Choosing the Right Materials: Volume L

Choosing the Right Materials: Class L

Table of Contents

(Student articles appear alphabetically by object researched.)

Backpack…………………………………………….Natalia Karadimitriou Ballpoint pen…………………………………..…Anirudh Iyer Baseball……………………………………………..Ben Harris Basketball………………………………………….Damion Nolan Candle…………………………………………………Katie Freeman CD………………………………………………………..Kevin Nguyen Contact lense…………………………………….Megan Whitcomb Cuckoo clock………………………………………Apryl Danwah Disposable diapers…………………………...Lillian Davis Eyeglasses…………………………………………Manasvi Vietla Guitar………………………….……..………………Halie Tolba Football glove……………………………………Caleb Kono Football helmet…………………………………Owen Wilson Football shoulder pads.……………….… John Antonio Hair brush………….………………………………Lina Gouda Headphones………………………………..……..Mahak Hussain Lacrosse stick……………………………………Sean Vroman Lightbulb…………………………………………….John LeBlanc Ski goggles…………………………………………Erin Beauchemin Stuffed animal………………………………….Rahi Patel Swimming goggles………………..….……….Clarissy DaSilva Thermometer……………………………………Garrett Sullivan UGG boot……………………………………………Victoria VanSlyke Violin……………………………………………………Emilie Ung

The Secret Success to

Backpacks

Written by Natalia Karadimitriou Block L

Why is it so commonly used today?

The Backpack's evolution

Hunters were the first people to use backpacks (made out of animal skin and intestines) and were used to hold together the hunter's tools and dinner. Today, there are thousands of different styles of backpacks used by people in the world. Back

then, the peoples "modern backpack" were leather straps that held their objects together. However, backpacks from the past and present all over the world have held the same purpose- to hold the things you can't carry. In the early 1900's, the term "backpack" was created

by the United States. Before the word backpack came around, people would use the terms "rucksack" or "knapsack" (both words originated from Germany). Backpacks today are now used for sports, education, and more. In 1951, Dick Kelty was out hiking with his friend. He wanted to hold his hiking gear with "something better than the heavy gear at military surplus stores". So he and his friend experimented and made the first ever outdoor hiking backpack that we now use today. In 1956, he quit his job as a carpenter and opened his own retail store and factory in Glendale, California. Murray Pletz, the founder of Jansport, followed in Kelty's footsteps and produced the first backpack that was designed specifically as a daypack in 1975. This is when it became classic for students to use backpacks to hold their things in when they go to school.

Materials used in a Backpack

Luckily, the materials in a backpack today are not made up of animal skin and intestines anymore. They also are not just made up of leather straps (like the early backpacks were). Today, there are three main categories that backpacks fit into: internal frame packs, external frame packs, and frameless packs. Backpacks are generally made out of the same stuff, but it's only the frames

and the materials used in them that are different, splitting backpacks into categories. Internal frame packs are mainly used for outdoor activities,and are ideal for mountaineering, skiing, camping, canoeing, and hiking in all types of terrain (thanks to the frame being lightweight). The frame usually consists of flat, V-shaped bars (about 1 inch wide and 1/8 inch thick), made of strips of aluminum, plastic, or titanium. The bars make the frame a bit stiff, but the pack still has some flexibility which allows it

to move with your body's movement. Some inner frames also come with lash points and webbing loops. The internal frame backpack will also keep the load closer to your personal gravity, helping to keep your balance. External frame packs are mainly used in mountaineering applications and in the military. Metallic external frame packs were introduced in the mid 20th century but today, aluminum, plastic, and reinforced synthetic polymers are being used. The external frame is designed to connect a packback to a rigid frame. These types of backpacks are mainly used for carrying heavy loads. External frames usually come with a lot of pockets, and have a system of tight netting to avoid metal frame from hitting the wearers back. They were designed for comfort and ventilation for the users back. Frameless backpacks are the ones with no frame (why it's called frameless) and are the most generally used. The frameless backpacks are the backpacks that kids use for school. They don't have any special material or are designed in a different way but they have the same materials in the pack portion as the other ones. Their materials can range from polyester, leather, nylon, and a polyethylene sheet. There are three types of material for the zipper and it's chain: plastic chains, coil (nylon) chain, and metal chain (aluminum, back oxidized brass, or brass).

Why were these major materials

chosen?The materials in each category for types of backpacks had to have specific properties. Aluminum can be cut, bonded, tapered, and joined with other material. It's light in weight but can hold a lot, and has a great amount of durability. This is beneficial for the internal frame backpacks because one of the big things for the frame is that it needs to be light in weight. The aluminum is light but along with being light the material is very strong. Also, because aluminum can be cut, bonded, etc. and can be joined with other material, it's easy to use for the V-shaped bars in the frame. Being durable means that the aluminum will hold out for a long time. The external frame pack uses aluminum because of its strength and durableness. Titanium is one of the most strongest and readily available metals. It's lighter than steel and twice as strong as aluminum, but 60% heavier. Titanium is used anywhere strength and weight are an issue. Internal frame backpacks can also use titanium because it is very strong and a readily available material, but it's heavier than aluminum. Plastic is just moldable, but because of that it might be combined with another material such as aluminum to help make the shape of the frame. Plastic is used in both external and internal frames. Reinforced synthetic polymers are sturdier and less affected by the heat than normal plastics. This is good for the external frame

backpack because the external frame needs to be sturdy, and because the reinforced synthetic plastic is less affected by the heat, it's more durable in hot climates. The rest of the materials are used in all backpacks. Polyester is resilient, quick drying, easy to wash, and is resistant to biological damage such as mold and mildew. Nylon is a synthetic fabric made from petroleum products. It's valued for its light weight, incredible strength, durability, and it's resistance to damage. It can also be dyed easily, so the nylon can come in many different colors (this is good for putting color in backpacks). Polyethylene sheets are a plastic film made from the most commonly used plastics. Polyethylene is a petroleum product so it's very strong. The material does not rot, is resistant to many chemicals, it's not damaged by extreme weather, and is used for many kinds of weatherproofing and can be a permanent weather barrier. For the zippers, there are three main kinds; plastic chains, coil (nylon) chain, and metal chain (aluminum, back oxidized brass, or brass). The plastic chain zippers are ideal for many medium and heavy weight "garments". The teeth of coil (nylon) chain zippers are plastic sewn onto zipper tape. Zippers are flexible and are available in many sizes. For the metal, the brass zipper has strong and durable material (usually made from 87% copper and 13% zinc), the aluminum zipper is lighter in weight than brass and compliments dark colored backpacks, and the black oxidized brass has a dull black finish. It's a perfect choice where the shiny brass colored is not wanted but you get the same durability.

http://le-21eme.com/chanel-paris-3/

Citations

http://myfashionique.wordpress.com/2012/02/17/the-floral-backpack/

http://www.pinterest.com/pin/350084571005063420/

http://www.harperave.com/blogs/harper-ave/12043245-backpack-to-the-future-backpacks-then-and-now-harper-ave-designer-leather-backpacks

