipants to showcase the horticultural indus-try in Kenya. These tours were coordinated byFPEAK, KARI, ICIPE and the Ministry ofAgriculture. These included a tour to the Thikaand Mwea areas to see small-scale and large-scale production, a tour of post-harvest fruit orvegetable processing facilities in Nairobi, and atour focused on integrated pest and diseasemanagement (as exemplified by Dudutech com-pany), flower and vegetable growers inNaivasha region. It was very nice to see so manysuccess stories in the horticultural industry ofKenya and the wish to share best practices withother African countries.

On the whole the first All Africa HorticultureCongress went extremely well. Clear outputsresulted from the three working groups whose

task was to brainstorm on horticultural successand failure stories in Africa under the modera-tion of R. Voss (UC Davis, USA), A. De Jager(WUR, The Netherlands) and R. Kahane(GlobalHort). The participants were able to cap-ture and analyze case studies, which were sum-marized in the last plenary session, which led toan intelligent and informed discussion dedicat-ed to finding a way forward.

This first AAHC was introduced as a first steptoward a coordinated forum of horticulturists inAfrica, to become more visible, more connect-ed, and more productive. Several milestones forsuch a joint objective have been listed, brieflydebated and established as resolutions of theCongress. The full set of resolutions is availablein the website of GlobalHort, the main pointsare as follows:

On the way forward for the AAHC

� The AAHC shall continue to represent allstakeholders of horticulture: science, educa-tion, development, production, industry, poli-cy and consumption. The AAHC acknowled-ged the need to ensure that its deliberationsand resolutions provide a basis for guidingpolicy agenda for the development of horti-cultural sector in Africa.

� Such a continental event shall follow theInternational Society for Horticultural Sciencestandards. Therefore, the next AAHC shall bein 2012 and thereafter on a 4 year and regio-nally circulating basis; the Republic of SouthAfrica will organize the next AAHC in 2012on behalf of the Southern African Region.

African Horticulture Journal

� There is a strong need for better informationflow on horticulture in Africa, and the firststep should be the consolidation of whatalready exists. AAHC agreed to ensure thatAAHC deliberations and recommendations

NEPAD representative B. Giyose (left) and Director of KARI, E. Mukisira(center), congratulated by ISHS Executive Director J. Van Assche(right) at the gala dinner of the All Africa Horticulture Congress.

R. Kahane (GlobalHort), S. Mbithi (FPEAK) and E. Mukisira (KARI) onthe stage of the All Africa Horticulture Congress.

be packaged and transmitted to policymakers at continental and national and sub-national levels.

� GlobalHort agreed to bring together theAfrican and associated editors in order todevelop an initiative around having anAfrican journal on horticulture. This will beimplemented through, but not limited to,meetings and workshops.

African Horticulture Forum

� AAHC, through its various institutions, willstrive to work with national horticulturalorganizations to ensure increased visibility ofhorticultural issues in the formulation andoperationalization of agricultural, health,trade, education, and other developmentalpolicies relevant to the horticultural sector inAfrica.

� NEPAD agreed to give more legitimacy to aforum on horticulture, with regional entities.

� GlobalHort agreed to facilitate networkingbetween the existing networks, andstrengthen them; it invited all partners in for-mulating a proposal for Co-OrdinatedRegional Innovation Platforms on Horticulturefor Africa (CORIPHA).

Towards a Pluralistic and IndependentOrganization

Although no big sponsor has ensured the finan-cial basis of this first meeting of the AAHC, theorganizers have proved being able to carry outa continental event using resources from KenyaAgricultural Research Institute (KARI),Horticulture Crops Development Authority(HCDA), Fresh Produce Exporters Association ofKenya (FPEAK), the Ministry of Agriculture(Kenya) and Kenya Plant Health InspectorateService (KEPHIS). Several institutional donorslike CTA, FAO, GlobalHort, AVRDC and ICIPE

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CONTACT

Dr. Lusike Wasilwa, KARI Horticulture andIndustrial Crops, PO Box 57811, Nairobi 00200,Kenya, email: lwasilwa@kari.org

Dr. Rémi Kahane, Global Horticultural Initiative,c/o AVRDC, PO Box 10, Duluti, Arusha,Tanzania, email: rkahane@globalhort.org

Vegetable pack-house at Nairobi airportarea: KenyaGAP and GlobalGAP standardsare applied for these green beans to beexported to Europe.

sponsored participants from very diverse Africancountries, whereas Kenyan authorities (Ministryof Agriculture, HCDA, KEPHIS and KARI)

ensured logistics and core budget. The privatesector strongly contributed through the exhibi-tion fair with more than 30 booths, and a fewgrants for participants (Nunhems Foundation,Rijk Zwaan, Africa Harvest). Special mentiongoes to Crops for the Future for offering thewelcome cocktail party and to the KenyanMinistry of Agriculture that hosted the gala din-ner. The ISHS Executive Director, J. Van Assche,awarded the Conveners of the Congress, L.A.Wasilwa (KARI), S. Mbithi (FPEAK) and R.Kahane (GlobalHort), during the gala dinner.Tanzanian, Nigerian, South African andGhanaian delegations competed in a friendlymanner with Senegalese, Cameroonese, Ivorianand Guinean representatives to organize thenext meeting of the AAHC. Everyone acceptedthe well prepared candidature of the SouthAfrican Society of Horticultural Science in 2012.The past and future meetings will be highlight-ed during the IHC2010 Lisbon, at theSymposium on Horticulture for Development, inorder to sustain the African spirit formulatedduring the 4 days of the first AAHC in Nairobi.

Additional information on the All AfricaHorticulture Congress can be found athttp://www.globalhort.org/news-events/all-africa-horticulture-congress/

Lusike Wasilwa and Rémi Kahane

The Fifth International Symposium on RoseResearch and Cultivation was held in Gifu, Japan,on May 24-28, 2009. More than 100 participantsfrom 12 different countries attended the sympo-sium under the auspices of the Japanese Societyfor Horticultural Science and the InternationalSociety for Horticultural Science.

The main conference place, Nagara ConventionCenter, is located next to the beautiful Nagara

Section Ornamental PlantsFifth Int’l Symposium on Rose Researchand Cultivation

River and we could see the flow of the river andGifu castle on the top of Mt. Kinka. On the lastday, we moved the conference place to FlowerFestival Commemorative Park, which is theworld’s greatest rose garden having a great col-lection of roses (about 7000 varieties).

In the opening session as a plenary lecture Prof.Brent Pemberton, Chairperson of the ISHSWorking Group on Roses, presented the activities

of ISHS. Prof. Yoshihiro Ueda was awarded theISHS Medal in recognition of his service to theSociety as Convener of this InternationalSymposium.

Dr. Kiyoshi Ohkawa, Emeritus Professor ofShizuoka University, gave an opening lecturetitled “The past and the future of cut rose pro-duction and industry in Japan”. He presentedthe history of cut rose production in Japan and

Participants of the Symposium.

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 45

the possibilities for Japanese rose production tosurvive versus import roses.

There were 31 oral presentations and 28posters on a wide range of topics relating toroses. The symposium mainly consisted of thefollowing sessions: Production and PlantPhysiology, Propagation, Genetics andBreeding, Pest Biology and Management,Postharvest Physiology, etc.

Among topics, Prof. Morteza Khosh-Khui ofShiraz University and other Iranian researcherspresented interesting studies making use ofroses native to Iran. Prof. Thomas Debener andhis colleagues of the University of Hannoverpresented gene analysis of black spot and otherdiseases resistance. Black spot is the worst dis-ease in garden roses and it was the hottest topicin this symposium.

In the session at Nagara Convention Center, Dr.Yoshikazu Tanaka brought and explained aboutthe world’s first biotechnology-driven “bluerose” developed by Suntory Holdings Limited,which is a Japanese brewing and distilling com-pany. He is a senior researcher of the company.

Welcome Reception at Nagara Convention Center.

CONTACT

Dr. Yoshihiro Ueda, Chair Organizing Committee,Gifu International Academy of Horticulture,1094-8 Shio, Kani-shi, Gifu Prefecture, 509-0251, Japan, Phone & Fax: 81-574-60-5547,email: ueda-yoshihiro@horticulture.ac.jp

At Flower Festival Commemorative Park, thesession was opened to Japanese rose growersand it was served by simultaneous translation.Topics regarding Pest Biology and Management,Production Practices and Crop Modeling andPostharvest Physiology were presented in thesession.

On the third day of the symposium, a profes-sional tour involving visits to different produc-tion sites in Gifu and a neighboring prefectureAichi was organized. We visited two growers ofcut roses, a rose nursery and a potted rosegrower. At the greenhouses of cut-rose grow-ers, we could see new cooling and heating sys-tems. At the nursery of rose plants, we couldalso see Japanese typical rootstock productionin paddy fields.

At Flower Festival Commemorative Park, weenjoyed an extensive collection of garden rosesplanted in a landscaping design garden on thelast day of the symposium. After our gardenwalk, the farewell party was held in FlowerMuseum Hall in the park.

During the post symposium tour, we visited a

Japanese ancient capital, Kyoto, and enjoyedJapanese culture.

Though we were afraid of holding the sympo-sium because of worldwide recession afterLehman Shock and Swine Flu, the symposiumwas closed successfully.

The 6th International Symposium on RoseResearch and Cultivation will be held in 2013 inGermany and the Convener will be Prof.Thomas Debener of the University of Hannover.

Yoshihiro Ueda

The XXIIIrd International Eucarpia Symposium,Section Ornamentals “Colourful Breeding andGenetics”, was organized from August 31 untilSeptember 4, 2009 in Leiden, The Netherlandsby Wageningen University and Research Centerin cooperation with Plantum NL and 4 orna-mental plant breeders of the Netherlands. Thissymposium aims to be a platform to exchangeknowledge between scientists and plant breed-ers working on ornamentals from all over the

Section Ornamental PlantsXXIII Int’l Eucarpia Symposium,Section Ornamentals - “ColourfulBreeding and Genetics”

world. The main theme of this symposium wasColourful breeding and genetics. This meetinghad sessions with oral presentations on biodi-versity, flower colour, interspecific hybridization,resistance breeding, plant breeder’s rights,breeding and genetics, marketing and molecu-lar breeding. In addition to the molecular breed-ing session there was a molecular marker work-shop to inform breeders and scientists on theprospects of molecular assisted breeding. In

addition to the oral presentations 20 out of 120posters were presented as a short oral presenta-tion in 5 minutes in two sessions. The locationfor the symposium was the beautiful renewed

Portrait of Jaap van Tuylpresented to him at theend of the symposium.

Professional tour to a greenhouse of cut-rose production.

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ISHS • 46

concert hall ‘Stadsgehoorzaal’ in Leiden, closeto the ornamental breeding industry. Besides 3days with presentations one day was devoted toexcursions. Five different excursions wereorganized visiting the flower auctions ofAalsmeer and Naaldwijk in the early morningfollowed by visits to ornamental breeding com-panies and research institutions (Fides, HilverdaKooij, Hilverda De Boer, BeekenkampOrnamentals, Florist, Syngenta; NAKTuinbouw,Keygene and Wageningen University).

In each of the different sessions keynote speak-ers presented groundbreaking research in theirfield of interest or the latest developments inlegislation. In the session Biodiversity andConvention of Biological Diversity (CBD) TreatyOrlando de Ponti (President International SeedFederation, ISF) gave in his presentation “Accessto Biodiversity: New Rules of the Game” anoverview of the complex rules for the legalaccess to genetic resources. For ornamentalbreeders there does not exist a good interna-

Participants of the Symposium.

Panel discussion during the session on Plant Breeder’s Rights. Fromleft to right: Judith Blokland, Ben Vosman, Andrea Mansuino andRene Smulders. Excursion to NAKTuinbouw in Roelofarendsveen.

tional regime. In the session Flower colour (themain theme chosen for this symposium)Yoshikazu Tanaka of Suntory Holdings Ltd.Japan presented his lecture “The long, windinggenetic modification path to more colourfulflowers; blue, red and yellow” and gave an up-to-date state-of-the-art of what genetic engi-neering techniques can do to create colourmodified ornamentals. Masahiro Mii fromChiba University, Japan clearly showed the pos-sibilities of interspecific hybridization in orna-

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 47

Supply of flowers at the Westland auction.

CONTACT

Dr. Jaap van Tuyl, Chairman of the SectionOrnamentals of EUCARPIA, Plant Breeding,Wageningen University and Research Center,Droevendaalse steeg 1 (building 107), 6708 PBWageningen, The Netherlands,email: Jaap.vantuyl@wur.nl

mental crops with a special focus on Dianthus,Primula, Cosmos and Kalanchoe in the sessionInterspecific hybridization and polyploidy. In thesession Resistance breeding Thomas Debener(Leibniz University Hannover, Germany) talkedabout “Current strategies and future prospectsof resistance breeding in ornamentals”.

In the session Plant Breeder’s Rights JudithBlokland gave an up-to-date overview of the

opinion regarding patents, plant breeder’s rightsand essentially derived varieteties (EDV’s) in hertalk “Can we still take the breeder’s exemptionfor granted?”. After this session an interestingpanel discussion was held with the audience. Inthe session Genetics and breeding RianaKleynhans of ARC Roode Plaat South Africagave a clear presentation on the steps thatshould be made to be successful in breeding ofa new crop in her lecture “Back to basics fornew crop development”. In the WorkshopMolecular markers and their use in ornamentalsJan De Riek gave an overview of the present useof molecular markers in ornamental breeding,Paul Arens explained how markers can bedeveloped that can be used for identification ofornamental crops, while Sjaak van Heusdenspoke on the impact of the new developmentsin marker and sequence technology on the useof markers in ornamentals.

