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Brief History of Women in Higher Education 18 th century push Women wanted to study like the men Women wanted to learn and apply what was learned Denials – sex and race Worries about women overtaking male population “ We don’t want to be mixing the ‘immature’ male with the woman of a ‘marriageable age’” ~President Eliot Harvard University, 1869 Studer-Ellis, 1995
Citation preview
Christine M IrwinHistory of Higher
EducationSHU Graduate College
March 9, 2015
The African American Women in Higher Education
“Education is the most powerful weapon whichyou can use to change the world.”
—Nelson Mandela
Overview
Brief History in Higher Education
The Seven Sisters Colleges
Those who rose above
The “unwritten rule”
Brief History of Women in Higher Education
18th century push Women wanted to study like the
men Women wanted to learn and
apply what was learned Denials – sex and race Worries about women overtaking
male population
“We don’t want to be mixing the ‘immature’ male with the woman of a
‘marriageable age’”
~President EliotHarvard University, 1869
Studer-Ellis, 1995
Seven Sisters Colleges
Wellesley College Radcliffe College Smith College Mount Holyoke College Bryn Mawr College Vassar College Barnard College
• “Try not to have a good time . . . this is supposed to be educational.”
~Charles M Schultz, cartoonist
Wellesley College
Founded in 1875, in Wellesley, Massachusetts by Henry Durant, a Harvard graduate.
Harriett Alleyne Rice, first African American graduate, 1887 Earned medical degree in 1893 Served in France during WWI – American Red Cross had
refused her membership based on her color• Based on an alumni questionnaire asking if she had any handicaps with
her degree in the working world . . . “Yes! I am colored which is worse than any crime in this God blessed Christian country! My country (100%) tis of thee!”
~Harriett Alleyne Rice, 1937
Radcliffe College
Originally known as the Harvard Annex Founded in 1879, in Cambridge, Massachusetts by
the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women.
Alberta Scott, first African American woman to graduate, 1898
Per the request of Booker T Washington, Scott taught at the Tuskegee Institute
Died in 1903 – aged 27 years.
Smith College
Founded in 1868, in Northampton, Massachusetts by a wealthy single woman, Sophia Smith.
Otelia Cromwell, first African American graduate, 1900
1910 – master’s degree from Columbia University; 1926 – PhD in English from Yale University.
Taught her entire career in Washington, D.C. to the black youth.
Otelia Cromwell Day is an annual slate of workshops, lectures, films and entertainment held to honor Smith's first African American graduate. The first Otelia Cromwell Day was held in 1989 in an effort to provide the college community with an opportunity for further education and reflection about issues of diversity and racism.
Mount Holyoke College
Founded as a women’s seminary in 1837 in South Hadley, Massachusetts by Mary Lyon; became a college in the 1890s
Martha Ralston, first African American graduate, 1898 College did not know Ralston was black until she arrived
Bryn Mawr College
Founded in 1885 by Orthodox Quakers in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
Enid Cook, first black graduate, in 1931
Earned PhD in bacteriology from the University of Chicago in 1937
Vassar College
Founded in 1865, in Poughkeepsie, New York, with money given by Matthew Vassar
Anita Florence Hemmings, first African American graduate, 1897 School didn’t know she was colored until almost the time for
graduation – very light-skinned colored woman Married a doctor, had a daughter who also graduated from
Vassar – also light-skinned – college did not know she was black based on her application that indicated she was English and French
• “Vassar is the only first grade women’s college in the North which still refuses to admit Negroes. Bryn Mawr and Mount Holyoke held out long but finally surrendered, although Bryn Mawr still keeps its dormitories lily-white.”
~W.E.B. Du Bois, Crisis, 1932
Barnard College
Founded in 1889 as the “sister” institution to the all-male Columbia, in New York City, New York
Zora Neale Hurston, first African American graduate, 1928
Autobiography written – Dust Tracks on a Road
• “I felt that I was highly privileged and determined to make the most of it. I did not resolve to be a grind, however, to show White folks that I had brains. I took it for granted that they knew that. Else, why was I at Barnard?”
~Zora Neale Hurston
Conclusion
Wellesley: By 1960, 75 black women had attended of which 45 earned bachelor degrees
Radcliffe: By 1950, 56 African American women graduated with undergrad degrees, 37 with graduate degrees
Smith: By 1964, only 69 African American women had attended or graduated Mount Holyoke: 1964, only 39 black women had graduated since 1883 Bryn Mawr – 1960, only 9 colored women had graduated Vassar – only 23 colored women had graduated by 1960 Barnard – no records were kept to indicate how many African American women
graduated from this college
References
Graham, P.A. (Summer, 1978). Expansion and exclusion: a history of women in American higher education. Signs, Vol 3, No 4, pp 759-773. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3173112
Perkins, L.M. (1997). The african american elite: the early history of african american women in the seven sister colleges, 1880-1960. Harvard Educational Review, 67(4), 718-756. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/212298287?accountid=28644.
Perkins, L.M. (1998). The racial integration of the Seven Sister Colleges. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 19 (Spring, 1998), pp. 104-108. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2998936
Studer-Ellis, E. (1995). Springboards to mortarboards: Women’s college foundings in Massachusetts, new York, and Pennsylvania. Social Forces, 73(3), 1051. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/229870285?accountid=28644
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