PHOTOS: (In order of appearance)

http://www.bodiempowerment.com/school-backpack-guide/

http://www.rei.com/expertadvice/articles/backpack.html













Citations Bibliography Citations: (Alphabetical)

http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/reflective-material-backpack_60044060807.html https://www.whitemountain.com.au/backpack_construction/material_faqs.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/aluminum-uses-of-aluminum.html http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/knapsack http://www.fabric-and-handle.com/articles/backpack-history-%E2%80%93-how-and-when-did-they-came-into-being/ http://www.harperave.com/blogs/harper-ave/12043245-backpack-to-the-future-backpacks-then-and-now-harper-ave-designer-leather-backpacks http://thekingspage.com/2013/08/21/how-the-backpack-came-to-be/ http://www.nomadik.com/gear-equipment/camping-hiking/backpacks/internal-vs-external.aspx http://www.wisegeek.com/ http://www.zippersource.com/materials/

http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/reflective-material-backpack_60044060807.html

https://www.whitemountain.com.au/backpack_construction/material_faqs.html

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/aluminum-uses-of-aluminum.html

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/knapsack

http://www.fabric-and-handle.com/articles/backpack-history-%E2%80%93-how-and-when-did-they-came-into-being/


http://thekingspage.com/2013/08/21/how-the-backpack-came-to-be/

http://www.nomadik.com/gear-equipment/camping-hiking/backpacks/internal-vs-external.aspx

http://www.wisegeek.com/

http://www.zippersource.com/materials/

http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/reflective-material-backpack_60044060807.html

https://www.whitemountain.com.au/backpack_construction/material_faqs.html

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/aluminum-uses-of-aluminum.html

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/knapsack

http://www.fabric-and-handle.com/articles/backpack-history-%E2%80%93-how-and-when-did-they-came-into-being/


http://thekingspage.com/2013/08/21/how-the-backpack-came-to-be/

http://www.nomadik.com/gear-equipment/camping-hiking/backpacks/internal-vs-external.aspx

http://www.wisegeek.com/

http://www.zippersource.com/materials/

The BallPoint Pen November 10, 2014

THE BALLPOINT PEN Anirudh Iyer Untitled document

The ballpoint is one variety of pen. The ballpoint pen is named after one of its major components- a metal ball that rotates allowing ink to go around the ball and to the paper. It is also airtight, so the ink does not dry.

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The Modern Ballpoint Pen


PARTS

Ball- Tungsten Carbide

Casing/Body- Aluminum, Brass

Tip- Brass

Ink cartridge-- Brass

Spring- Brass

Ink-

Tungsten Carbide-Ball

The ball is made of tungsten carbide. Tungsten carbide is special because it is very resistant to deformation. In fact, it is denser than steel and titanium and has a hardness about as much as rubies. The ball is covered with thousands of little indents and is very polished. This allows it to grip to any surface. The ink rolls over the top of the ball and onto the surface of the paper or writing surface when used.

Brass- Point, spring, Ink Cartridge

The Tip of the ballpoint pen is made brass. Brass is an alloy that is created by mixing copper and zinc. It is good material for the point of the pen. Brass is very malleable, which is good, because it is easy to cast the tip. It it is also resistant to corrosion. Brass is often used in other parts of the pen as well, including the spring of the pen and the ink cartridge. The Spring is used in certain varieties of ballpoint pen, those that can be turned on and off with the click of a button. The Ink cartridge or reservoir is the container that holds the Ink.

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The Parts of a Ballpoint Pen

http://www.madehow.com/images/hpm_0000_0003_0_img0023.jpg

http://http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballpoint_pen#/image/

File:Ballpointpentip_lessnoise.jpg


http://http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballpoint_pen#/image/File:Ballpointpentip_lessnoise.jpg


http://http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballpoint_pen#/image/File:Ballpointpentip_lessnoise.jpg


Aluminum- Casing

Some pen bodies are made of brass, but many are made of aluminum. Aluminum is soft and malleable, so it would be easy to mold to form the pen body.

The Ink

The Ink in a ballpoint pen is specially designed. It has to be thick, but not too thick and be slow drying. This ensures that the ink will flow easily without clogging the ball. The ink is made up of pigments and an ink vehicle. The ink vehicle is the base of the solution, and is often plant-based. Then there is the colored dye added to it which gives it it's look. Black ink has an organic dye-carbon. Other colors, such as red, yellow and blue have other, inorganic, pigments including chromium, cadmium and iron. There are usually also other materials like lubricants and surfactants added to the ink.

HISTORY OF THE BALLPOINT PEN

Since Ancient Times people have used writing tools to write messages. At first they were just sticks drawing words. Later, people like the Mesopotamians used Clay tablets and pointed styluses to impress words in the clay. Then, people used inkwells and feather quills to write.

More recently, pens were designed, using ink to write messages. They used a variety of ink called India Ink, but it's downfalls were that it often clogged the pen or was uneven, making it hard to write.

In 1888, a man named John J.Loud designed a pen with a ball at the tip to keep it airtight and make the ink flow evenly. This was the first ballpoint pen and he made it so he could write on leather. Laslzo Biro, a Hungarian inventor, did not like that the pens would often smudge, so he created a better, thicker ink like that used in newspapers in 1943

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Bibliography

"How Products Are Made." How Ballpoint Pen Is Made. Advameg, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2014.

Russell-Ausley, Melissa. "Ballpoint Design - How Ballpoint Pens Work." HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2014.

Russell-Ausley, Melissa. "History of the Ballpoint - How Ballpoint Pens Work." HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2014.

Russell-Ausley, Melissa. "The Ink - How Ballpoint Pens Work." HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2014.

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Baseball Dissection November 10, 2014

A Baseball's Job Almost every sport uses a ball of some sort. The MLB, Major League Baseball, uses baseballs. One job of the ball is to be thrown. The laces pushed in a semi V shape helps pitchers grip the ball. The laces provide more texture on the surface, so the ball will travel faster and farther. If a golf ball didn't have its signature dimples it would not travel as far. The second job of a baseball is to be smashed by batters. The yarn on the inside, and leather will form easily back into place once hit by a bat.

The Dissection Begins If you remove the leather and red thread it reveals a layer of light white twine. This first layer if twine is used in baseballs because of its smooth nature, it makes it easier to wrap the leather around the ball. Many cheap baseballs are made with only a core and one or two layers of yarn or twine. In a Major League Baseball the dissection has only begun.

!1Baseball Dissection

Bouncy Core

The core of a baseball looks like a red super-ball. If you cut this in half there is a metal core inside. In between these two layers is another layer of black rubber, this rubber core is very bouncy.

Twine

They wrap the core in many different kinds of twine and yarn. There are about four different types of yarn and twine they use to wrap a baseball. The looser the wrap the more lively the ball will be.

Leather

The outermost layer of a baseball is leather. They use red thread to hold the leather together. Machines cut the leather to a perfect fit and sewers sew two leather covers over the ball.

Baseball Dissection

Ben Harris


A Cats Paradise There are about 4 different yarns and twines used to wrap a Major League Baseball . Once you unravel the first layer of the white twine comes a dark heavier yarn. After unraveling the darker yarn comes a layer of white yarn. The looser the wrap of yarn is, the livelier the ball. After this last layer of white yarn comes more dark yarn. This last layer of dark yarn makes up most of the baseballs mass and size. For all of these layers, it is hand wrapped a little to get it started then put in a machine to spin the ball and wrap it up. Once all the dark yarn is gone you come to a red rubbery ball. If you cut this ball open you will see a layer of the red rubber, black rubber, and then a metal core. This metal core is about the size of a grape.


Use for materials

A yarn ball can be beat and hit but most of the time it will go back to its original form. Batters smashing a ball going up to 100 miles per hour might mangle it. The yarn and formable leather will move back into place, so it's not a problem.