Closing and concluding remarks were given byAlain Cadic. In total more than 280 participantsfrom 40 countries attended the meeting. Theproceedings of this symposium were publishedas Acta Horticulturae 836 and were ready forthe participants during the meeting. A secondvolume of Acta Horticulturae will be prepared

within six months after the meeting and willcontain the papers of a number of selectedposters and the evaluation presented by AlainCadic at the end of the symposium. The book ofabstracts can be downloaded from the congresswebsite www.ornamentalbreeding.nl. The nextmeeting will be held in 2012 in Poland (organ-izer Teresa Orlikowska).

Jaap van Tuyl

Urban horticulture and landscape manage-ment have always been overlooked as a matterof either horticulturists or architects. Forums fordiscussion were often limited to intra-discipli-nary meetings, and although attempts weremade in order to group together differentexpertises involved in the sector, the interna-tional character of these meetings was limited,and the recurrence of the event was scattered.Only one meeting of the ISHS CommissionLandscape and Urban Horticulture was previ-ously organized, the First InternationalConference on Urban Horticulture, which washeld in Switzerland, between 2 to 6 September2002, but seven year passed from then, and theneed of starting with new energy the challengeof grouping different expertises into a constantforum for discussion became the basis for theorganization of the 2nd International

Section Ornamental Plants –Commission Landscape and UrbanHorticulture

Second Int’l Conference onLandscape and Urban Horticulture -Landscape Horticulturists andArchitects: Bridging Views forSuccessful Discussions at Bologna

Conference on Landscape and UrbanHorticulture (LUH2009).

The LUH2009 conference has been held fromJune 9 through 13 at the Faculty of Agricultureof the Bologna University “Alma MaterStudiorum”, organized by the Dept. of Agro-environmental Sciences and Technologies withthe collaboration of the Dept. of Fruit Tree andWoody Plant Sciences. The Conveners, Prof.Giorgio Prosdocimi Gianquinto, horticulturistwith great expertise in urban horticulture, andparticularly in small scale farming in cities ofdeveloping countries, and Prof. AlessandroChiusoli, one of the most important Italian land-scape horticulturists, succeeded in assembling adense and complete programme able to conveydifferent perspectives in urban horticulture andlandscape planning, ranging from the most

recent discoveries in the plant physiology ofurban stress perception, to the newest advancesin the social and psychological effects of urbanplanning, to the innovative solutions for verticaland roof greening, and so on. Over 230 contri-butions (109 oral and 130 poster presentations)were presented by scientists, professionals andpublic administrators from almost 40 differentcountries. All participants have got the opportu-nity to follow excellent presentations on topicsthat sometimes were far from their field ofexpertise, but still so much integrated in and rel-evant to it.

The plenary lectures were held by RichardBisgrove (University of Reading – UK) and EllenVan Der Wal (Mecanoo Architecten – TheNetherlands), focussing respectively on the“Future scenarios of Urban Horticulture”, and

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ISHS • 48

introducing some innovative technologies onthe building greening taking the examples ofthe “Dutch mountains: integration of architec-ture and landscape”.

The plenary lectures were the proper frame forthe introduction of the following sessions of thefirst conference day, which were presented asparallel sessions on Food and flower productionin/for the cities, Green buildings (green roofs,vertical gardens and interior landscape), and theNexus between urban horticulture and architec-ture. Each session included keynote lecturesthat opened the forum for discussion and pre-sented different points of view on the subject.For instance, the different roles of urban farm-ing on either rich and developing countrieswere presented respectively by André Viljoen(University of Brighton – UK) and Henk deZeeuw (RUAF – The Netherlands), whereas the

technical and social aspects of green buildingswere presented respectively by Nigel Dunnett(University of Sheffield – UK) and Virginia Lohr(Washington State University – USA). Theprovocative session on the meeting pointsbetween horticulture and architecture wasopened by Paolo Bürgi (University ofPennsylvania – USA, IUAV – Italy), who suggest-ed spiritual and inventive approaches to projectlandscapes. The first day then continued intothe evening with participants visiting the“Museum of Rural Society” and gettingacquainted and experiencing traditional danc-ing of the Emilia-Romagna Region in the “gettogether party”, held in the relaxing atmos-phere of the park of Villa Smeraldi.

On the second day, two parallel sessions tookplace, addressing Urban landscape horticultureand the Social role of horticulture in the urbanenvironment, opened respectively by JamesHitchmough (University of Sheffield – UK) andRichard Mattson (Kansas State University –USA). The two lectures introduced the innova-tive concepts of an “ecological perspective inurban farming” and “the social and healthybenefits provided by green in the urban envi-ronment”.

In the same day, during the meeting of the LUHCommission, two new conferences wereplanned, taking place respectively in Nanjing(China), in 2011, and Brisbane (Australia), dur-ing the International Horticultural Congress, in2014. The social dinner was then the right occa-sion to toast glasses of Prosecco, in honour ofthe results achieved: making LUH conferences aconstant event and putting together a multidis-ciplinary discussion, a table where horticulturist,urban planners, landscape designers and archi-tects, as well as experts in psychology, and evenexperts of arts and literature and history, couldfind a common ground for debate.

Poster session.

Professors Giorgio Prosdocimi Gianquinto(left) and Gert Groening (right) during theclosure ceremony of the symposium.

The Convener, Prof. Giorgio Prosdocimi Gianquinto, toasting glasseswith Prof. Wu-Zhong Zhou and the “Southeast University” delegationat the Social Dinner.

CONTACT

Francesco Orsini, Dept. of Agro-EnvironmentalSciences and Technology, Alma MaterStudiorum, University of Bologna, Italy, Phone:+39 0512096677, email: f.orsini@unibo.it

The third day of the conference hosted the lasttwo scientific sessions, Plants in historical gar-dens, opened by a description of the gardens ofancient Pompeii by Annamaria Ciarallo (Pompeiiapplied research lab – Italy) and Ecophysiologyand Vegetation Management, with the keynotelecture of Robert Savé (IRTA – Spain) on theeffect of global changes on urban vegetation.

Finally, two technical tours took the participantsto visit the beauties of a green city on theRomagna seaside and both the restoration ofancient gardens and the innovative urban greencorridors realized in the city of Padova.Information exchange, discussion, and new col-laboration possibilities enriched each momentof these days, allowing any one of participantsto bring back home new perspectives andpoints of view. Overall the Organizing andScientific Committees did a great job in combin-ing good science, excellent food, and superbwines for an unforgettable meeting!

Francesco Orsini

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 49

The Seventh International Symposium onArtichoke, Cardoon and Their Wild Relatives(Cynara 2009) was held in Saint Pol de Léon, inBrittany, France, from 17th to 19th June 2009.It was organized by BBV (BretagneBiotechnologie Végétale, a private researchinstitute for plant breeding, sustainable agro-chemicals improvement and nutritional or sen-sorial evaluations) under the auspices of theInternational Society for Horticultural Science(ISHS) and of the Breton Regional EconomicCommittee for Fruits and Vegetables Production(Cerafel). This organization was also supportedby public institutions, Conseil Général duFinistère, Conseil Régional de Bretagne andCommunauté de Communes du Pays Léonard,as well as private sponsors: the breeding enter-prise Nunhems, the marketing company “Princede Bretagne”, the growers cooperative SICASaint Pol de Léon and the Exotic Garden ofRoscoff.

The Symposium brought together 102 conven-tioneers coming from 16 countries over 3 conti-nents (Algeria, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador,Egypt, France, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Morocco,Netherlands, Peru, Russia, Spain, Tunisia, USA).It was attended by representatives from univer-sities, academic or private research institutes,technical structures, breeding or seed compa-nies, farmers, cooperatives and food industries.From a thematic point of view, 24 oral and 63posters presentations were presented in 5 ple-nary sessions dealing with the following topics:

Section VegetablesSeventh Int’l Symposium onArtichoke, Cardoon and Their WildRelatives

At the opening session, Serge Mabeau, Directorof BBV, expressed a cordial welcome to all par-ticipants. He was followed by Mr. Pierre Bihan-Poudec, President of SICA Saint Pol de Léon,and Mr. Joseph Rousseau, President of Cerafel,who traced the long history of the vegetablesnetworking in Brittany, presenting its economicand technical organization, its commercial andmarketing strategies, its quality and environ-mental policies, the range of the (25) commer-cialized vegetables as well as its research andexperimental network. Brittany is by far theleading area of vegetables production in Franceand it is at the 4th rank at the European level.Mr. Jean Guy Guéguen, President of the CerafelTechnical Section, presented the establishmentand economic data of artichoke growing inFrance focusing on the specificity (varieties,agronomic practices, diseases…) of the arti-choke production in Brittany, which representsmore than 80% of the French production (3rdEuropean rank, 7th world rank).

In the first keynote presentation, Prof. VincenzoBianco from University of Bari (Italy) invited theaudience to discover not only the artichokedomestication across the centuries but also itsplace into the art, the economic and social life,the tradition and the gastronomy. In the nextinvited paper communication, Prof. MarioPagnotta (Tuscia University of Viterbo, Italy)delivered the first results of the European proj-ect CYNARES, which main objectives are tocharacterize the biodiversity of the Cynara

Some of the Symposium participants. Photo by courtesy of BBV-Bazinet.

I - biodiversity and management of the geneticresources

II - biotechnology and breeding

III - diseases and pest management

IV - crop physiology and agricultural practices

V - post-harvest processing and product quality

Gilles Moal, SICA’s grower, presenting ayoung cut artichoke. Photo by courtesy ofBBV-Bazinet.

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ISHS • 50

genetic resources according to standardizedmorphological, agronomical, genetic and bio-chemical traits and, to set up a charter for thepreservation of this biodiversity among field,seeds or gene bank national or local collections.Then, Prof. Silvana Nicola, Chair of the ISHSSection Vegetables, gave an update of the ISHSactivities.

In the first thematic area, the scope of the pre-sented researches underlined the wide morpho-logical and genetic diversity of the Cynaragenus. Despite a large number of wild varieties,the pool of cultivated varieties of artichoke orcardoon is limited to a few accessions. Thispoint highlighted the need to establish collec-tions that could be helpful for the selection ofnew varieties adapted to grower or consumerrequirements as well as to new pedo-climaticconditions of production.

The next session focused on the improvementof the technology of the production of arti-choke seeds. Indeed, artichoke is mainly propa-gated through vegetative off-shoot. With theuse of F1 hybrid seeds of artichoke it is expect-ed to mechanize the production, to establish aone year growing cycle and to eradicate viraldiseases. Prof. Francesco Saccardo from TusciaUniversity gave a talk on the agronomicalbehaviour of 73 new hybrids of artichokegrown under both Italian and Californian fieldconditions. He also discussed on the efficiencyof several cross-pollination techniques, for F1hybrid artichokes production, crossing malesterile and male fertile parental lines. Breedingbiotechnologies such as molecular markers andin vitro culture techniques were also describedin this session.

Looking back to previous symposia, in thisSymposium there was undoubtedly a lack oftalks covering the phytosanitary problems. This

could be explained by the fact that this topic isnot taken into consideration yet in new produc-tion areas and, because it is expected that theseed technology should solve mostly of the dis-ease problems. Jean Michel Collet from theexperimental station Ctifl-CATE, France, gavean overview on the integrated pest manage-ment and biological control (pyrethrenoids,Bacillus thuringiensis) of moths (Autographagamma, Mamestra brassicae, Phlogophorameticulosa, Helicoverpa armigera) in Brittany.Nicolas Mézencev from the Chambred’Agriculture du Finistère, France, presented amodel for predicting the occurrence of the arti-choke mildew (Bremia lactucae) in the field.

The following session was devoted to agricul-tural practices. Juan Fernandez-Hernandez(Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Spain)reported on the comparison of agronomicalbehaviour of 10 artichoke varieties grown infield conditions in the Murcia region, Spain.Inmaculada Lahoz from ITGA, Spain, gave a talkon a similar study performed with 12 cardoonvarieties in the Navarra region, Spain. Severalposter presentations also concerned irrigationand fertilisation practices. An approach of theorganic fertilization of artichoke cultivation wasgiven by Bouthaina Al Mohandes Dridi from theInstitut Supérieur Agronomique of Chott-Mariem, Tunisia. Among the agronomic prac-tices, a treatment with gibberellic acid is some-times required so to promote caulinary elonga-tion and flower induction, more precisely whenthe artichoke cultivation is annual. The presen-tation of Carlos Baixauli from the RuralcajaFoundation, Spain, underlined not only the ben-efit of such treatment on the precocity and theyield of artichoke production, but also the riskto increase the non-marketable artichokes per-centage. Taking into consideration several agro-

Prof. Nicola Calabrese, Dr. Juan Macua and Prof. Francesco Saccardo, newly enthroned in theArtichoke Brotherhood of Saint Pol de Léon, drinking the traditional artichoke beverage, theCynar. Photo by courtesy of Silvana Nicola.

Artichoke calibration in the packaging sta-tion. Photo by courtesy of BBV-Bazinet.

nomic parameters (irrigation and nitrogen rates,plastic mulches, gibberellic or abscisic acidstreatments…), Prof. Daniel Leskovar from TexasAgriLIFE Research Institute, USA, gave an inter-esting talk about the establishment of commer-cial crop guidelines for annual artichoke pro-duction under the weather conditions ofSouthwest Texas.

The core themes of the last thematic area wereclosely related to the biochemical content ofartichoke and their nutritional potential.Looking back to previous symposia, one of themain changes in this Symposium was theincreasing number of talks about nutritionalcontents of artichokes. Artichoke is well-knownto be rich in vitamins, fibres and carbohydratesand, to be a source of potassium, phosphorusand magnesium. Thus, keynote of Donato DiVenere from the ISPA of Bari, Italy, highlightedthe wide range of the total polyphenolic acidscontent of 17 Italian artichoke varieties. Thepresentation of Gaëlle Leroy from BBV coveredthe topic of the cooking practices impact on thepolyphenolic acids and inulin contents (the lastcould be responsible of digestive discomfort).Perla Gomez di Marco (University of Cartagena,Spain) demonstrated that some modifiedatmospheres (high oxygen content) or somesolutions (citric acid, oxalic acid…) could be use-ful so to reduce the oxidation of processed arti-chokes during their storage.