History

The Ball has changed over the years but it still has the same purpose. The materials have not changed much but the biggest change was the cut of the seams. In the 1870's they changed the cut of the seams to the two piece fit we know today. The first baseballs made had maybe a walnut or rock for a core, whatever someone had. It was then wrapped with string. They put on some sort of leather around this. This design has not changed much over the years.


If you cut a baseball in half this is what you would see.


Metal core

Black rubber

Laces

Leather

Red rubber

Yarn/twine


Citations Best Moments: Sorts. Science Channel. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2014.

Exploratorium. Exploratorium, n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2014.

"History of THE Baseball." Annex Baseball Blog. Annex Baseball Blog, n.d. Web.


Leather

5NOV

THE MATERIALS THAT ARE IN A BASKETBALL.

The Inner and Outer Bladders are made by Rubber. Rubber is mostly used for balls that can bounce, and the reason to that is the rubbers kinetic energy is converted into potential energy when bouncing it. The kinetic energy is when the ball leaves your hand with the motion of the ball, yet when it hits the ground the kinetic energy is turned into potential energy that is used to make the ball form into how it was originally.

THE SURFACE OF A BASKETBALL IS MADE BY LEATHER OR SOMETIMES RUBBER DEPENDING ON THE MANUFACTURING COMPANY THAT MAKE OUTDOOR/INDOOR BASKETBALLS AND ALSO THE MATERIALS. ALSO FOR THE SKIN OF A BASKETBALL IS USED MAINLY FOR A GRIP ON THE BALL BECAUSE FRICTION THAT IT HAS WITH YOUR HAND AND THE GROUND. BASKETBALLS ARE NOT SO HARD TO UNDERSTAND AS LONG AS YOU KNOW WHAT YOUR DOING. FOR EXAMPLE BASKETBALL PLAYERS DRIBBLE THE BALL AND IF THEY WANT TO HAVE A GRIP ON THE BALL THE BALL MUST HAVE A ROUGH OUTER LAYER, SO IF THE BALL HAD A SMOOTH LAYER OF PLASTIC IT WOULDN'T REALLY BOUNCE OR HAVE MUCH GRIP AS A REGULAR

Damion Nolan November 5, 2014

The Surface

Inner Bladder

Outer bladder

Layers of Fabric

Surface

The Inner & Outer Bladder

The Surface

Citation

Fangcan Website (Basketball) ⬅ ️Website I used for research/picture.

Article Fangcan group ltd. "Basketball." Fangcan: Basketball 2009: n. pag. Print.

Inner/Outer bladder ,Layers of fabric and the

The surface is usually made of leather or rubber. Mostly leather because it has a grip that can wear away but longer than the rubber. The leather grip has friction with what ever it is holding onto like when your dribbling the friction of the ball in your hand is making it hold on for a better grasp on the ball.

http://www.fangcan.com/index.php?read-179.html

http://www.fangcan.com/index.php?read-179.html

Katie Freeman November 5, 2014

What Is A Candle? Almost everyone has seen a candle at least once in their life, whether from a birthday party, Halloween, or during a religious ceremony. But what is a candle? Well, according to Google it's a cylinder or block of wax or tallow with a central wick that is lit to produce light as it burns. But I'm going to show you that it's so much more.

What Does It Do? A candle's primary function is to give light, warmth, fragrance or all three. It can be used to light the way, for romantic lighting, during a religious ceremony, and many more ways.

What's It Made Of ? Most candles today are made out of paraffin wax, and tightly wound cotton or nylon or the wick. More expensive organic candles, like those made of beeswax, or soy, aren't as used. There are many variations of candles, from shape, color, purpose, scent, and materials. With all those variables, and more, you might wonder, how many candle type are there? Amazingly, around 11!

Shining A Light On Candles �1

SHINING A LIGHT ON CANDLES

Materials~Function~History

Wax/fuel

Wick

Scents/colors


The most used types are tea lights, gels, birthday, novelty, utility, votives, jars, pillars, outdoor, floating, and taper candles.

Why These Materials? These materials are chosen for a multitude of reasons. Paraffin wax for example is commonly used because it doesn't produce odorous fumes, it can last a while, and it's relatively easy to dye and scent. The wick is normally made of nylon or cotton plaited tight. They are also protected with flame retardant during a process called mordanting. This ensures that the flames won't destroy the wick.

A History Candles are much older than you'd think. Historians believe that they have been around for over 5,000 years! Back in the 'caveman times' the first candle was most likely a dry stick dipped in animal or vegetable fat. In Crete, around 3,000 BC, they were using dish shaped candles. Then in Egypt, when they were used for workers who worked after the sun set, they were most likely made of tallow, or wax. The change from fat to wax started because melted fat made a mess, and it had a strong, unpleasant odor. Fast forward to the 18th century, snd they're still using forms of fat for candles. They made their candles out of tallow, a tasteless animal fat that was readily available. Tallow candles were easy and common to make, but unfortunately they had a very strong unpleasant smell, with heavy fumes. However, during the American Revolution whaling became increasingly popular. More and more whales were hunted, and one kind in particular. The sperm whale grew popular as well, because of the wax you could make from the animal's oil. There was lots of oil in them, so lots of wax was made. This wax was then made into candles that were durable, and lasted. These candles, called spermaceli, were expensive, but good quality, so many wealthy people had them. Then in 1860 when paraffin wax became well known, a new candle was brought into this world. Paraffin wax is made of crystallized petroleum.candle lasted,had a bright flame, didn't give off a weird smell, and became the new normal for candles. It has been slightly modified since then, adding scents, shapes, colors, but it is the same candle we use today.

Candles have a multitude of everything from history to types to


Candle TriviaNow that you've learned more about candles, heres a mini-quiz to test your knowledge!

1. What is the most common type of candle wax?

A. Tofu wax

B. Beeswax

C. Paraffin wax

D. Soy wax

The correct answer is C, Paraffin wax is the most commonly used type of wax. Some think they are unhealthy, and cause harmful fumes. These people prefer the more expensive, but more organic, soy candles.

2. How many basic types of candles are there?

A. Five

B. Eleven

C. Seventeen

D. Eight

The correct answer is B, eleven. The most common types are tea lights, gels, birthday, novelty, utility, votives, jars, pillars, outdoor, floating, and taper candles.

3. How many parts are typically in a candle?

A. One

B. Three

C. Five

D. Two

The correct answer is D, two. Most candles are made of a wick and wax.

Results: One correct- C'mon, you can do better than

that!Two correct-Not too shabby. You're getting the

idea now!Three correct-Congratulations! You're

practically a candle expert now!


uses. They have helped our society, and have advanced over the years. Candles are so much more than wick and wax, they were a key to our advancement.

Works Cited

"Candle." How Products Are Made. Advameg.inc, 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/

Volume-1/Candle.html>.

"The Captivating Chemistry of Candles." American Chemical Association. American Chemical

Association, Dec. 2007. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/

resources/highschool/chemmatters/chemmatters-december-2007.pdf>.

"Romantic, Candle-lit Dinners: An Unrecognize Source of Indoor Air Pollution." Science Daily.

Science Daily, 21 Aug. 2009. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/

090819153913.htm>.