TECHNICAL TRIP

On the second day of the symposium, a techni-cal excursion was organized involving the visitof (1) the Breton professional vegetables freshmarket “marché au cadran”, (2) two artichokeproducing farms, (3) two packaging stations, (4)experimental fields on artichoke in the CATE

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 51

CONTACT

Dr. Christophe Bazinet, BBV, pen ar prat, 29250Saint Pol de Léon, France, email: bazinet@bbv.fr,web: http://www.vegenov.com/artichoke_sym-posium/

station and (5) the laboratories of BBV (molecu-lar and cell biology, phytopathology, sensorialand nutritional evaluation). This was combinedwith a lunch taking place in the Exotic garden ofthe city of Roscoff.

SOCIAL EVENT

During this Symposium, an evening tour of thecity of Saint Pol de Léon was organized for theconventioneers to know a little of Brittany, itshistory and people, folk and traditions, and cul-tural values. Thus, the conventioneers had dis-covered some professional and amateur actorsplaying in the streets some scenes of the Bretontradition and history. Besides, three of them,Prof. Francesco Saccardo (Italy), Prof. NicolaCalabrese (Italy) and Dr. Juan Macua (Spain)were enthroned into the Artichoke Brotherhoodof Saint Pol de Léon.

WAITING FOR THE8TH SYMPOSIUM

In the business meeting, a Workshop chaired byProf. Mario A. Pagnotta on the European proj-ect Cynares was proposed to the participants.Moreover, it was decided that the next

Symposium (8th) on Artichoke and Cardoon willtake place in Viterbo (Italy) and the Convenerwill be Prof. Mario A. Pagnotta from TusciaUniversity.

Once again, this Symposium was designed toencourage debate and dialogue between theparticipants, which also established new per-sonal contacts. It was an excellent opportunityto launch new ideas or collaborative projects.This Symposium covered the state-of-the-art ofthe artichoke production all over the world. Itallowed to focus on the new established grow-ing areas and to underline the increasing inter-est of the consumers (and marketing services)on the nutritional value of this vegetable.Finally, this Symposium offered the convention-eers to discover the specificity of the artichokeproduction in Brittany.

The Convener thanks the local partners for theirsupport and warmly congratulates for theirexcellent work the members of the Organizingand Scientific Committees, as well as BBV staff,involved in the preparation and arrangement ofthis Symposium. Chairmen and participants arealso congratulated for their contribution to thesuccess of this Symposium.

Christophe Bazinet

The XVIth International Symposium onHorticultural Economics and Management andthe Vth International Symposium onHorticultural Research, Training and Extension –a Joint Symposium, was originally scheduled tobe held in Chiang Mai, Thailand in December2008. Unfortunately owing to the occupationof the Bangkok International Airport, it wasnecessary to postpone this event to June 2009.Despite the need to postpone the JointSymposium more than 60 registrants, from 21countries, participated in a most successfulmeeting in the Lotus Pang Suan Kaew Hotel,Chiang Mai, Thailand. The symposium ran fromJune 28th to July 2nd, 2009 and included a oneday field trip to Northern Thailand.

The keynote address was delivered, in a plenarysession, by Professor Dr. R. Daniel Lineberger, ofTexas A&M University, USA. Prof. Linebergeroutlined various options available in adaptingweb-based collaborative learning technologies

Commission Economics and Management –Commission Horticultural Education,Research Training and Consultancy

Sixteenth Int’l Symposium on HorticulturalEconomics and Management together withthe Fifth Int’l Symposium on HorticulturalResearch, Training and Extension – A JointSymposium

to horticultural education, with particularemphasis on regional teaching, extension anddistance learning programs. The plenary sessionalso included four local horticultural research

officers who described ongoing research proj-ects in Northern Thailand and Myanmar. Theirpapers ranged from an analysis of irrigationregimes in mango production to the problems

From left to right: P.P. Oppenheim and D.E. Aldous (Co-Conveners), R.D. Lineberger (KeynoteSpeaker), N. Jayamangkala (Co-Convener), E. Hewett (ISHS representative) and P.J. Batt (Co-Convener).

Artichoke harvesting thanks to a “débardeur”.Photo by courtesy of BBV-Bazinet.

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ISHS • 52

associated with the conversion of traditionalfarms to organic farms in Thailand.

Individual symposia sessions in both Economicsand Management and Education and Trainingthen ran concurrently for the remainder of thesymposium. The theme on the first day of theEconomics and Management group focused onidentifying markets, and included papers on themarketing of genetically modified fruit and veg-etables, consumer choice in retail outlets, andissues associated with the development of sus-tainable horticultural supply chains. TheEducation and Training group’s programinvolved papers that focused on extension rolesand collaboration in both the private and publicsectors. The papers that were presented rangedfrom describing problems that citrus farmers inSouth Western Nigeria have in accessing horti-

cultural information to the difficulties involvedin the delivery of training programs to smallfarmers in the Papua and New Guinean coffeeindustry.

On the second day the Education and Trainingsessions centred on examining currentapproaches to improving cooperation and com-munication in a range of international highereducation and extension training programs.Issues under discussion ranged from challeng-ing the paradigm of funding public researchand extension to the use of computer aidedsoftware in aiding the instruction of wine indus-try students. More challenging issues, such asthe direction that horticultural education inAustralia should take, were also discussed.Meanwhile the Economics and Managementsessions included papers that involved improv-ing consumer patronage in garden centres toincreasing the demand for US grown avocados.

The third day of the Joint Symposium was spenttogether on an extended field trip to NorthernThailand. In a series of mini-buses the partici-pants were driven along mountainous roads towithin just a few kilometres of the Myanmarborder. Here the group visited Doi Angknang toobserve a Royal Project. The project, which wasimplemented by the King of Thailand, wasdesigned to provide the local hill tribes with aseries of alternative crops to substitute for pop-pies that had, in the past, been grown foropium production. A variety of alternative cropswere being trialled; crops included protectedorganic vegetables, cut flowers and hydroponi-cally grown lettuce.

The Education and Training theme for thefourth and final day focused on implementingspecific training programs. Training programsthat ranged from food science and complianceto greenhouse grower certification were dis-cussed. Teaching systems that provided forimproved teaching in horticultural field facilitiesand the improved use of technology-mediatedinstruction were also mentioned. At the sametime the Economics and Management sessionsincluded the presentation of papers that

Professor N. Jayamangkala describing aRoyal Project in Northern Thailand.

A. Orchid production in Thailand. B. Tissuecultured orchids in flask for export anddomestic production.

Participants enjoying the Conference Dinner – Thai Style.

CONTACT

Dr. David E. Aldous, Associate Professor, Universityof Melbourne, Australia, ISHS Vice Chair,Commission Horticultural Education, ResearchTraining and Consultancy, Email:dealdous@gmail.com

Dr. Peter P. Oppenheim, Associate Professor,Deakin University, Australia, ISHS Chair,Commission Economics and Management,Email: peter.oppenheim@deakin.edu.au

A

B

focused on issues associated with quality man-agement and the economics of producingresidue free vegetables. A series of interestingpapers that examined issues associated withregional competitiveness and the opportunitiesfor agribusiness firms to gain entry into the P.R.of China were also presented.

A Business Meeting for the ISHS Economics andManagement Commission was chaired by PeterOppenheim on the first day of the symposium.The meeting provided an opportunity for mem-bers of the Commission to discuss variousoptions for the development of the Commissionand the structure of future activities. A propos-al to institute an annual ISHS Award for the bestdoctoral thesis in Horticultural Economics,Management or Marketing was supported. It isanticipated that the first award will be made atLisbon in 2010. A call for nominations for“Fellows of the ISHS” was also announced.Individuals may be granted the title “Fellow ofthe ISHS” in recognition of outstanding contri-butions to the discipline. Accordingly nomina-tions for outstanding contributors in the field ofHorticultural Economics and Management arenow being sought.

David E. Aldous and Peter P. Oppenheim

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 53

The Second International Symposium onMolecular Markers in Horticulture was held atthe CH2M Hill Alumni Center at Oregon StateUniversity (OSU), Corvallis (Oregon, US), fromJuly 29 to August 1st, 2009. This symposiumwas convened by Nahla V. Bassil, a moleculargeneticist at the National Clonal GermplasmRepository (NCGR) of the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture (USDA)-AgriculturalResearch Service (ARS), with cooperation fromOSU, and under the dual sponsorship of theISHS Commissions Molecular Biology and InVitro Culture, and Plant Genetic Resources.Overall, 45 oral presentations and 40 posterswere included in the program. Approximately130 participants from 30 countries attended thesymposium. Financial support for the sympo-sium was generously provided by the USDA-ARS, Floragenex Inc., Driscoll’s, the OregonHazelnut Commission, Applied Biosystems,Illumina Inc., Roche, the British ColumbiaCranberry Marketing Commission, IntegratedDNA Technologies (IDT) and AgBiotech.

The welcome address was officiated by Nahla V.Bassil (Convener of the Symposium), with com-ments by Roderick Drew (Chair, ISHSCommission Molecular Biology and In VitroCulture), Larry Curtis (Associate Dean, College

Commission Molecular Biology and InVitro Culture – Commission PlantGenetic Resources

Second Int’l Symposium on MolecularMarkers in Horticulture

of Agricultural Sciences, OSU), Anita Azarenko(Chair, Horticulture department, OSU), andPeter Bretting (National Program Leader, PlantGenetic Resources, USDA-ARS).

Five sessions provided the focus for the sympo-sium: 1) Molecular markers in identification and

characterization; 2) Marker-assisted breeding(trait-specific markers); 3) Applications of next-generation sequencing; 4) Analytical approach-es and bioinformatics; and 5) Molecular mark-ers in systematics, diversity and evolution. Eachsession was opened by a lecture from an invitedkeynote speaker and was moderated by anexpert who organized each session.

SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM

Molecular Markers in Identification andCharacterization

Keynote speaker Raffaele Testolin described theadvantages and uses of microsatellite markers,‘the markers of today’, in genotyping plantsincluding clonal variants and polyploid individu-als. He stressed the issues that affect the cor-rectness of the fragment analysis using proto-cols adopted in human studies as reference. Theremaining presentations covered a range ofDNA-based molecular markers [SSRs,Restriction-site Associated DNA (RAD), candi-date genes (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid synthase, ACS), retrotransposon] andplants used in germplasm identification andconservation. Eda Karaagac (OSU) outlined theuse of SSRs in fingerprinting potato clones from

Dr. Rod Drew, Chair of the CommissionMolecular Biology and In Vitro Culture,presenting medal and flowers to theorganizer, Dr. Nahla Bassil.

Participants of the Symposium.

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ISHS • 54

the Pacific Northwest Potato VarietyDevelopment Program. J.I. Hormaza (EELM,Spain) provided information on genetic erosionthat has taken place in an apricot germplasmcollection based on SSR-based evaluation ofmaternal stone tissues. Other presentationsincluded use of microsatellite markers for iden-tification of western blackberry cultivars andindividually quick frozen (IQF) berries, adoptionof a comprehensive approach for conservingMalus germplasm, and retrotransposon markersin fruit and berry research.

Marker-Assisted Breeding (Trait-SpecificMarkers)

Frederick Bliss (Seminis Vegetable Seed, CA)highlighted the use of marker-assisted breedingin horticultural crops. Examples of successfulmarker-assisted selection techniques includedselection for dieback disease in lettuce, potatovirus Y, eastern filbert blight in hazelnut, papayaringspot virus, and gender determination inkiwifruit. Novel possibilities were also reportedfor marker-assisted breeding in apple and in theRosaceae family as envisioned by RosBREED, anewly approved specialty crop research initiativegrant that will soon be funded for scientists inthe United States.

Applications of Next-GenerationSequencing

The focus of this session was on the applicationof next-generation sequencing. Reports includ-ed the use of Illumina/Solexa for transcriptomeanalysis, comparative genomics, and phyloge-netic implications in Pinus, Fragaria, andLimnanthes alba. Use of 454-sequencing forestablishing trait-gene relationships in theRosaceae and for mining 3’UTRs for SSR mark-ers were described. New and available softwaredeveloped in the Mockler lab (OSU) to manipu-late the tremendous amount of data generatedby next-generation sequencing was highlight-ed.

Analytical Approaches and Bioinformatics

Eric Van de Weg (Plant Breeding International,The Netherlands) stressed the power ofPedigree Based Analysis for identification, eval-uating and tracking quantitative trait loci (QTLs)in multiple breeding populations. Progress andproperties of available (Genomic Database forthe Rosaceae, GDR; Gramene) and new data-bases (GRIN-Global) were described. PalithaDharmawardhana presented his insight intopoplar as a model tree for horticultural crops asevaluated through genome-scale changes ingene expression during bud dormancy. Novelprotocols included STaR Portal for enablingsequencing and targeted resequencing; and atechnique that simultaneously isolates and iden-tifies polymorphic SSRs for any plant species.The moderator, Chris Richards (USDA-ARS) elo-quently summarized the potential and role ofgenbanks in discovery and utilization of theexisting natural variation for crop improvement.

Mid-conference tour of the USDA-ARS, National Clonal Germplasm Repository.

CONTACT

Dr. Nahla V. Bassil, Nat’l Clone GermplasmRepository, 33447 Peoria Road, Corvallis, OR97331-23521, USA, email:nahla.bassil@ars.usda.gov

Molecular Markers in Systematics, Diversityand Evolution

Insights into a golden era in systematic/evolu-tion/plant biology were provided by keynotespeaker Douglas Soltis (U of Florida) throughthe iPlant Tree of Life (iPTOL) project that willattempt ‘to address the grand challenge of con-structing the plant tree of life to understand thediversification of green plants over the last bil-lion years, and to build a cyberinfrastructure toconnect this tree to the rest of the plant sci-ences and beyond’. Phylogenetic analysis inIranian apple germplasm and patterns of geo-graphic diversity in strawberry and pecan weredescribed. Hilde Nybom reported a uniquereproduction system in dogroses, as revealed bySSRs and RT-CAPS. Additional presentationsfocused on the use of SSRs and/or AFLPs in eval-uating genetic diversity in Mexican guava, theFragaria collection at Churriana IFAPA Center(Spain) and taxon delineation of Ilex glabra L.