"Types of Candles." Cozy Hearth Candles. Cozy Hearth Candles, n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.cozyhearthcandles.com/typesofcandles.htm>.


http://www.cozyhearthcandles.com/typesofcandles.htm

Compact Disc What is a CD? What is it made out of? Why? Kevin Nguyen - November 6, 2014

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Compact_disc.svg/2000px-Compact_disc.svg.png

What is a CD? A CD or, Compact Disc, is a handheld circular data storage device. CDs are usually

around 120mm in diameter and have a width of about 1.2mm. Despite being inexpensive and made out of relatively common materials, they are effective and a close friend to many. With Thomas Edison's phonograph and tin 'records', to hard shelled floppy disks, digital storage devices have been changing and changing without stopping. The CD alone has branched off into 20 different versions. These specialized versions offer one or more upgrades to the CD. (perhaps the most famous and most debated being the DVD) But it wasn't always this way. Like everything else, the CD needed a good foundation to build off of- and in 1948, a man named Claude Shannon provided just this with his revolutionary theory on pulse code modulation- a method which would allow engineers to convert sound into a string of numbers. This was essential- for a large capacity device such as a CD to be distributed, it needs to be manufactured easily. However, this was only the beginning. The CD was still just an idea and not yet a real thing. Thirty years later, in 1970, additional developments included optical disks (needed to store the aforementioned amounts of data) and mew processing technology. (required to transfer this data) The three of these technologies together pathed the way for the first CDs to find their way into the world. Strict regulations for CDs were put in place to make sure all were made equal. Today, we have moved on to large storage devices like flash drives and high capacity hard drives. Although CDs are not widely as used as DVDs are nowadays, they are still alive and kicking.

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What makes up a CD? A CD is a fairly simple object with only a few components. Normally, a CD will consist of a plastic base, then a thin, aluminum layer, followed by an acrylic cover, or sometimes, additional plastic. Each of these materials have one or more intensive properties that would make them ideal for usage. An intensive property is a property of an object that can be observed without changing the object. Generally, we refer to intensive properties as 'physical' properties. Take for example the plastic bottom. When companies look at materials in order to determine what should be used, they look at the intensive properties. Plastic is cheap, durable, and resistant to heat. Mass production calls for affordability, multiple uses, sometimes daily, require an object to be sustainable, and anything going near heat for a prolonged amount of time (ie the hot interior of a computer or laptop) obviously needs to be able to protect itself. Plastic is also incredibly light- remember that CDs are meant to be mass produced- if the company had used a heavy element like gold, (which would work, as the plastic layer is meant to protect only), the disc would be hard to carry around which would hamper sales. As plastic is cheap and lightweight, it makes sense that most of the disc would consist of it. (to reduce weight and cost) Then we have aluminum. Although aluminum is not as easy to find as plastic, it is the most common metal on the planet. Aluminum also has a few key intensive properties. To put it in layman's terms, aluminum is shiny and therefore reflective. This is essential for bouncing back the laser emitted by a CD ROM to let a computer read data. Aluminum is also malleable, which means companies only have to use what they need, and not too much. However, aluminum is not strong in small sheets. Plastic is necessary to support the aluminum and make sure it doesn't break. Aluminum is also safe to use in households, so there's no need for concern should the disc break. Finally, the acrylic cover. Acrylic is a little difficult to make, but it's well worth it. It is easily dyed, moldable, and resistant to UV rays. As acrylic is easily dyed, bands and groups can go the extra mile and create 'covers' for the CD, that is to say, a colorful layer of anything a group chooses, on top of the other layers.

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How does a CD function? CDs have two major functions: to store data is one, and to allow this data to be read by a device called a CD-ROM. By creating a single track spiral so thin and so long that if unrolled, it would be larger than the length of the disk itself, and it would also solve both of these problems. The spiral is made of two bumps and indents called lands and pits, respectively. When a CD is in production, a machine forms lands and pits on a 'master' disk, which will be the basis for all the other discs that have yet to come. A computer takes data and encodes this onto the master disc. Then, when a CD with these bumps and lands goes into a CD ROM, a laser reads the pattern of pits and lands while the disc spins rapidly. Whenever the laser passes over a land, it reads it as a 1, and the laser shines on it. However, when it passes over a pit, it reads it as a 0, and the laser does not shine on it. Together, these 1s and 0s send data to the computer which then let it register what the disc is saying.

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cd.htm (both pictures)

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http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cd.htm

Works Cited "Aluminum." Webelements. Universiity of Sheffield, n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.webelements.com/aluminium/>. Brian, Marshall. "How Analog and Digital Recording Works." How Stuff Works. Infospace, n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/analog-digital1.htm>. - - -. "How CDs Work." How Stuff Works. Infospace, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cd.htm>. "A Guide to Polycarbonate in General." Polycarbonate Technology & Services. PTS, n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.ptsllc.com/intro/polycarb_intro.aspx>. How Products Are Made. Vol. 2. N.p.: Made How, n.d. Made How. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Acrylic-Plastic.html>. Riaz, Rashid. "Compact Disk." Made How. Vol. 1. N.p.: Advameg, n.d. Made How. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Compact-Disc.html>.

�5

A Clearer View Why Are Contact Lenses Made From Their Current Materials?

Megan Whitcomb - November 10, 2014

CONTACTS - WHAT ARE THEY MADE OF? �1

http://www.myeyes.com/contact-lens-care.shtml

http://www.myeye2eye.com/daily-use-contact-lenses/

http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-unveils-smart-contact-lens-prototype-for-diabetics-9066270.html







What Are Contacts?Contact lenses are used most often to correct vision, however there are some people

who use colored ones to change their eye color. Many people will use these different colors around Halloween to give their costumes an extra bit of flare. They float directly over the eye on a film of tears and are shaped so that they will always return to the center when offset. Many people nowadays prefer contacts to traditional eyeglass in sports because there's no worry of them falling off allowing players to move more freely during practices and games. Some people wear them for simple cosmetic reasons, not liking the way glasses look. There

are also some eye diseases where contacts are more beneficial to correct the problem than spectacles.

Materials In History

The first contacts ever made were created by German physiologist Adolf Fick in 1887. He crafted the lenses out of glass, for this was the material eyeglasses were made for at the time and he did not know of a better substance. They covered the sclera, or white part of the eye, and prevented oxygen from flowing directly to the cornea suffocating the eye. Carl Zeiss created a different design for the glass lens, this time only covering the cornea allowing more of the eye to be free. The first plexiglass lens was created in 1938 by Obrig and Muller. This material was much lighter than the original glass and therefor more comfortable to wear. They did return to the sclera lens, but the material allowed more oxygen to pass through. Kevin Touchy finally created the first plexiglass corneal lens in 1948. His first lenses had a diameter of 10.5 millimeters, but he was able to reduce this to 9.5 millimeters making them easier to wear. These early lenses had many faults in their design. In order to get the correct shape, an impression had to be made of their eyeball and the lenses were formed in the new mold. This was a very uncomfortable process, and the lenses that were produced came out with many flaws. They would pop out of the eye or slip away from the center, sometimes getting stuck off to the side. Despite this, many were still difficult to remove at the end of the day.


http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Contact-Lens.html



Materials Today

Contact lenses are currently being made from plastic polymers because they are much more suitable than any glass or plexiglass design. A polymer is made by linking together molecules from different chemical substances to make a blend of the different materials. An ideal polymer for contacts is:• Transparent• Tough• Hydrophilic (water-loving)• Easy to manufacture• Made from raw material that is available

in abundance• Easy to mold

There are currently three different types of contact lenses, each made from their material with their own advantages and faults.