MID-SYMPOSIUM TOUR

An afternoon mid-symposium tour highlightedgenotyping, Illumina/Solexa next-generationsequencing, computational infrastructure andbioinformatics at the OSU Center for GenomeResearch and Bioinformatics Core Laboratories;marker-assisted breeding programs in hazelnut(Shawn Mehlenbacher) and vegetable (JamesMyers) at OSU’s Department of Horticulture;and various aspects of managing, characterizingand conserving temperate fruits and nutshoused at the NCGR in Corvallis, Oregon. KimHummer, Barbara Reed and Nahla Bassildescribed their projects at the NCGR. JosephPostman led an evening tour of the pear andblueberry field collections for approximately 40participants.

OREGON COAST TOUR

On the last day of the symposium, some partic-ipants enjoyed an excursion to the OregonCoast where they visited the Oregon CoastAquarium, and saw resident wild life along thecoast and in tide pools at Devil’s Punchbowl andYaquina Head Natural Area.

At the business meeting, the participants votedto hold the next meeting in June 2013 at theIASMA Research Center, San Michele all’Adige(TN), Italy. Nahla Bassil was elected unanimous-ly to continue as Chair of the ISHS WorkingGroup on Molecular Markers. The nextConvener will be Riccardo Velasco.

Feedback from the participants indicated thatthey enjoyed the warm, enthusiastic, technical-ly informative, and friendly atmosphere of thesymposium. They are looking forward to theopportunity to meet in Italy in a few years time.

Nahla V. Bassil

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 55

The Second International Symposium of theGrowing Media and Composts in GrowingMedia working groups of the Commission PlantSubstrates and Soilless Culture was held inCharlotte, North Carolina between June 1 and5 this year. Staff from the North Carolina StateUniversity organised the symposium, and espe-cial mention must be made of Professor BillFonteno, who acted as organiser, assisted byProfessor Ted Bilderback, Professor BrianJackson, Linda Bilderback, Beth Harden andWilliam Reece. The symposium was attended byapprox 100 delegates from 21 countries: over

Commission Plant Substrates andSoilless Culture

Second Int’l Symposium on GrowingMedia and Composting

half were representatives of industry and exten-sion service specialists. Much of the symposiumfocused on non-peat growing media: a consid-erable contrast to the situation in Europe.

Three major reviews were given by invitedspeakers: the first by Steve Jarahian of Oldcastlesubstrate producers reviewed current and likelyfuture developments in the USA. The secondreview was by Kevin Handrek from Adelaide.Kevin is renowned for his standard publication‘Growing Media for Ornamental Plants andTurf’ (now in its fourth edition) and he reviewedthe Australian experience, where virtually no

peat is used. Michael Raviv from the Newe Ya’arcenter, Agricultural Research Organization inIsrael, from his experiences over three decadesof research, reviewed the use of composts ingrowing media.

Paper sessions included novel products andtechniques, physical and chemical properties ofgrowing media. Materials as varied as a foamedglass granulate from recycled bottles, fiber-clayand switchgrass were evaluated for their use ingrowing media. The use of lime in growingmedia was thoroughly addressed. Analyticalprocedures of oxygen determination and evalu-ation of matric potentials in media were given.An entire day was devoted to the use of recy-cled and composted materials in growingmedia. The use of composted materials, deter-mination of their maturity and nitrogen immo-bilisation in growing media were all addressed.Standards for composted material in growingmedia were proposed.

A wide-ranging series of posters provedimmensely popular. Indeed the authors of theinitial poster session were urged to return to thesecond, such was the interest in these. Somehighly innovative posters were on show, withone being described as a work of art suitable forgallery hanging. Topics included as series onnutrient disorders in flower crops, use of anaer-obically digested cattle solids, growing mediafor organic systems, peat-free media and envi-ronmental stresses on plant growth in media.

An innovative strategy from Bill Fonteno wasthe inclusion of twilight tours combining visitsto glasshouses and substrate producers withevening meals. The visit to the 52 ha Metrolinaglasshouse in North Carolina proved stunning: itwas an amazing experience to be driven though

Metrolina nursery.Oldcastle composting plant.

Participants of the Symposium in the gardens of the Biltmore Estate.

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ISHS • 56

CONTACT

Dr. William C. Fonteno, North Carolina StateUniversity, Dept. of Horticultural Science, Box7609, 152 Kilgore Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609, USA, email: bill_fonteno@ncsu.edu

Dr. W.R. Carlile, Bord na Mona (Horticulture),Main Street, Newbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland,email: bill.carlile@bnm.ie

Dr. Silvia Burés, Bures S.A., Camí de les Ràfoless/n, Apartat de Correus 174, 08830 St. Boi deLlobregat, Spain, email: sbures@buressa.com

Dr. Michael Raviv, Agric. Res. Organization, NeweYa’ar Research Center, PO Box 1021, RamatYishay 30095, Israel, email:mraviv@volcani.agri.gov.il

one of the world’s largest glasshouses in a bus.The degree of automation and innovation wasstaggering. The cordial welcome given to thegroup by the staff at Oldcastle substrate pro-ducers was appreciated by all, as was their tourof composting and production facilities.

The midweek tour included Hawksridge nurserynear Hickory in North Carolina. Nursery stock ofexcellent quality was on view here, and the pro-duction systems involving collection and recircu-lation of rain water regarded as exemplary. Thiswas followed by a visit to the opulent mansionand grounds of Biltmore, former home of theVanderbilt family. The position of Head garden-er here in absolutely beautiful surroundingsmust be one of the most desirable jobs in horti-culture. A trip to the Ashville farmer’s marketfollowed and the day concluded at Tall treesnurseries, where further splendid southern hos-pitality was evident in the form of an excellentbarbecue. The symposium dinner was held in

the superb, albeit slightly damp, surroundingsof the Daniel Stowe botanical gardens nearBelmont. Here, ISHS medals were presentedwith considerable acclaim to Professors Fontenoand Bilderback.

The accompanying person’s tour was very wellreceived, with visits to the South Park mall, theMint and Levine museums in downtownCharlotte, and to the Wing Haven gardens andbird sanctuary, and Elizabeth House and gardennear Charlotte.

This was a notably successful symposium,attracting almost identical numbers to theNottingham symposium of two years ago,despite the recession. The next symposium inthe series, one of the longest running of ISHSworking groups, is scheduled for Barcelona inthe autumn of 2011.

Bill Carlile, Bill Fonteno, Silvia Burésand Michael Raviv

FROM THE SECRETARIAT

New ISHS MembersISHS is pleased to welcome the followingnew members:

NEW COUNTRY/STATE/REGION MEMBERS:

Russian Federation and Venezuela

NEW INSTITUTIONALMEMBERS:

Kenya: Fresh Produce Exporters AssociationKenya (FPEAK)

Russian Federation: Research Institute forHorticulture I.V. Michurin

NEW INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS:

Armenia: Mr. Samvel Avetisjyan, Mr. HovikHovhannisyan, Mr. Gagik Matevosyan;Australia: Dr. Steve Akiew, Ms. Arabella Forge,Mr. David Franklin, Mr. Robert Green, Mr.Gerhardus Janse van Rensburg, Mr. Darren Koll,Mr. Ian Lewis, Mr. Hieu Ly, Ms. CynthiaMahoney, Mr. John Marshall, Mr. David Oag,Mr. Peter Osborn, Dr. Ian Porter, Ms. SolveigSchuetze, Mr. Chandra Seneviratne, Dr.Mohammad Ali Shahbake, Mr. David Stewart,Mr. David West; Austria: Dr. Josef Bertagnoli,Angela Harmer; Belgium: Mr. JohanAelterman, Mr. André Bouillet, DithmarGuillaume, Ms. Inge Hanssen, Ms. MarjanMaes, Ms. Kelly Van Dijck; Botswana: Prof.

Vallantino Emongor; Brazil: Dr. Eleonora Lins,Prof. Dr. Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo, Mr. SergioSaito, Ms. Christine van der Ven; Burundi: Dr.Celestin Niyongere; Canada: MelissaBassoriello, Mr. Andre Dugre, John Finch, Ms.Anne Kivari, Caroline Scott, Ms. Parneet Sidhu;Chile: Jaime Kong, Solange Ramirez Astorga,Mr. Daniel Silva; China: Dr. Rukui Huang, Dr.Qiansheng Li, Prof. Lingling Wei, Prof. Dr.Qichang Yang, Prof. Dr. Jiang Zongyong;Congo: Grégoire Mutshail Mutomb; Fiji: Ms.Lilian Ekbom; Finland: Mr. Lars Aikala, MatsBorg; France: Dr. Sarah Cookson, Mr. Jean-Marie Dessertaux, Mr. Colin Ellis, Mr. FrancoisLeroy, Ms. Helene Lombardo, Ms. Aude Lusetti,Dr. Vincent Requillart; Gabon: Mr. TristanNondah; Germany: Mr. Josef Brugger, Mr. NicoDomurath, Dr. Wolfgang Hügle, Prof. Dr. TraudWinkelmann, Dr. Tatjana Wolf, Mr. SebastianWolter; Ghana: Mr. Abdul Halim Abubakari, Dr.Naalamle Amissah, Mr. Francis Appiah, Dr. BenBanful, Mr. Patrick Kumah; Greece: Dr. MariaHalabalaki, Mr. George Kaltsounis, Dr. ZisisManossis, Eleni Mili, Prof. Alexios Skaltsounis;Hungary: Sharareh Ghasemi; Iceland: FannarSnaer Hararson; India: SatyanarayanaCherukuri, Dr. Sudip Ghosh, Mr. DayanandPeter, Prof. Dr. Kartikeya Srivastava, Dr.Thangavelu Sumathi; Indonesia: Prof.Triwidodo Arwiyanto, Dr. Stephen Nelson, FransPalgunadi, Dr. Sri Rochayati, Ms. WijantiTjendera; Iran: Mr. Kourosh B. Ebrahimi;Ireland: Mr. Dermot Callaghan, Ms. GerryTheresa Cullen, Mr. Mark Long, Dr. Karl

McCarthy; Israel: Assaf Avizohar, JasmineHellmann, Dr. Shimon Pivonia, Ms. NettaRudberg; Italy: Dr. Elena Baldi, CarloDalmonte, Dr. Rachele Falchi, Dr. GiovanniGugliuzza, Prof. Cesare Intrieri, Mr. IlarioIoriatti, Silverio Mazzella, Mr. Edoardp Piva, Dr.Ascanio Salvidio, Ms. Lissa Veilleux, Dr. AccursioVenezia, Prof. Alessandro Vincenzoni; Japan:Mr. Shinya Haba, Prof. Dr. Hideo Ikeda, Mr.Yutaka Kobayashi, Mr. Yuichi Matsumoto,Tomomi Nii, Mr. Taro Sano, Assist. Prof. YasuoSuzuki, Dr. Akira Yano; Kenya: Mr. RikkiAgudah, Mr. Haron Nyakundi, Dr. Sarah A.H.Olembo, Mr. Paul Oloo, Ms. Hilda Wambani;Latvia: Dr. Biruta Bankina; Malaysia: Mr. Le-Yan Chin, Sayed M. Zain Hasan, Mr. Eng LengChuah, Mr. Chriatian Hillier, Dr. Nolila MohdNawi, Mr. Razif Omar, Ms. Wan Zaliha WanSembok; Mauritius: Mr. Devkumar Panchu;Mexico: Mr. Theojary Crisantes, Mr. CarlosLeon, Mr. Oscar Lopez, Mr. Jesus Yanez;Montenegro: Mr. Milan Jovovic;Netherlands: M.W.M. De Haan, Dr. GyuriFenyvesi, Dr. Gerald Freymark, Clemens Goertz,Ms. Rachel Tocklu, Mr. Kevin van den Hof, Dr.Herman van Ree, Arna Vliegen-Verschure; NewZealand: Mark Beaufoy, Wendy Evans, Mr.Barry McMillan, Mr. Grant Paton, Ms. CathleenRedpath; Nigeria: Dr. Rabiu AnateAbdulsalam, Dr. Oyeboade Sikeola Adebayo,Dr. Henry Akintoye, Dr. Rasheed OlufemiAwodoyin, Ms. Olawumi Modupe OlusolaOdeleye, Dr. Ngozi Ifeoma Odiaka, Dr. David O.Ojo, Dr. Adetula Olagorite, Funmilayo Bosede

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 57

Ms. Olajide Taiwo, Dr. Lawrence Olajide Taiwo,Ms. Adekemi Shokalu; Norway: Dr. SigmundSpjelkavik; Pakistan: Dr. Muhammad Usman;Philippines: Ms. Annika Mercado; Poland: Mr.Wieslaw Doros; Portugal: Mr. Nuno Branco,Osvaldo Branco, Mr. Andrew Henley-Welch,Prof. Dr. Pedro Rocha, Mr. Onno Schaap; SaudiArabia: Mr. Ghasan Ajab Noor, Dr. MohamedH. Al Hoshan, Mr. Sirajeddin Mohammed;Senegal: Dr. Seydi Ababacar Sy Gaye; SouthAfrica: Hetta Dollery, Mr. Hans Dreyer, Dr. NigelGericke, Anne Hacking, Ms. Jane King, Mr.Shaun Price, Mr. Johannes Rossouw, Ms. LindaSiphugu; Spain: Ms. Libia Acened ChaparroTorres, Mr. Asghar Ebrahimzadeh, Dr. DiegoIntrigliolo, Assist. Prof. Elvira Juan, Mr. DavidManero Jornet, Dr. Xavier Miarnau; Sweden:Ms. Anna Gustafsson; Tanzania: Dr. FekaduFufa Dinssa; Thailand: Mr. Clive Gessing-Richardson, Assist. Prof. ApiradeeUthairatanakij; Trinidad and Tobago: Dr.Majeed Mohammed; Turkey: Dr. Dipo Alam,

Mr. Mustafa Camlica, Mr. Osman Ali Homurlu,Dr. Hayri Saglam, Assist. Prof. MelekberSulusoglu, Mr. Mustafa Onur Ünal, Mr. GokhanYaltir, Assist. Prof. Jale Yegenaga; United ArabEmirates: Mr. Sadam Hussain; UnitedKingdom: Mr. Femi Adenuga, Mr. SulaimanAlturki, Mr. David Bond, Mr. Michael Bowden,Mr. Matt Castle, Ms. Kate Coulson, Mr. Jon Day,Ms. Leah de Felice Renton, Mr. John Ferguson,Ms. Felicidad Fernandez-Fernandez, Dr. OlgaGrant, Mr. John Green, Mr. J.H.B. Johnston, Ms.Abegunde Odunayo, Mr. Michael O’Neill, Ms.Stephanie Summerfield, Ms. ValeriaZavadnikova; United States of America: BruceAllen, Jeff Allen, Ms. Margaret Bengry, Mr.Joseph Bifano, Darin Blackhurst, Marcia Bryant,Dr. Richard Carlton, Darin Case, Thomas Curry,Ms. Arabella S. Dane, Mr. Brett Davie, MoisesDelacruz, Assist. Prof. Laurent Deluc, Mr. TarpanDixit, Steve Dragt, Prof. Dr. Yongjun Du, D.ELaine Farquharson, Dr. Robert Flannery, PaulFriday, Mark Galatowitsch, Mr. George

Ghilarducci, Dr. Elizabeth Guertal, KennethHarr, Wallace Heuser, Lauren Hill, Ms. CharleneJewell, Casey Jones, Mr. Troy Jurgensen, DebraKnapke, Kenneth Krause, Kevin Kuhns, Prof.Upmanu Lall, Joshua Landis, Clifford Low, Ms.Susan Maki, Janet Migaki, Darin Moon, NancyMountford, Steven Newton, Mr. Sean O’Keefe,Janet I. Onnen, Linda Parker, Mr. RobertPatterson, Mr. Lucas Patzek, Mr. Ronald Pecoff,Hector Perez, Dr. Ramesh R. Pokharel, Prof.Barclay Poling, Mr. Joseph Porter, Esther Pullen,Dale Qualls, Mr. Antonio Randazzo, Mr. DavidRaring, Betsy Ricker, Cheryl Saldana, Assist.Prof. Rebecca Schnelle, Mr. Mark Simmons, Mr.Robert Sims, Dr. Jeffrey Skinner, Wesley Stinson,Dr. Hare Stuart, Mr. Gary Thornton, JeffTranseau, Assist. Prof. Sarah Tseng, StephenWade, Ms. Dale Watten, Mr. Kevin Wayne,Brent Williams, Mr. Scott Williams, VanessaWoods, Robert Yates; Venezuela: Prof. MaríaCarolina Cásares Wong, Dr. Eva García

PRIX LIONEL-BOULET

The highest distinction granted by theGouvernement du Québec for industrialresearch and development, the Prix Lionel-Boulet, this year goes to horticulturist AndréGosselin.

Twenty-five years ago, all the tomatoes and let-tuce consumed during the winter in Québecwere imported. The strawberry season was lim-ited to the beginning of summer. Thanks to thework of Professor André Gosselin and thedynamism he instilled in Québec horticulturalresearch, things have changed.

After obtaining a Ph.D. in Horticulture and PlantBiology from Université Laval, André Gosselinwas appointed a Professor at that university in1984. His primary objective was to liberate mar-ket gardeners from the rigours of winter so thatthey could compete with foreign producers.With several partners, including Hydro-Québec,André Gosselin developed a photosyntheticlighting technology for greenhouses, allowingcultivation of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce orpeppers in all seasons. This technique waspromptly adopted by many businesses inQuébec, as well as in Scandinavia, the UnitedStates, France and Belgium. Without abandon-ing his laboratory, the researcher became anentrepreneur. In 1989, with help from his fami-ly, he founded Les serres du Saint-Laurent,which enjoyed a resounding commercial suc-cess with its greenhouse tomatoes sold underthe Savoura brand. Today, the company gener-ates $35 million in sales, employs 350 peopleand produces over 220 tonnes of tomatoes aweek.

Mr. Clement Gignac,Minister ofEconomic Devel-opment, Innovationand Export Trade ofthe QuebecGovernment, pre-senting the PrixLionel-Boulet to Dr.André Gosselin.Photo by courtesyof Rémi Boily.

Awards

André Gosselin also developed continuousstrawberry production, allowing harvestingfrom June to September. About twenty busi-nesses now grow this type of strawberry inQuébec, including Les Fraises de l’Île d’Orléans,founded by the researcher and his family in1979. He also developed the world’s firstnutraceutical strawberry and raspberry plants,containing a record antioxidant level. In 2006,the Professor created a new company, NutraCanada, to commercialize extracts from theseberries, and from vegetables and medicinalplants.

André Gosselin has also worked on improvinghorticultural practices to reduce their environ-mental impact. With his colleague Serge Yelle,he invented a deinking residue reclamationtechnology for the Daishowa paper mill inQuébec. His results persuaded even the mostreluctant observers that there is no dangerspreading these composted residues in thefields. This technique subsequently was adopt-ed by several other paper mills.

In 1989, André Gosselin founded the Centre derecherches en horticulture of Université Laval,which now has 150 members. As Director ofthe Department of Phytology and then as Deanof the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciencesfrom 1995 to 1998, he was responsible for thecreation of the Institute of Nutraceutics andFunctional Foods (INAF), Canada’s researchleader in this field. The Professor is also thefather of the Envirotron, the Université Lavalpavilion built in 1993 at a cost of $12 million,and one of the co-founders in 1997 of LesFloralies internationales de Québec, an eventthat has proven to be a great tourism and hor-ticultural success.

André Gosselin has published about 150 scien-tific articles and delivered 300 lectures aroundthe world, in addition to advising several majorcorporations. A greatly appreciated professor,he has supervised more than 80 graduate stu-dents. In 1999, he was the first FrancophoneQuebecer to receive the title of Fellow of theAmerican Society for Horticultural Science.

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Calendar of ISHS EventsFor updates and more logon to www.ishs.org/calendar. To claimthe reduced registration for ISHS members make sure tomention your membership number when registering and ensureyour ISHS membership is current. If in doubt: check your mem-bership status online at www.ishs.org/directory/

YEAR 2010

� January 12-15, 2010, Taichung (Taiwan): I International OrchidSymposium. Info: Dr. Yung-I Lee, Botany Department, NationalMuseum of Natural Science, N0 1, Kuan-Chien Rd., Taichung 404,Taiwan. Phone: (886)-4-23226940-153, Fax: (886)-4-23285320,E-mail: leeyungi@hotmail.com or Prof. Erik Runkle, A240-C Plant &Soil Sci. Bldg., Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824,United States of America. Phone: (1)517.355.5191 x350,Fax: (1)517.353.0890, E-mail: runkleer@msu.eduWeb: http://hrt.msu.edu/IOS/

� March 8-13, 2010, Singapore (Singapore): III InternationalConference and Exhibition on Soilless Culture - ICESC2010.Info: Dr. Mallick F. Rahman M., Hydroponics & Plant Care Pte LTD,Block461#13-75 Crawford Lane, Singapore 190461, Singapore.Phone: (65)62918153, Fax: (65)62987978, E-mail: dr_mallickrah-man@singaporehydroponics.com E-mail symposium:secretariat@icesc-2010.com Web: http://www.icesc-2010.com/

� April 8-12, 2010, Sanya, Hainan Island (China): IX InternationalMango Symposium. Info: Dr. Ping Lu, PO Box 42238, Casuarina,NT 0810, Australia. Phone: (61)889 271547, Fax: (61)889 271547,E-mail: mango2010sanya@yahoo.com or Dr. Qiubo Chen, ChineseAcademy, Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan Province571737, China. Phone: (86)89823300207/196,Fax: (86)89823300157, E-mail: chenqb2003@21cn.comWeb: http://www.mango2010.cn/

� April 19-21, 2010, Shiraz (Iran): International Medicinal andAromatic Plants Symposium 2010: IMAPS2010. Info: Prof.Morteza Khosh-Khui, Department of Horticulture, College ofAgriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Phone: (98)7116243978,Fax: (98)7116289017 or Dr. Jalal Ghaemghami, Director of SHMENInc., PO Box 320172, West Roxbury, MA 02132, United States ofAmerica. Phone: (1)6176782157, Fax: (1)3174690024Web: http://www.imaps2010.com/

� May 3-6, 2010, Antakya-Hatay (Turkey): III InternationalSymposium on Loquat. Info: Prof.Dr. A. Aytekin Polat, MustafaKemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Horticulture,Antakya Hatay, 31034, Turkey. Phone: (90)3262455845/1088,Fax: (90)3262455832, E-mail: apolat@mku.edu.tr E-mail symposium:loquat2010@mku.edu.tr Web: http://loquat2010.mku.edu.tr/

� July 4-8, 2010, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia): III InternationalSymposium on Improving the Performance of Supply Chains inNEW

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In Memoriam

BERNARDBIÈCHE(1947-2009)

The tomato processingindustry is in mourningafter the death ofBernard Bièche on 2ndOctober 2009 inAvignon (France) follow-ing a short illness.

Bernard Bièche, whowas trained as a Food Scientist and Economistat ENSIA-MASSY near Paris, was instrumental

in the creation of the MediterraneanInternational Association of the ProcessingTomato (AMITOM) in 1979, and the WorldProcessing Tomato Council (WPTC) in 1998,both of which he was the General Secretaryuntil his retirement in 2004. He also co-found-ed the Tomato News magazine of which he wasdirector and editor for 15 years. He acted ascoordinator for many research projects in thefields of agronomy, economy and nutrition. Itwas him who had the revolutionary idea ofbringing together the scientific and industrialcommunities by organising simultaneously the3rd International Symposium on the ProcessingTomato and the 1st World Processing Tomato

Congress in Avignon in November 1989. Underhis supervision, the ISHS was cosponsor of theseries of International Symposia on theProcessing Tomato in Argentina (1991), Italy(1993), Spain (1998), USA (2000), Turkey(2002), and Australia (2004). In the early yearsof this association, the Working Group onProduction of Vegetables for Processing was setup. His tireless commitment to these missionsand his faithful stand in favour of reliable andaccessible information made him one of themajor figures of the industry. Bernard Bièchewill be sorely missed by his many friends in theISHS scientific community.

AUSTRALIANLEARNINGAND TEACH-ING COUNCILCITATIONSAWARD

Professor Zora Singh hasbeen awarded AustralianLearning and TeachingCouncil Citations award

for sustained excellence and innovation in stu-dent-focused undergraduate teaching andpostgraduate research supervision inHorticulture and Viticulture. This national presti-gious award recognises and supports qualityteaching in Australia and carries 10,000 A$ anda citation. Professor Singh has, for more thantwo decades, made an exceptional contributionto undergraduate and postgraduate studentlearning by ensuring a strong teaching-researchnexus and a holistic, systems thinking approachto improve student learning within and beyond

Australia for more than two decades. Indian-born Professor Singh is a veteran academic ofwide experience, having worked at five univer-sities on three continents. He has established acutting edge postgraduate research program inpartnerships with industry and supervised 35research students to completion (11 PhD and 8MSc). Professor Singh’s sustained excellenceand innovation in student-focused learning hasbeen recognized by prestigious national, inter-national awards bestowed on him and his stu-dents.

Zora Singh

Bernard Bièche

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 59

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the Transitional Economies. Info: Dr. Peter J. Batt, Horticulture,Curtin University of Technology, GPO box U1987, Perth, WA 6845,Australia. Phone: (61)8 9266 7596, Fax: (61)8 9266 3063, E-mail:p.batt@curtin.edu.au or Dr. Nolila Mohd Nawi, Universiti PutraMalaysia, 43400 UPM, Selangor Serdang, Malaysia. E-mail:nolila@agri.upm.edu.my Web:http://agrienvi.curtin.edu.au/about/conferences/ishs_2010/

� July 13-15, 2010, Johor (Malaysia): VII International PineappleSymposium. Info: Tengku Ab Malik Bin Tengku Maamun, DirectorHorticulture Research Ctr., MARDI Headquarters, GPO Box 12301,50774 KUala Lumpur, Malaysia. Phone: (60)389437263, Fax:(60)389487590, E-mail: tamtm@mardi.gov.my E-mail symposium:ips2010_sec@mardi.gov.my Web: https://anjungnet.mardi.gov.my/Conference.nsf/PineApple?OpenPage

� July 25-30, 2010, Ischia, Naples (Italy): III InternationalSymposium on Tomato Diseases. Info: Prof.Dr. Aniello Crescenzi,Dip.di Biol, Difesa e Biotech Agro-Forestale, Fac. di Agraria,University of Basilicata, Via dell’At. Lucano 10, Lotto 3a, Stanza310, 85100 Potenza (Potenza), Italy. Phone: (39)0971205700, Fax:(39)0971205703, E-mail: aniello.crescenzi@unibas.it E-mail sympo-sium: info@3istd.com Web: http://www.3istd.com/

� August 1-5, 2010, Geneva, NY (United States of America):X International Conference on Grapevine Breeding andGenetics. Info: Bruce Reisch, NY State Agric. Exp. Station, 630 W.North Street, Geneva, NY 14456, United States of America. Phone:(1)3157872239, Fax: (1)3157872216, E-mail:bir1@nysaes.cornell.edu Web: http://www.grapebreeding2010.com