Hard Lenses Hard lenses are made from polymethyl methacrylate or PMMA which gives better clarity than soft lenses and makes them more durable. However, they are rigid and very uncomfortable, and prevent oxygen from traveling directly to the cornea which can damage the eye. People must use a wetting solution before putting them in in order for them to work well.

Soft Lenses Soft lenses today only cover the iris of the eye resting on the very edge of the sclera to help prevent suffocation. They are currently being made from a variety of materials. Some are made from polyacrylamide which contain nitrogen atoms unlike the hard lenses. When its chains are crossed, polyacrylamide absorbs water which makes up 38-79% of the lens. This makes it soft and flexible, but also much more fragile. The water also reduces the clarity of vision, but the material is much cheaper than PMMA. There are some soft contacts that are so cheap they are worn for a single day and then thrown out, so there's no worry if one rips or is lost. Others are crafted from poly


• Nonreactive to chemicals on the eye surface• Has a refractive index suitable for bending light rays• Allows oxygen gas pass through to the eye surface• Has some flexibility• Has low density• Produces lenses that are easy to insert, remove,

clean, and store




hydroxyethyl methacrylate (pHEMA), which forms a hydrogel in water. It can soak up water and still keeps its shape staying optimal for its functions (has hydrophilic qualities). Silicone hydrogel is also being used, and is better than traditional hydrogel because it has a much higher oxygen transmissibility, meaning it allows oxygen to pass through it easier and can prevent eye suffocation. Scientists actually found this combination when they accidentally mixed a hydrophobic silicone with a hydrophilic PHEMA.

Rigid Gas Permeable Lenses Rigid gas permeable lenses, or RGPs, are a sort of mix between soft and hard lenses. They are more comfortable than hard, but tougher to tear than soft. RGP lenses are made from a combination of PMMA, silicones, and fluoropolymers. Like soft lenses, they allow oxygen to pass directly to the cornea making them more comfortable for the wearer. However, they are more expensive than soft lenses and, like hard lenses, are not very flexible. Though they are a bit tougher to get used to than soft lenses, doctors believe RGP lenses provide a healthier option for your eye. They are actually better suited for people who wear bifocals and for correcting astigmatisms than any other lens. An astigmatism is when the eye itself or the lens in the eye isn't quite a circle, but is squished in one way or another so that it has an oval shape that bends light the wrong way distorting the image your eye directs. RGP lenses are less than a centimeter in diameter and cover only the pupil with the edge resting on the iris. This is the smallest lens, and it allows plenty of oxygen into the eye.

Future Materials Siloxane is an oxygen-silicon compound which is being researched for use in contacts because it allows 25 times as much oxygen than current standard soft lenses because it forms a thin, flexible film. It still has some bugs to work out, because it attracts lipids (fat) causing it to cloud and does not wet easily. Researches have started adding fluorine molecules that are meant to resist the lipids, as well as a wetting agent that will soak up water like traditional soft lenses. If all works out, soft lenses may be switching over to this new revolutionary compound which might ultimately provide contacts that can be worn for weeks at a time.


http://coopervision.in/your-vision/vision-conditions/astigmatism



Works Cited

Epstein, Arthur. "What Contact Lenses Are Made of." Eye Health Web. IMG Health, July 2014. Web. 4

Nov. 2014.

"Polymers in Everyday Things - Contact Lenses." Royal Society of Chemistry. N.p., 2014. Web. 4 Nov.

2014.

Woodward, Angela. "How Contact Lens Is Made." Made How. Advameg, 2014. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.


ALL ABOUT CUCKOO CLOCKS

Major materials and why they were chosen Cuckoo clocks are mainly made out of wood. A few differnt types of wood could come into play when makeing the cuckoo clock. The exquisite carvings are made out of wood from the linden tree. Since the linden wood is soft it makes it the perfect material for carving things with exceptional detail. The wooden case of the Cuckoo clock is either crafted out of pine or ply wood. These wood ensure that the case is kept sturdy and well built. These clocks are made with quality materials and some don't come cheap at all. The wood only makes up the outside part of the clocks, while inside are the mechanics that bring it all together. To make the bird poke out of the wooden doors, there are a series of gears placed between two brass plates. These gears are made out of brass and steel. These two metals are used for their strength. Steel is a commonly used material for gears and is recyclable. Brass is a constant and ongoing product/material. Out of two holes in the bottom of the clock are brass chains attached to lead weights to run the gears. Although these are used to move the bird, two mini bellows are used to make the bird chirp. Tieing the whole thing together.

Function The function of the cuckoo clock is the same as a regular clock, to tell time. It brings the same idea as an alarm clock, instead of a steady beeping a regular digital clock might make, the cuckoo clock has a bird pop out at the strike of an hour making a cuckoo sound. The number of cuckoos the bird makes indicates what time or hour it is, for example, if the clock just stoke 2:00 then the bird would pop out from behind the wooden doors and chirp two times. It brings a fun twist to the well know wall clocks. Many models play music or have several moving characters besides the cuckoo bird. All these would represent parts of Germanic tradition.

By Apryl Danwah

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-6/Cuckoo-Clock.html

http://blackforestclocks.org/2013/01/johann-baptist-beha-cuckoo-clock-with-music-box/





http://www.inspiredwhims.com/2012/08/cuckoo-for-cuckoo-clocks.html

History/Development Cuckoo clocks originated in the Black Forest region of Germany. They are traditional German clocks. These clocks are believed to have been invented by Franz Anton Ketterer, a Black Forest clock maker, in 1730. Over time though, the basic design for the Cuckoo clock changed. They used to just have the wooden frames with the gears and mechanisms in-between. Now they are most commonly wooden cases or boxes with the mechanics inside of the clock. All models are unique with different designs. They can have lots of carvings, while others could have mostly detailed paintings. These skilled clock makers put amazing effort into the decoration of these clocks making them way more then your average wall clocks.

Citations

• "Brass." Madehow.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/ Volume-6/Brass.html>.

• "Cuckoo Clock." Madehow.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-6/Cuckoo-Clock.html>.

• How It's Made Cuckoo Clocks. YouTube.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

• (Picture citations below or above pictures)



November 5, 2014

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Disposable DiapersBy Lillian Davis

This diagram to the right, shows the multiple layers

of a disposable diaper created by Pampers. Each

of these layers has a specific function and purpose in the overall

performance of a diaper.

What is in a Disposable Diaper?

The disposable diaper is something that we take for granted, and are used frequently by

busy American parents. But have you ever stopped and asked, what is this useful invention made

of or how does it work? You'd be surprised to see how much a 'simple' disposable diaper consists of

and the science behind it!