� August 2-4, 2010, Bangkok (Thailand): Asia Pacific Symposiumon Postharvest Research Education and Extension. Info: Dr.Sirichai Kanlayanarat, King Mongkut’s University of Technology,Thonburi, Division of Postharvest Technology, Thungkru, Bangkok10140, Thailand. Phone: (66)2 470 7720, Fax: (66)2 452 3750, E-mail: sirichai.kan@kmutt.ac.th

� August 16-20, 2010, Warsaw (Poland): XII InternationalWorkshop on Fire Blight. Info: Dr. Piotr Sobiczewski, Res. Inst. ofPomology, Ul. Pomologiczna 18, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland.Phone: (48)46 8332021, Fax: (48)46 8333228, E-mail:piotr.sobiczewski@insad.pl Web: http://www.fireblight2010.pl/

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): XXVIII InternationalHorticultural Congress - IHC2010. Info: Prof. Dr. António A.Monteiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, TechnicalUniversity of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa,Portugal. Phone: (351)213653451, Fax: (351)213623262, E-mail: amonteiro@isa.utl.pt or Dr. Víctor Galán Saúco, Inst.Canario de Inv. Agrar., I.C.I.A., Apartado 60, 38200 LaLaguna, Tenerife, Spain. Phone: (34)922476321, Fax:(34)922476303, E-mail: vgalan@icia.es E-mail symposium:info@ihc2010.org Web: http://www.ihc2010.org

SYMPOSIA AT IHC LISBOA 2010:

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): Symposium Berries:From Genomics to Sustainable Production, Quality andHealth (XXVIII International Horticultural Congress -IHC2010). Info: Prof. Dr. Bruno Mezzetti, Dip.di Scienze Amb.e delle Prod.Veg., Università Politecnica delle Marche, ViaBrecce Bianche, Ancona 60100, Italy. Phone: (39)0712204933,Fax: (39)0712204858, E-mail: b.mezzetti@univpm.it or Mr.Pedro N. Brás Oliveira, Departamento Prod. Agricola, Av.daRepública, Nova Oeiras, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal. Phone:(351)214403500, Fax: (351)214411797,E-mail: pnbo@mail.telepac.pt E-mail symposium:info@ihc2010.org Web: http://www.ihc2010.org/

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): Postharvest Technologyin the Global Market (XXVIII International HorticulturalCongress - IHC2010). Info: Dr. Marita I. Cantwell, MannLaboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue,Davis, CA 95616-8746, United States of America. Phone:(1)5307527305, Fax: (1)5307524554,E-mail: micantwell@ucdavis.edu or Prof. Dr. Domingos Almeida,Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Porto, Rua Campo Alegre,823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal. Phone: (351)964310788, Fax:(351)222008628, E-mail: dalmeida@fc.up.pt E-mail symposium:info@ihc2010.org Web: http://www.ihc2010.org

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): SymposiumGreenhouse 2010: Environmentally Sound GreenhouseProduction for People (XXVIII International HorticulturalCongress - IHC2010). Info: Dr. Nicolas Castilla, IFAPA-CentroCamino de Purchil, Camino de Purchil, 55, Apartado 2027, 18004Granada, Spain. Phone: (34)958895309, Fax: (34)958895203, E-mail: ncastill@arrakis.es or Prof. Dr. Olaf Van Kooten, HorticulturalProduction Chains Group, Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG Wageningen,Netherlands. Phone: (31)317-484096, Fax: (31)317-484709, E-mail: olaf.vankooten@wur.nl or Dr. Sadanori Sase, NationalInstitute for Rural Engineering, Kannondai 2-1-6, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305-8609, Japan. Phone: (81)298387594, Fax: (81)298387609,E-mail: sase@affrc.go.jp E-mail symposium: info@ihc2010.orgWeb: http://www.ihc2010.org/

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): SymposiumMediterranean Fruits and Nuts: Plant Material andCropping Issues of Mediterranean Fruits and Nuts forSustainable Production (XXVIII International HorticulturalCongress - IHC2010). Info: Dr. Ignasi Batlle Caravaca, IRTA: Masde Bover, Ctra. Reu, El Morell, km 3,8, 43120 Constantí(Tarragona), Spain.E-mail: ignasi.batlle@irta.cat or Prof. Tiziano Caruso, DipartimentoColture Arboree/Fac.Agraria, Univ.degli Studi di Palermo, Vialedelle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy. Phone: (39)0916521100, Fax:(39)0916521098, E-mail: ticaruso@unipa.it E-mail symposium:info@ihc2010.org Web: http://www.ihc2010.org/

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): Emerging Health Issuesin Fruits and Vegetables (XXVIII International HorticulturalCongress - IHC2010). Info: Dr. Yves Desjardins, Faculty ofAgriculture, Department of Plant Science, Laval University,Quebec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada. Phone: (1)4186562131x2359,Fax: (1)4186567856, E-mail: yves.desjardins@plg.ulaval.ca or Dr.Francisco Tomás-Barberán, CEBAS-CSIC, Laboratorio deFitoquímica, Campus Univ.de Espinardo - PO Box164, Murcia30100, Spain. Phone: (34)968 396334, E-mail:fatomas@cebas.csic.es E-mail symposium: info@ihc2010.orgWeb: http://www.ihc2010.org

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): Symposium OliveTrends: from the Olive Tree to Olive Oil: New Trends andFuture Challenges (XXVIII International HorticulturalCongress - IHC2010). Info: Dr. Manuel Pedro Fevereiro, ITQB,Quinta do Marques, Apt° 127, 2780 Oeiras, Portugal. Phone:(351)214469447, Fax: (351)214411277, E-mail:psalema@itqb.unl.pt or Dr. Joan Tous Martí, IRTA: Mas de Bover,Ctra. Reus, El Morell, km 3,8, 43120 Constantí (Tarragona),Spain. Phone: (34)977328424, Fax: (34)977344055, E-mail:joan.tous@irta.cat or Dr. Riccardo Gucci, Dipartimento diColtivazione, e Difesa delle Specie Legnose, Via del Borghetto 80,56124 Pisa, Italy. Phone: (39)050571550, Fax: (39)050544420,E-mail: rgucci@agr.unipi.it E-mail symposium: info@ihc2010.orgWeb: http://www.ihc2010.org/

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): Ornamentals: Diversityand Opportunities in Ornamental Horticulture (XXVIII

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International Horticultural Congress - IHC2010). Info: Dr. JulieA. Plummer, Senior Lecturer, Plant Sciences, Univ.of WesternAustralia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. Phone:(61)893801786, Fax: (61)893801108, E-mail:jplummer@cyllene.uwa.edu.au or Dr. Pedro Cermeño Sacristán,Centro de Inv. Las Torres, Apdo Correos Oficial, 41200 Alcalá delRío, Sevilla, Spain. Phone: (34)955 04 55 80, Fax: (34)955 04 5625, E-mail: pedro.cermeno@juntadeandalucia.es E-mail symposium:info@ihc2010.org Web: http://www.ihc2010.org

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): Symposium Bananas andother Tropical Fruits under Tropical Conditions: Challengesand Innovative Solutions (XXVIII International HorticulturalCongress - IHC2010). Info: Hamide Gubbuk, Akdeniz University,Faculty of Agriculture, 7059 Antalya, Turkey. E-mail: gubbuk@akd-eniz.edu.tr or Prof. Dr. Jens N. Wuensche, University ofHohenheim, Dept.Special Crops&Crop Physiology, Inst. Fruit Sci.(370d), Emil-Wolff-Str. 25, 70599 Hohenheim, Germany. Phone:(49)711-459-2368 or 160-9700-6229, Fax: (49)711-459-2351, E-mail: jnwuensche@uni-hohenheim.de or Dr. Domingo HaroldoReinhardt, Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits, Caixa Postal 7,44380-000 Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil. Phone: (55) 75 3621 8002,Fax: (55) 75 3621 8097, E-mail: dharoldo@cnpmf.embrapa.br E-mail symposium: info@ihc2010.org Web: http://www.ihc2010.org/

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): Symposium Viticultureand Climate: Effect of Climate Change on Production andQuality of Grapevines and their Products (XXVIIIInternational Horticultural Congress - IHC2010). Info: Prof. Dr.Hipolito Medrano, Universitat de les Balears, Departament deBiologia, Crta Valldemossa Km 7,5, Palme de Mallorca 07071,Spain. Phone: (34)971173168, Fax: (34)971173184, E-mail: hipoli-to.medrano@uib.es or Prof. Dr. Ben Ami Bravdo, Hebrew Univ. ofJerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76-100,Israel. Phone: (972)89489094 or (972)522608068, Fax:(972)89462817, E-mail: bravdo@agri.huji.ac.il E-mail symposium:info@ihc2010.org Web: http://www.ihc2010.org/

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): Symposium ClimWater2010: Horticultural Use of Water in a Changing Climate(XXVIII International Horticultural Congress - IHC2010). Info:Dr. José Enrique Fernandez, Inst. de Rec. Nat.y Agrobiol., Campusde Reina Mercedes, Apartado 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain. Phone:(34)954624711, Fax: (34)954624002, E-mail: jefer@irnase.csic.esor Prof. Dr. Maria Isabel F.R. Ferreira, Instituto Superior deAgronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada de Ajuda,1349 - 017 Lisboa, Portugal. Phone: (351)213653476, Fax:(351)213621575, E-mail: isabelferreira@isa.utl.pt E-mail sympo-sium: info@ihc2010.org Web: http://www.ihc2010.org/

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): Symposium Horticulturefor Development (XXVIII International Horticultural Congress- IHC2010). Info: Dr. Rémi Kahane, Global Horticultural Initiative,c/o AVRDC, PO Box 10, Duluti - Arusha, Tanzania. Phone:(255)272553093, Fax: (255)272553125, E-mail: rkahane@global-hort.org or Dr. Lusike Wasilwa, KARI, Horticulture and IndustrialCrops, PO Box 57811, Nairobi 00200, Kenya. Phone: (254)20 4183301, Fax: (254)20 418 3344, E-mail: lusikewasilwa@hotmail.comor Luis Manuel Ferro Correia, Rua Centro Transmontanto de S.Paulo n° 69, 5370-381 Mirandela, Portugal. E-mail: appitad@clix.ptE-mail symposium: info@ihc2010.org Web:http://www.ihc2010.org/

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): Symposium ISAFRUIT:Increasing Consumption of Fruit by Meeting ConsumerNeeds: Science Overcomes the Bottlenecks (XXVIIIInternational Horticultural Congress - IHC2010). Info: Dr. OleCallesen, Aarhus Universitet, Fac.of Agric.Sciences - Dept. of Hort.,Kirstinebjergvej 10, 5792 Årslev, Denmark. Phone: (45)8999 3265,Fax: (45)8999 3493, E-mail: ole.callesen@agrsci.dk or Joan Bonany,

Mas Badia, 17134 La Tallada, Spain. Phone: (34)972780275, Fax:(34)972780517, E-mail: joan.bonany@irta.es E-mail symposium:info@ihc2010.org Web: http://www.ihc2010.org/

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): Genetic Resources: NewTools for the Conservation and Management of GeneticResources in Horticulture (XXVIII International HorticulturalCongress - IHC2010). Info: Dr. Kim Hummer, USDA ARS NCGR,33447 Peoria Road, Corvallis, OR 97333-2521, United States ofAmerica. Phone: (1)541.738.4201, Fax: (1)541.738.4205, E-mail:kim.hummer@ars.usda.gov or Dr. Maria Jose Diez, Univ. Polytechnicade Valencia, Department of Biotechnology, Camino de Vera 14,46022 Valencia, Spain. Phone: (34)963877421,Fax: (34)963877429, E-mail: mdiezni@btc.upv.es E-mail symposium:info@ihc2010.org Web: http://www.ihc2010.org

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): Symposium onHorticultural Crop Genomics (XXVIII International HorticulturalCongress - IHC2010). Info: Dr. Kevin Folta, University of Florida,Horticultural Sciences Dept., 1301 Fifield Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611,United States of America. Phone: (1)352-392-1928 x269, E-mail: kfol-ta@ifas.ufl.edu or Prof. Dr. Manuel Talón, IVIA, Centro Genomica,Carretera Moncada - Náquera, Km. 4,5, 46113 Moncada (Valencia),Spain. Phone: (34)96 342 40 00, Fax: (34)96 342 40 01, E-mail:mtalon.ivia.es E-mail symposium: info@ihc2010.org Web:http://www.ihc2010.org/

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): Quality-Chain Managementof Fresh Vegetables: From Fork to Farm (XXVIII InternationalHorticultural Congress - IHC2010). Info: Prof. Dr. Eduardo Rosa,Univ.Tras os Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 202, 5001 Vila Real,Portugal. Phone: (351)259320446, Fax: (351)259320480, E-mail:erosa@utad.pt or Dr. Paulo César Tavares de Melo, ABH President,IAC - Centro de Horticultura, Caixa Postal 28, CEP13.012-970Campinas SP, Brazil. Phone: (55)1932415188x374, Fax:(55)1932415188x374, E-mail: pctmelo@esalq.usp.br E-mail sympo-sium: info@ihc2010.org Web: http://www.ihc2010.org

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): X International ProteaResearch Symposium (XXVIII International HorticulturalCongress - IHC2010). Info: Kenneth W. Leonhardt, University ofHawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Rm 102, Honolulu, HI 96822-2232, UnitedStates of America. Phone: (1)8089568909, Fax: (1)8089563894, E-mail: leonhard@hawaii.edu or Dr. Maria José Leandro, EuroproteaSociedade Agrícola, Rua Actor Isidoro nº 32 R/c Esqº, 1900-019Lisboa, Portugal. Phone: (351)283 961 680, Fax: (351)283 961 604,E-mail: mleandro938@gmail.com E-mail symposium:info@ihc2010.org Web: http://www.ihc2010.org

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): Organic Horticulture:Productivity and Sustainability (XXVIII InternationalHorticultural Congress - IHC2010). Info: Prof. Dr. Uygun Aksoy, EgeUniversity, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 35100Bornova - Izmir, Turkey. Phone: (90)2323884000x2742, Fax: (90)2323881864 , E-mail: uygun.aksoy@ege.edu.tr or Prof. Dr. Isabel deMaria C.G. Mourão, Escola Superior Agrária, Convento de Refóios,4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal. Phone: (351)258909740, Fax:(351)258909779, E-mail: isabelmourao@esa.ipvc.pt E-mail sympo-sium: info@ihc2010.org Web: http://www.ihc2010.org

� August 22-27, 2010, Lisbon (Portugal): Symposium HortGen:Genetically Modified Horticultural Crops, from the Lab to theField (XXVIII International Horticultural Congress - IHC2010).Info: Prof. Dr. Richard Litz, Tropical Research Education Center,University of Florida, 18905 SW280 St, Homestead FL 33031-3314,United States of America. Phone: (1)305 246 7001, Fax: (1)305 2467003, E-mail: rel@ifas.ufl.edu or Fernando Pliego Alfaro, University ofMalaga, Department of Plant Biology, Campus de Teatinos S/N,29071 Malaga, Spain. E-mail: ferpliego@uma.es E-mail symposium:info@ihc2010.org Web: http://www.ihc2010.org/

chroni nr. 4 09 27-11-2009 18:03 Pagina 60

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 61

� August 30 - September 3, 2010, Pescia (PT) - Tuscany (Italy):II International Symposium on the Genus Lilium. Info: Dr.Antonio Grassotti, CRA-VIV, Via dei Fiori 8, 51012 Pescia (PT), Italy.Phone: (39)0572451033, Fax: (39)0572453309, E-mail: antonio.gras-sotti@entecra.it or Dr. Gianluca Burchi, CRA-VIV - Unità di Ricerca peril Vivaismo , e la Gestione del Verde Ambientale , ed Ornamentale,Via dei Fiori 8 - 51012 Pescia (PT), Italy. Phone: (39)0572451033, Fax:(39)0572453309, E-mail: gianluca.burchi@entecra.it E-mail sympo-sium: info@symplitaly2010.com Web:http://www.symplitaly2010.com/

� September 5-9, 2010, Sofia (Bulgaria): International Symposium onPlum Pox Virus. Info: Dr. Vania Kamenova, AgroBioInstitute, 8Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria. Phone: (359)2 963 5309, E-mail: ivanka.kamenova@yahoo.com

� September 12-17, 2010, Faenza (Italy): VII InternationalSymposium on Kiwifruit. Info: Prof. Guglielmo Costa, Ordinario diArboricoltura Generale, Dipartimento di Colture Arboree, Via G. Fanin46, 40127 Bologna, Italy. Phone: (39)051 20 9 6443, Fax: (39)051 209 6401, E-mail: guglielmo.costa@unibo.it

� September 20-21, 2010, Wien (Austria): V International PhylloxeraSymposium. Info: Prof. Dr. Astrid Forneck, Universität fürBodenkultur, Wien, Institute for Pomology and Viticulture, Peter-Jordan Str. 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. Phone: (43)1476543441,E-mail: astrid.forneck@boku.ac.at or Dr. Michaela Griesser, Dept.Applied Plant Sci. & Plant Biol., Institute of Horticulture, Peter JordanStrasse 82, 1190 Wien, Austria. E-mail: michaela.griesser@boku.ac.atWeb: http://www.viticulture-research.com/

� November 11-12, 2010, Launceston, Tasmania (Australia):International Symposium on Pyrethrum, The NaturalInsecticide: Scientific and Industrial Developments in theRenewal of a Traditional Industry. Info: Mr. Brian Chung, BotanicalResources Australia, PO Box 852, Sandy Bay, Hobart, TAS 7006,Australia. Phone: (61)362244511, Fax: (61)362244473, E-mail:bchung@pyrethrum.com.au

� November 16-19, 2010, General Roca (Rio Negro) (Argentina):XI International Pear Symposium. Info: Dr. Enrique E. Sanchez,INTA Alto Valle, Casilla de Correo 782, 8332 General Roca, RioNegro, Argentina. Phone: (54)29414439000, Fax: (54)2941439063,E-mail: esanchez@correo.inta.gov.ar Web: http://www.inta.gov.ar/alto-valle/Pears2010/index.html

� November 21-25, 2010, Campinas (Brazil): I InternationalSymposium on Genetic Research of Bamboos and Palms and IIIInternational Symposium on Ornamental Palms. Info: Dr.Antonio Fernando Tombolato, Instituto Agronomico, Avenida Barãode Itapura 1481, Caixa Postal 28, 13012-970 Campinas SP, Brazil.Phone: (55)1932415188, Fax: (55)1932417570, E-mail:tombolat@iac.sp.gov.br or Prof. Kathia Pivetta, Rodovia CarlosTonanni, Km 5, Departamento de Horticultura, 14870-000Jaboticabal, Brazil. Phone: (55)163232500, Fax: (55)163224275, E-mail: kathia@fcav.unesp.br Web: http://www.infobibos.com/symbam-palm/

� November 22-26, 2010, Kingston (Jamaica): I InternationalSymposium on Tropical Horticulture. Info: Prof. Dr. NoureddineBenkeblia, The University of the West Indies, Department of LifeSciences, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica. Phone:(1)8769271202, Fax: (1)8767024203, E-mail: noureddine.benke-blia@uwimona.edu.jm Web:http://ocs.mona.uwi.edu/ocs/index.php/th/th1

YEAR 2011

� March 14-17, 2011, Giza (Egypt): V International Symposium onVegetable Nutrition and Fertilization: Vegetable FarmsManagement Strategies for Eco-Sustainable Development. Info:Dr. Ahmed Glala, Hoticultural Crops Technology Department,Agriculture Resarch Division, National Research center, Dokky, 12622

Giza (El-Bhoos Street), Egypt. Phone: (20)122963894, Fax:(20)237601877, E-mail: aaa_glala@yahoo.com

� March 14-17, 2011, Salatiga (Central Java) (Indonesia):I International Symposium on Sustainable VegetableProduction in South-East Asia. Info: Prof. Dr. Stefaan De Neve,University of Gent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.E-mail: stefaan.deneve@ugent.be or Dr. Sri Rochayati, Indonesian SoilResearch Institute, Jl. Juanda, Bogor, Indonesia. E-mail: sri.rochay-ati@gmail.com

� March 19-23, 2011, Davis, CA (United States of America):I International Symposium on Wild Relatives of Subtropical andTemperate Fruit and Nut Crops. Info: Dr. Mallikarjuna Aradhya,USDA Germplasm Repository, One Shields Avenue, University ofCalifornia, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America. Phone: (1)530-752-6504, Fax: (1) 530-752-5974, E-mail: aradhya@ucdavis.eduor Dr. Daniel Kluepfel, USDA ARS - 378 Hutchison Hall, Dept.PlantPathology, Univ. Ca, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616,United States of America. E-mail: dakluepfel@ucdavis.edu Web:http://wildcrops2011.ucdavis.edu

� April 4-7, 2011, Adelaide (Australia): International Symposium onManaging Compost and Organic Matter in Horticulture. Info:Mr. Johannes Biala, PO Box 74, Wynnum Queensland 4178, Australia.Phone: (61)7-39011152, Fax: (61)7-33962511, E-mail: biala@optus-net.com.au

� May 16-19, 2011, Fukuoka (Japan): VI International Symposiumon Edible Alliaceae. Info: Assist. Prof. Masayoshi Shigyo, Faculty ofAgriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan. Phone: (81)839335842, Fax: (81)839335842, E-mail:shigyo@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp

� May 23-26, 2011, Wenatchee, WA (United States of America):Postharvest Unlimited 2011. Info: Dr. Jim Mattheis, USDA ARSTFRL, 1104 N.Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801, United States ofAmerica. Phone: (1)5096642280ext249, Fax: (1)5096642287, E-mail:james.mattheis@ars.usda.gov

� June 5-10, 2011, Neos Marmaras-Sithonia, Chalkidiki (Greece):International Symposium on Advanced Technologies andManagement towards Sustainable Greenhouse Ecosystems -Greensys2011. Info: Prof. Dr. Kittas Costantinos, University ofThessaly, School of Agricultural Sciences, Fytokou St., N. Ionia, 38446, Magnesia, Greece. Phone: (30)421093158, Fax: (30)421093144,E-mail: ckittas@uth.gr E-mail symposium: info@greensys2011.comWeb: http://www.greensys2011.com

� June 6-11, 2011, Puebla (Mexico): II International Symposium onSoilless Culture and Hydroponics. Info: Dr. Maria De la NievesRodríguez Mendoza, Área de Nutrición Vegetal IRENAT, Colegio dePostgraduados, Montecillo México, Km 36.5 Carretera MéxicoTexcoco CP 56230, Mexico. Phone: (52)5959510198, Fax:(52)5959510198, E-mail: marinie@colpos.mx

� June 13-17, 2011, Quebec City (Canada): International Symposiumon Responsible Peatland Management and Growing MediaProduction. Info: Dr. Line Rochefort, Department of Plant Sciences,Université Laval, Pavillon P. Comtois, 2425, rue de l’Agriculture,Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada. Phone: (1)4186562131ext2583, Fax:(1)4186567856, E-mail: line.rochefort@fsaa.ulaval.ca or Jean Caron,Department of Soil Sciences, Université Laval, Pavillon P. Comtois,2425 rue de l’Agriculture, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada. Phone:(1)4186562131ext2881, Fax: (1)4186567856, E-mail:jean.caron@fsaa.ulaval.ca Web: http://www.peatlands2011.ulaval.ca/

� June 15-19, 2011, (Turkey): I International Mulberry Symposium.Info: Prof. Dr. Sezai Ercisli, Ataturk University Agricultural Faculty,Department of Horticulture, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey. Phone: (90) 442-2312599, Fax: (90) 442 2360958, E-mail: sercisli@atauni.edu.trE-mail symposium: sercisli@hotmail.com

For updates logon to www.ishs.org/calendar

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chroni nr. 4 09 27-11-2009 18:03 Pagina 61

ISHS • 62

Subject Index

Book ReviewsCreasy, G.L. and Creasy, L.L., Grapes, 49(2):28

Gallegly, M.E. and Hong, C., Phytophthora: Identifying Species byMorphology and DNA Fingerprints, 49(3):36-37

Gröning, G. and Hennecke, S. (eds.), Hwa Gye und Da Guan Yuan – Beiträgezur koreanischen und chinesischen Gartenkultur (Flower Terrace and Parkof the Eyes’ Pleasure – Contributions to Korean and Chinese GardenCulture), 49(2):28

Jarvis, D.I., Padoch, C. and Cooper, H.D. (eds.), Managing Biodiversity inAgricultural Ecosystems, 49(4):40

Layne, D.R. and Bassi, D. (eds.), The Peach: Botany, Production and Uses,49(1):28

Lebot, V., Tropical Root and Tuber Crops: Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams andAroids, 49(4):40

Paris, H.S., The Drawings of Antoine Nicolas Duchesne for his Natural Historyof the Gourds, 49(1):28-29

Ryder, E., The Departments, 49(3):36

Taylor, J.M., The Global Migrations of Ornamental Plants: How the World Gotinto Your Garden, 49(3):36

Therios, I., Olives, 49(4):40

HistoryHistorical Wines of Portugal, 49(4):13-14

Historical Wines of Spain, 49(4):11-12

Juan Sánchez Cotán: Mystical Artist of Horticulture, 49(4):6-8

Tacuinum Sanitatis: Horticulture and Health in the Late Middle Ages,49(3):22-29

The Epoch of Philip II: Botanical and Horticultural Impact, 49(4):8-10

Horticultural Science FocusCritical Pests and Diseases Imperil World Citrus, 49(1):11-14Dogrose: Wild Plant, Bright Future, 49(2):8-13Japanese Pomological Magic: Producing Fruits for Gifts, 49(3):15-18

Horticultural Science NewsBrazilian Capsicums: Early History and Future Prospects, 49(3):19-21Cactus Pear: Gift of the New World, 49(1):15-18Energy Saving Greenhouses, 49(2):19-23Integrated Crop Management Strategies for Sustainable Production of Non-

Traditional Agricultural Exports: Snow Peas in Guatemala, 49(1):19-22The Vineland Research and Innovation Centre is Launched in Canada,

49(2):14-18

IssuesGreen Roofs and Living Walls, 49(2):5-7

Problems with Plastics, 49(1):8-10

Letter to the EditorEnergy Saving Greenhouses, 49(3):14

News & Views from the Board2009 Recipients of The Veitch Memorial Medal, 49(3):14Asian Horticulture: Issues and Potential, 49(1):3-7Board Report – a Summary of the October 2009 Meeting, 49(4):4-5Colleagues Honored at ASHS Meeting, 49(3):14Fifty Years of Progress for ISHS, 49(3):5-10IHC Lisbon: Gateway to World Horticulture, 49(4):3

ISHS: Financial History and Status, 49(3):3-4

Index to Volume 49 of Chronica HorticulturaeISHS: Science and Service, 49(2):3-4

The Internationalization of Horticultural Science, 49(3):11-13

Symposia and Workshops

Brassica 2008 - Fifth ISHS Int’l Symposium on Brassicas and Sixteenth CruciferGenetics Workshop, 49(1):43-44

Fifth Int’l Symposium on Rose Research and Cultivation, 49(4):44-45

First All Africa Horticulture Congress: A new African spirit “grown under thesun”, 49(4):42-44

First Int’l Jujube Symposium, 49(1):32

First Int’l Symposium on Biotechnology of Fruit Species, 49(1):38-39

First Int’l Symposium on Cryopreservation in Horticultural Species, 49(3):52-53

First Int’l Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone,49(1):33-35

Fourth Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes, 49(1):47-48

Fourth Int’l Chestnut Symposium, 49(2):33-34

Fourth Int’l Symposium on Acclimatization and Establishment ofMicropropagated Plants, 49(3):50-52

Fourth Int’l Symposium on Persimmon, 49(2):38-39

Fourth Int’l Symposium on Toward Ecological Sound Fertilization Strategiesfor Field Vegetable Production, 49(1):45-46