Before humans had invented the materials or fabrics to make even the simplest baby diaper,

many mothers relied on instinct. Soon that evolved into using materials such as fur, leaves, animal

skins, grasses and moss to serve the use of a baby diaper. As humans became more advanced and

the production off fabric was increasingly more common, mothers everywhere soon turned to

cotton squares or wraps. But there were many problems with just a folded square of fabric with a

safety pin. One of the largest problems was that these diapers could only serve a single use or

less before leaking or rubbing off onto everywhere the baby went. (Continued Page 2)

November 5, 2014

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Another large issue was that mothers had to spend hours each week cleaning the diapers in a large pot of boiling water to properly clean them. Many people in the Middle Ages found this process of changing and cleaning constantly an struggle and did not bother changing their babies too frequently; instead they only gave their child a fresh diaper once every few days! But once it had been discovered that the cause of most diaper rash and other diseases had come from not changing their diapers and not cleaning them properly, mothers took notice. Although the task of cleaning diapers and the hassle of changing a soggy diaper still remained; during WWII some mothers started to sew or add in tissue paper or wood cellulose into the bottom of the diaper to slow down the urine from going all the way through the diaper. Some Swedish companies had started to manufacture this diaper insert for retail sale. Later, in 1946, Marion Donovan invented the "boater", plastic a covering for diapers that prevented urine that soaked through the baby diapers from rubbing off onto other things. The original prototype was made out of a shower curtain, and also had snap buttons on the sides of the device. This helped with the overall function of diapers at the time, but still they were un- absorbent and were also unconventional. The first real disposable diaper was later made out of paper, with a tissue paper core/ insert and rubber pants to go around them. These were probably made by the Sweedish company Paulistrom in 1942. The diaper unfortunately could only hold 100 ml of urine - which can only serve a single use. Although it can be hard to give credit to the first disposable diaper because its origins and manufacture are unclear. Then in 1961 Vic Mills (a worker at Procter and Gamble) launched "Pampers", after a decade of trying to solve the problem that his grandson had with diapers (inconvenient and dies functional for travel). His diaper was an upgraded version of the current disposable diaper, and made disposable diapers increasingly mor popular. The only issue that "Pampers" had to overcome was that many grocers did not know where to display the product on the shelves because it was such a new concept. Some put it with the food, others with paper products and some with drugs! Soon the diaper market grew and companies began to swap tissue paper inserts for wood cellulose fibers because of their increased absorbency low, cost and light weight. Still "Pampers" diapers could be up to 65 grams! This was because of the materials low absorbency and heavy mass and weight. Because disposable diapers were fairly new at the time and safety pins could not be used to secure a diaper around a baby, people used tape. This was another hassle that came with using the new disposable diapers because you had to supply your own tape and if you forgot it or ran out, the diaper was completely pointless. This problem was solved as larger disposable diaper companies like "Pampers" (P&G) and "Huggies" (Kimberly Clark) became more (Continued on Page 3)

November 5, 2014

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innovative, and in the 1970s started to include tape fasters on their disposable diapers to make things more convenient.

Another innovation in the diaper industry that appeared in the 1970s was the improved hourglass shape of the diaper

compared to the previous box shape. The competition between these two companies along with others made disposable

diapers cheaper and more accessible to parents and babies outside of the USA. This competition fueled the idea for

diapers in bulk during the 1980s, when parents began using disposable diapers more and more compared to cotton

diapers. The shape of diapers were further improved in 1983 by adding elastics to the legs and top of the disposable

diaper (allowing fewer movement restrictions for babies). One of the largest improvements came from Japan in the late

'80s and '90s, when American diaper manufacturers added SAP (Super Absorbing Polymer) gel/ powder. This drastically

improved the absorbency of the baby diaper, allowing it to absorb up to 30 times it weight in urine. Many diaper

manufacturers added SAP powders to their diapers, instead of using wood cellulose fibers. This gel helped solve the issue

of low absorbency and urine soaking through the diaper. It also is very light weight/ has a small mass and helped reduce

the size of diapers. This powder would be placed in the diapers and then would expand, forming a gel when in contact

with a liquid. This also expanded the life of a diaper by allowing for it to serve multiple uses. Little has changed since the

uses of SAP, but the tape fasteners have now been swapped for a "Velcro" type of sticky fastener, and some companies

have added a color changing stripe to the bottom of diapers to tell when the diaper has been used up.

The current diaper consists of various materials and layers that each serve a specific purpose and function. The

general layers of a disposable diapers are: the protective topsheet, absorption layer, distribution layer, absorbent gel core,

and outer covering or back sheet. The protective topsheet is used to take the urine and take it away from the baby's

skin, while the absorption layer serves the same purpose as the protective topsheet but is thicker and keeps the urine

from staying on the surface or inside of the diaper. The purpose of the distribution layer is to captures the urine and

send the flow to the gel core evenly and absorbent gel core stores the majority of the urine, keeping the moisture and

urine away from the wearer. Finally there is the outer covering or backsheet which prevents urine from transferring

from the wet diaper to other objects (keeps the outside of the diaper dry). Some added features to modern day diaper

are: fastener tape, umbilical notch, wetness indicator/ stripe, inner cuffs, elastics, tape fastening zones and fun prints.

Manufacturers choose the materials in a diaper because of their intensive properties and their cost. The main materials

in a diaper are: wood cellulose fibers, polyacrylate, polyester, polyethylene and synthetic rubber.

• Wood Cellulose Fibers: Wood cellulose fibers are chosen for diapers because of their abilities to distribute fluids

evenly, can contain and hold onto SAP powders and expanded gels, they are also light weight, can absorb liquids, soft

and cushioned. Wood cellulose fiber is also cost affordable and popular, making it easy for manufacturers to buy in bulk

and use in their diapers.

• Polyacrylate: Polyacrylate or SAP gel is used in diapers because of it can absorb 800 times it's weight in pure water,

300 times it's weight in tap water and 30 times it's weight in urine. SAP powder expands into a clear gel when it

comes into contact with a liquid, while the powder itself is white. The gel itself is clumpy, while the powder is made out

of large particles. These powder particles stuck together in gel form when wet. It is also light weight, with a density of

1.22 g/cm^3. Because it can absorb so much, with only a small amount of gel, diaper manufacturers do not have to use

too much of the powder, saving materials and costs.

November 5, 2014

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• Polypropylene: Polypropylene is used on the outside of the diaper and does not absorb any liquids, while also repelling stains and oils. It has a melting point of 320°F, which is used in the making of the diaper, because the hot press the layers together. It is also non toxic, lightweight and absorbs stress (does not crack or break). It is also light weight and has a density of 0.91 - 0.928 g/cm^3 and is easy to make and cost affordable.

• Polyester: This durable light weight/ mass (density of 1.2 - 1.5 g/cm^3) material holds its shape and does not stretch, shrink or wrinkle. It also dries very quickly and does not absorb water (outside of the diaper). It too much like Polypropylene resists stains but unlike Polypropylene absorbs oil.

• Polyethylene: This lightweight material is stretchy and very affordable, with a density of 0.91 - 0.96 g/cm^3. Although not that much of this material is used in diapers because it is highly flammable and breaks easily

Works Cited

"Cellulose Fibers in Absorbent Products." Weyerhaeuser. Weyerhaeuser NR Company, n.d. Web. 30 Oct.

2014. <http://www.weyerhaeuser.com/Businesses/CelluloseFibers/Absorbent>.

"Dispoable Diaper History." Richer Investment Consulting Services. Richer Investment Consulting

Services, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. <http://disposablediaper.net/general-information/

disposable-diaper-history/>.

"The History of Diapers - Disposable and Cloth." Diaper Jungle. Diaper Jungle, n.d. Web. 29 Oct.

2014. <http://www.diaperjungle.com/history-of-diapers.html>.

Schueller, Randy. "Disposable Diaper." Made How. Advameg, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.

<http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Disposable-Diaper.html>.

"What materials are used to make HUGGIES® diapers?" Huggies. Kimberly Clark, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

<http://www.huggies.com/en-US/products/diapers/littlemovers>.