Fourth Int’l Symposium on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, 49(3):45-47

Fourth World Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (WOCMAP IV),49(1):30-31

Int’l Conference on Banana in Africa: Harnessing International Partnershipsto Increase Research Impact, 49(2):31-32

Int’l Symposium on Tomato in the Tropics, 49(2):39-40

ISAFRUIT Forum - Increasing Fruit Consumption to Improve Health, 49(2):30-31

ISHS Board and Executive Committee Meetings, Bangkok, Thailand,49(3):38-39

Ninth Int’l Protea Research Symposium, 49(2):35-36

Ninth Int’l Symposium on Integrating Canopy, Rootstock and EnvironmentalPhysiology in Orchard Systems, 49(1):35-37

Second Int’l Conference on Landscape and Urban Horticulture - LandscapeHorticulturists and Architects: Bridging Views for Successful Discussions atBologna, 49(4):47-48

Second Int’l Symposium on Growing Media and Composting, 49(4):55-56

Second Int’l Symposium on Guava and Other Myrtaceae, 49(3):47-48

Second Int’l Symposium on Molecular Markers in Horticulture, 49(4):53-54

Second Int’l Symposium on Papaya, 49(1):40-42

Second Int’l Symposium on Vegetable Production and Quality and ProcessStandardization in Chain: a Worldwide Perspective, 49(3):49-50

Second ISOFAR Conference on Organic Fruits & Sixteenth IFOAM OrganicWorld Congress, 49(2):36-37

Seventh Int’l Symposium on Artichoke, Cardoon and Their Wild Relatives,49(4):49-51

Seventh Int’l Workshop on Sap Flow, 49(2):42-44

Sixteenth Int’l Symposium on Horticultural Economics and Managementtogether with the Fifth Int’l Symposium on Horticultural Research, Trainingand Extension – A Joint Symposium, 49(4):51-52

Sixth Int’l Postharvest Symposium (PH 2009), 49(3):55-56

Sixth Int’l Walnut Symposium, 49(3):43-45

Tenth Int’l Controlled and Modified Atmosphere Research Conference(CA&MA 2009), 49(3):54

The Asia-Pacific Symposium on Assuring Quality and Safety of Agri-Foods,49(1):48-49

chroni nr. 4 09 27-11-2009 18:03 Pagina 62

Pasternak, Dov, 49(2):24-27Perez-Camacho, Fernando, 49(4):11-12Plocharski, Witold, 49(2):30-31Poerwanto, Roedhy, 49(3):45-47Prakash, Jitendra, 49(3):50-52Prange, Robert K., 49(1):23-27; 49(2):36-37Rallo, Luis, 49(4):15-17Ratnadass, Alain, 49(2):24-27Raviv, Michael, 49(4):55-56Reifschneider, Francisco J.B., 49(3):19-21Retno Palupi, Endah, 49(3):45-47Ribeiro, Cláudia S.C., 49(3):19-21Riquelme, Fernando, 49(4):26-27Robinson, Terence, 49(1):35-37Ruan, Weijiang, 49(1):23-27Sanchez, Guillermo E., 49(1):19-22Senbeto, Debesaye, 49(2):24-27Silva Dias, João, 49(1):43-44Sirks, M.J., 49(3):11-13Spann, Tim, 49(1):11-14Srámek, Frantisek, 49(1):33-35Srilaong, Varit, 49(1):48-49Tito Rojo, José, 49(4):8-10Trépanier, Martin, 49(2):5-7Tsimidou, Maria Z., 49(3):42-43Ueda, Yoshihiro, 49(4):44-45Valero, Daniel, 49(4):26-27van Tuyl, Jaap, 49(4):45-47Wainwright, Henry, 49(3):33-35Wang, Nian, 49(1):11-14Warrington, Ian J., 49(2):3-4; 49(3):38-39;

49(4):4-5Wasilwa, Lusike, 49(4):42-44Weibel, Franco, 49(2):36-37Weller, Stephen C., 49(1):19-22Werlemark, Gun, 49(2):8-13Wilkinson, Jennifer, 49(3):43-45Woltering, Lennart, 49(2):24-27Yonemori, Keizo, 49(3):15-18Zimmerman, Richard H., 49(3):5-10

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 49 • NUMBER 4 • 2009 • 63

Third Int’l Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (SIPAM 2009),49(3):40-41

Third Int’l Symposium on Saffron: Forthcoming Challenges in CultivationResearch and Economics, 49(3):42-43

Third Int’l Symposium Postharvest Unlimited 2008, 49(2):44-46

Workshop on Berry Production in Changing Climate Conditions andCultivation Systems, 49(2):41-42

XXIII Int’l Eucarpia Symposium, Section Ornamentals - “Colourful Breedingand Genetics”, 49(4):45-47

The World of HorticultureBioreclamation of Degraded African Lands with Women Empowerment,

49(2):24-27

Horticultural Economy of Guangxi Province, China, 49(1):23-27

Horticultural Production in a Natural Park in Portugal, 49(4):30-32

Iberian Olive Growing in a Time of Change, 49(4):15-17

Iberian Ornamentals Industry: Diversified and Innovative, 49(4):33-36

Kenyan Horticulture, 49(3):33-35

Ornamentals Production in Spain, 49(3):29-32

Postharvest Technology in Spanish Horticulture, 49(4):26-27

Protected Cultivation in Iberian Horticulture, 49(4):37-39

Spanish Vegetable Production: Processing and Fresh Market, 49(4):27-30

Temperate Fruits and Nuts: Iberian Diversity, 49(4):20-23

The Citrus Industry in Spain, 49(4):17-19

Tropical Fruit Crops in Spain and Portugal, 49(4):24-25

Author IndexAlbrigo, L. Gene, 49(1):11-14Aldous, David E., 49(4):51-52Bakker, J.C., 49(2):19-23; 49(3):14Bassil, Nahla V., 49(4):53-54Batlle, Ignasi, 49(4):20-23Bazinet, Christophe, 49(4):49-51Bellini, Elvio, 49(2):38-39Bogers, Robert J., 49(3):3-4Boivin, Marie-Anne, 49(2):5-7Brandle, Jim, 49(2):14-18Burés, Silvia, 49(4):55-56Cameron, Arthur, 49(1):8-10Carlen, Christoph, 49(2):41-42Carlile, Bill, 49(4):55-56Carlos, Eduardo F., 49(1):11-14Castel-Branco, Cristina, 49(4):8-10Castilla, Nicolas, 49(4):37-39Cermeño Sacristán, Pedro, 49(3):29-32;

49(4):33-36Costa, Joaquim Miguel, 49(4):33-36Dansereau, Blanche, 49(2):5-7Daunay, Marie-Christine, 49(3):22-29Deng, Xiaoling, 49(1):11-14Dolleman, Paul, 49(4):30-32Dubois, Thomas, 49(2):31-32Elgorashi, Esam E., 49(1):30-31Erkan, Mustafa, 49(3):54; 49(3):55-56Fatondji, Dougbedji, 49(2):24-27Fernández, Enrique, 49(2):42-44Ferreira, Maria Elvira, 49(4):30-32Fischer, Gerhard, 49(2):39-40Fonteno, Bill, 49(4):55-56Galán Saúco, Víctor, 49(4):3; 49(4):24-25Gerber, Audrey, 49(2):35-36Geyer, Martin, 49(2):44-46Giordani, Edgardo, 49(2):38-39González Reimers, Ana Luisa, 49(4):6-8Hall, Sharon, 49(2):30-31Hanke, Magda-Viola, 49(1):38-39Henz, Gilmar P., 49(3):19-21

Herppich, Werner B., 49(2):44-46Hormaza, Iñaki, 49(4):24-25Hoyos Echevarría, Pedro, 49(4):27-30Humphrey, Tania, 49(2):14-18Hunter, Alan, 49(1):33-35Iglesias, Ignasi, 49(4):20-23Inglese, Paolo, 49(1):15-18Janick, Jules, 49(3):22-29; 49(4):6-8Kahane, Rémi, 49(4):42-44Kanlayanarat, Sirichai, 49(1):48-49Krasteva, Liliya, 49(1):47-48Krüger, Erika, 49(2):41-42Kumar, N., 49(1):40-42Kumar, Sanjeet, 49(2):24-27Labuschagne, Louise, 49(3):33-35Lamy, Marie-Pierre, 49(2):5-7Larsen, Rolf, 49(1):45-46Lee, Jung-Myung, 49(1):3-7Ling, Qin, 49(2):33-34Liu, Mengjun, 49(1):32Liu, Wei, 49(3):49-50Llácer, Gerardo, 49(4):20-23Loureiro, Virgílio, 49(4):13-14Meneses, Jorge F., 49(4):37-39Miranda Lasprilla, Diego, 49(2):39-40Mitra, S.K., 49(3):47-48Moniz Oliveira, Cristina, 49(4):20-23Monteiro, António A., 49(4):3Mota, Mariana, 49(4):20-23Najjaa, Hanen, 49(3):40-41Navarro, Luis, 49(4):17-19Ndjeunga, Jupiter, 49(2):24-27Neffati, Mohamed, 49(3):40-41Nicola, Silvana, 49(3):49-50Nikiema, Albert, 49(2):24-27Oppenheim, Peter P., 49(4):51-52Orsini, Francesco, 49(4):47-48Ouled Belgacem, Azaiez, 49(3):40-41Panayotov, Nikolay, 49(1):47-48Panis, Bart, 49(3):52-53Paris, Harry S., 49(3):22-29

chroni nr. 4 09 27-11-2009 18:03 Pagina 63

ISHS • 64

Available numbers of Acta Horticulturae (in print for-mat). These as well as all other titles are also availablein ActaHort CD-rom format. For detailed informationon price and availability, including tables of content, orto download an Acta Horticulturae order form, pleasecheck out the ‘publications’ page at www.ishs.org orgo to www.ishs.org/acta

Acta Acta Title ActaNumber Price (EUR)

848 II International Humulus Symposium 80

847 IX International Symposium on Postharvest Quality ofOrnamental Plants 92

846 VII International Workshop on Sap Flow 90

845 VII International Congress on Hazelnut 164

844 IV International Chestnut Symposium 103

843 International Symposium on Soilless Culture andHydroponics 89

842 VI International Strawberry Symposium 210

841 II International Symposium on Human Health Effects ofFruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007 134

840 I International Jujube Symposium 119

839 I International Symposium on Biotechnology of FruitSpecies: BIOTECHFRUIT2008 150

838 Workshop on Berry Production in Changing ClimateConditions and Cultivation Systems. COST-Action 863:Euroberry Research: from Genomics to SustainableProduction, Quality and Health 64

837 Asia Pacific Symposium on Assuring Quality and Safety ofAgri-Foods 89

836 XXIII International Eucarpia Symposium, SectionOrnamentals: Colourful Breeding and Genetics 75

835 International Symposium on Source-Sink Relationshipsin Plants 53

834 III International Late Blight Conference 61

833 IV International Symposium on Persimmon 82

832 V International Symposium on Horticultural Research,Training and Extension 61

831 XVI International Symposium on Horticultural Economicsand Management 84

830 IV Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes 149

829 VI International Symposium on In Vitro Culture andHorticultural Breeding 97

828 International Symposium on Recent Advances in BananaCrop Protection for Sustainable Production and ImprovedLivelihoods 97

827 IX International Conference on Grape Genetics andBreeding 132

826 I International Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Conferenceon Culinary Herbs 100

825 I Balkan Symposium on Fruit Growing 125

824 International Symposium on Application of PrecisionAgriculture for Fruits and Vegetables 92

823 XI International Symposium on the Processing Tomato 68

822 VI International Pineapple Symposium 81

821 International Symposium on Tomato in the Tropics 67

820 VIII International Mango Symposium 161

819 International Symposium on Growing Media 2007 102

818 I International Symposium on Pomegranate and MinorMediterranean Fruits 92

817 I International Symposium on Horticulture in Europe 89

816 IV International Phylloxera Symposium 44

814 XII EUCARPIA Symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics 178

813 VI International Symposium on New Floricultural Crops 144

812 III International Symposium on Acclimatization andEstablishment of Micropropagated Plants 123

808 II International Symposium on Tomato Diseases 100

806 International Symposium on Underutilized Plants for FoodSecurity, Nutrition, Income and Sustainable Development 155

805 VIII International Protea Research Symposium 56

804 Europe-Asia Symposium on Quality Management inPostharvest Systems - Eurasia 2007 138

803 VIII International Symposium on Modelling in Fruit Researchand Orchard Management 81

802 IV International Symposium on Applications of Modellingas an Innovative Technology in the Agri-Food-Chain:Model-IT 100

796 International Conference on Ripening Regulation andPostharvest Fruit Quality 67

795 V International Cherry Symposium 197

791 V International Symposium on Olive Growing 157

790 VIII International People-Plant Symposium on ExploringTherapeutic Powers of Flowers, Greenery and Nature 75

788 International Workshop on Ornamental Plants 58

787 International Workshop on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits 93

783 II International Conference on Turfgrass Science andManagement for Sports Fields 125

779 International Symposium on Growing Media 146

775 XXVII International Horticultural Congress - IHC2006:International Symposium on Horticultural Practices andTherapy for Human Well-Being 55

774 XXVII International Horticultural Congress - IHC2006:International Symposium on Endogenous and ExogenousPlant Bioregulators 100

773 XXVII International Horticultural Congress - IHC2006:International Symposium on Citrus and Other Tropicaland Subtropical Fruit Crops 76

772 XXVII International Horticultural Congress - IHC2006:International Symposium on Enhancing Economic andEnvironmental Sustainability of Fruit Production in a GlobalEconomy 112

For an updated list of all titles (in print or ActaHort CD-rom for-mat) logon to www.actahort.org

ACTA HORTICULTURAE

Available Issues of Acta Horticulturae

chroni nr. 4 09 27-11-2009 18:03 Pagina 64