"What's in a Diaper?" Pampers. Procter & Gamble, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. <http://www.pampers.com/

November 5, 2014

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Written By: Manasvi Vietla November 6, 2014

One Side of Things As we all know, glasses have been around for centuries, the long-lasting cure for eye problems. They were first invented in Italy at about 1286. However, it was the ancient Greeks who attempted to understand magnification and to use it to understand vision problems. Eyeglasses were made with one function in mind: to help people see better. Eyeglasses are devices that correct errors in vision. Despite contact lenses and laser surgery, many people find eyeglasses necessary or desirable for their personal needs. Blanks for plastic eyeglass frames are die cut from sheets of cellulose acetate. Cellulose acetate is a plant-based plastic. This

!1

Quick History

It was the thirteenth century Polish scientist, Vitello, who first understood that the shapes of lenses could be used to control the focus of light rays.

In the Makings

The magnifying glass, invented in the early 1200s, was the first optical lens used for enhancing vision, made from a transparent quartz and beryl lens. The convex lens was the first optical lens used in glasses to aid the correction of farsightedness.

Treatments

Eyes are examined by optometrists (OD) or by ophthalmologists (MD or DO). Prescriptions, if necessary, are then given to patients for glasses. Eyeglasses are generally made by an optician. A separate contact lens-fitting exam is necessary if an individual wants contact lenses, because an eyeglass prescription can differ from a contact lens prescription.

A NEW PERSPECTIVE GLASSES: INSIDE AND OUT

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasses

http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/why-do-some-people-need-glasses/






material was first used for glasses in the 1940's. They are also strong, lightweight, and flexible. Cellulose acetate also has the widest range for transparency, rich colors, and finishes. The material for eyeglass lenses is mostly plastic, although glass lenses are also popular. Polycarbonate is used because it has a relatively low cost, is easy to manufacture, is versatile, and is impervious to water. The plastic blanks received from optical laboratories are round pieces of plastic such as polycarbonate. There are several different types of lenses, as listed below: Firstly, Polycarbonate lenses: These eyeglass lenses are impact-resistant and are a good choice for people who play sports and for children who easily damage their glasses. Polycarbonate lenses also provide ultraviolet protection. 2. Trivex lenses: These lenses are made from a newer plastic with similar characteristics of polycarbonate lenses. They are lightweight, thin, and impact-resistant. 3. Aspheric lenses: Aspheric lenses are made up of differing degrees of curves over their surfaces, which allows the lens to be thinner and flatter than other lenses. 4.Photochromic lenses: Made from either glass or plastic, these eyeglasses change from clear to tinted when exposed to sunlight. These eyeglass lenses may not darken in a car

!2

Did You Know?

1. The most common frames had two lenses on a frame that was usually worn on the lower part of the nose.

2. The convex lens was the first optical lens used in glasses to aid the correction of farsightedness.

3. These days, most people buy plastic lenses, but right from the outset plastic is not as hard, durable or scratch resistant as a mineral spectacle lens.

4. The purpose of eyeglasses and contact lenses is to correct or improve the vision of people with nearsightedness ( myopia ), farsightedness (hyperopia), presbyopia, and astigmatism.

5. Fashion reverted to a style called the oxford that consisted of nose glasses improved by a more elastic and wearable bridge.

6. In the Colonies, spectacles were imported and were very expensive until American glass-making skills improved enough to develop an eyeglass trade.

http://www.h0les.com

http://tablet.gq.com/style/476-get-framed-a-gq-guide-to-glasses






because the windshield could block the ultraviolet rays from the sun.

Glasses haven't always been this way, however. The first glasses were unframed lenses that were held in front of your face. In the 1790's, other than nose glasses, lens wearers could choose the monocle (a single lens in a frame or holder), the lorgnette (a pair of lenses with a nose bridge and a single handle on one side), a quizzing glass (a monocle that was mirrored so the wearer could see in the back), the perspective glass (a single lens worn on a ribbon and used for distance vision), or scissors glasses, which had two lenses on a hinged handle that was held up in front of the nose.

In Today's World The business of manufacturing eyeglass frames and lenses dramatically increased in the twentieth century with the rise of plastics. Plastic lenses are lighter in weight and can be manufactured as bifocals, trifocals, and quadrifocals to help a wider range of vision problems. Frames made of plastic are also less expensive. A broad range of styles and colors can be made in plastic and changed to match the latest style.

Sunglasses also became affordable, thanks to the plastics industry. The fashion industry also supports eyeglass frames as an avenue for expressive designs and a method of stating personal style. All in all, glasses are an accessory to professional dress and personal style, and they're amazing, so let's not forget them!

!3

http://www.readers.com/resources/glasses/eyeglass-frame-diagram/

http://www.thinkgeek.com/product/178e/

Frames: Cellulose Acetate

Lenses: Plastic, Glass, and/or Polycarbonate.






Works Cited:

1. Holmes, Gillian S. "Eyeglass Frame." How Products Are Made. Advameg, n.d. Web. 6

Nov. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Eyeglass-Frame.html>.

2. Ling, Greg. "Eyeglass Lens." How Products Are Made. Advameg, n.d. Web. 6 Nov.

2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Eyeglass-Lens.html>.

3. "Single Vision Price List." Single Vision Price List. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov.

2014. <http://www.designeroptics.com/help_options.asp?ID=53>.

4. Salvin, Jonathan H., ed. "Glasses and Contact Lenses." Kids Health. Nemours

Foundation, n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://kidshealth.org/kid/

stay_healthy/body/glasses.html>.

5. "Spectacle Lens Coatings Should Ideally Be Able To Do Everything." Zeiss. N.p.,

n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.zeiss.com/vision-care/en_de/

better-vision/better-vision-with-zeiss/your-individualized-zeiss-lens/

spectacle-lens-coatings-should-ideally-be-able-to-do-everything.html>.

6. Fallon, L. Fleming. "Eyeglasses And Contact Lenses." Encyclopedia Of Children's

Health. Advameg, n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.healthofchildren.com/E-F/Eyeglasses-and-Contact-Lenses.html>.

7. "Glasses." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2014.

<http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasses>.

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The Guitar November 5, 2014

THE GUITAR: HISTORY AND MATERIALS

Major Materials: The guitar is a popular string instrument that makes sound by having the six strings plucked or strummed. The materials used to construct a guitar are chosen carefully for many reasons, including hardness, durability, density, weight, appearance, and cost. The back and sides of the guitar are most commonly made of Brazilian or East Indian Rosewood. Though Brazilian is the best choice for quality of sound, there is a dwindling supply, causing many manufacturers choose East Indian Rosewood instead. Some cheaper brands are made of softer woods such as maple or mahogany, which unfortunately causes the quality of sound to suffer. The hardness and density of the wood an acoustic guitar is made

!1The Guitar

Fun Fact: The word guitar is derived from the Spanish word guitarra and developed later in the 17th century.

Written by: Halie Tolba

The Guitar November 5, 2014

of directly effects the sound, ultimately determining the quality of the guitar. On the Janka scale, the most common way of comparing the hardness of woods, maple is on the lower end as a softer wood, while different kinds of rosewoods are all harder. Also, many woods are chosen for the guitar specifically for their appearance. Color and the fineness of the grain all play a part in the quality of the instrument. The top of the guitar is most commonly made of alpine spruce because it is the sturdiest choice for this area of the instrument. Guitars are sometimes carried by the neck, which requires a strong bond connecting it to the instrument to avoid damage. Though cedar is sometimes substituted for this, it is soft and easily damaged during construction. The neck is most commonly made of mahogany and the fingerboard made of ebony, though it can also be made of rosewood because it is cheaper. Strings today are most often made of steel or nylon because of their quality of sound, low cost, fast response, and durability.

History: The guitar can be dated back thousands of years to Spain and Europe, though it has changed much since then. Perhaps the most noticeable difference between early guitar-like instruments and modern day guitars are

the strings. The first variation of the instrument had only four strings, but more have gradually been added over time until we have reached the six strings we have today. Gut (animal intestines) and hand spun silk were the original materials of the strings and though they are sometimes still used, most manufacturers have switched to steel for many reasons. Gut is prone to fraying when exposed to sweat from the musicians hand and break easily. The sound of the guitar suffers greatly because of this. Steel is a much better option and is more affordable.

!2The Guitar

"It is recognized as a primary instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul, and many forms of pop."

Fun Fact: There is an ancient Hittite carving depicting a guitar like instrument that dates back over 3,000 years.

Works Cited: • Acton, Jim. "Guitar." Made How. Advameg, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Guitar.html>• Cunningham, John M., ed. "Guitar." Brittanica. Encyclopedia Brittanica, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249007/ guitar>. • A guitar store. Wikipedia. Wikimedia, 22 Sept. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guitar_Store.jpg>.

• Nelson, Daniel. Labeled acoustic guitar. Classical Guitar 101. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://classicalguitar101.org/ classical-guitar-part-names.html• "String (music)." Wikipedia. Wikimedia, n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2014. <http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_strings>.

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Guitar.html

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Guitar.html

NOVEMBER 6, 2014

Iron Grip Nowadays gloves are used in all the positions of football, even linemen wear gloves. Gloves serve more purposes than they did in the past so let's dive in. One of the purposes is to protect player's hands, this is why linemen wear gloves. Receivers and players on defense wear gloves with grip, this allows them to catch the ball better. Even though receivers can have padding on

!1

By Caleb Kono

GROUP L

11/10/14 LEARN THE MATERIALS USED IN FOOTBALL GLOVES, AND WHY

LEARN THE HISTORY BEHIND THE

FOOTBALL GLOVE

LEARN WHY FOOTBALL GLOVES

ARE USED

FOOTBALL GLOVE BREAKDOWN

NOVEMBER 6, 2014

their gloves and linemen can have grip on their gloves, this are usually the gloves those positions end up getting.

What makes a Glove? First off, gloves are made to help players to play their position better. Now how could gloves possibly do that? Well, gloves are actually well designed to keep players hands comfortable and in use. The materials that allow this are: a rubbery grip, strong fabric, and padding. Since each brand of gloves have a different formula for gloves, Cutters are the gloves we will be reviewing. First off Cutters uses C-Tack for its grip material. C-Tack is a rubbery material that is very durable. The grip of the gloves help stop the rotation of the ball quickly, this allows the receiver to grip onto the ball quickly. Also the rubbery material has ability called "REV. TACK Recharge", this means if the gloves are dirty they can be wiped down on your pants or with a wet towel, and have better grip. This is because when the gloves are clean they have better grip.

The second main material is Shock Skin. Shock Skin is the material that most of the glove is made of. This material is strong, it is made so it won't catch on other players pads and helmets. This slickness allows linemen to get by without cutting their hands. The uniqueness of this fabric allows the grip part of the glove and the fabric to be attached seamlessly, this makes the gloves very comfortable.

Finally, the Shock skin padding is the third main material. The Shock Skin padding helps players by protecting their hands. The padding prevents players from getting their hands injured on contact. The padding is very efficient, the padding is not very thick, but it is very shock absorbent. The efficiency of the padding allows natural movement of the hand, the your hands wouldn't be restricted. There is a pad called "The Reinforcer", this pad protects the knuckles and still allows the fingers to move freely forward. But the most important thing about this pad is that it prevents the finger from hyper extending. The prevention of hyper extension prevents; broken bones, torn ligaments, sprained finger,etc. So overall the glove has extraordinary protection. Overall, the glove allows players hands to be comfortable, protected, and in use.

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A Receiver's Nightmare

Believe it or not, there was a time when there were no gloves! Scary, right? The whole glove trend took a while to start. Before gloves there used to be Stick-um, this substance was very sticky and helped players catch the ball. But Stick-um was banned a few years after it was commonly used. After that football was played with bare hands again, but when some receivers couldn't catch the ball well they wore leather gloves. Once people saw more players wear these gloves, the gloves got more popular. And with popularity came improvement. Gloves started to incorporate rubber into their design. Then companies adopted the football gloves as products, and the rest was history. Strong fabrics were used instead of leather, companies copy-righted their own tacky materials, and padding was put into gloves. That is why gloves are made this way today.

NOVEMBER 6, 2014

Martin, Jeffrey. "Football Hands it off to the Gloves." USA Today. Gannet co.,

14 Sept. 2012. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/

story/2012/09/14/football-hands-it-off-to-the-gloves/57778530/1>.

"The Best Grip in the World." Cutter Gloves. Cutter Gloves, 2014. Web. 9 Nov.

2014. <http://www.cuttersgloves.com/ctack-technology-football>.

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http://www.cuttersgloves.com/ctack-technology-football

The Football Helmet

Written by: Owen Wilson Function: The function of the football helmet is to protect the football player from getting an injury to the head. There are three main components to the football helmet including the outer shell which prevents the initial hit from hitting you head. The face mask the where the player is able to have a clear view of where he/she is going while being able to have protection to the front of their face. The third component that is in the football helmet is the inside cushion which prevents a concussion from the impact of two helmets colliding into each other. All three off these components allows the players to have all around comfort and protection from the every down hitting and football and the big head to head collisions. Major Materials: The major materials of the players face mask include the carbon metal bars which give the helmets face mask form. Then on top of the metal bars the face mask is coated in a hard plastic which allows for the helmet to have a design and make sure the face mask does not chip. If there was no plastic coating on the face mask then it would have a high chance of chipping. The helmet shell itself is made of a hard plastic which gives the helmet room to flex around when hit but also nor break on impact. The helmet materials have been made into a hybrid so that the helmet will have a hard shell and still be able to flex when hit. The inside of the football helmet where the padding lies and this is made of a air pumped padding system. These are the major materials of the football helmet which allows the football helmet to be put together Why these materials where chosen: There materials where chosen for one reason and it is to provide the player who is wearing the helmet with the most safety that a helmet can provide. They use the carbon steel face masks because of the durability of them and the resistance to break on impact while in other years other face masks have either broke on impact or not be able to to withstand the years of impacted a face mask needs to take. The reasoning behind having a coat of hard plastic over the initial face mask is for added style and less chance for a chip if it where to occur. The helmet

shell itself is the most important piece for a football player is made out of a hard plastic that can withstand the impacts of a every down hit while providing the best safety for the player. The hard plastic will not just bounce hits off the helmet, it will bend around the incoming helmet or shoulder pad to allow the helmet to bend and cause less trauma for the player. The inside of the football helmets are made out of a air pumped system which allows the air inside the pads to compress before it will hit the player wearing the helmet. Making the system great because the player will not have to experience any pain or sense of being uncomfortable because the helmet will prevent any big hits. History of the object: From the beginning of football the helmet itself has evolved from nothing to being the most important piece of equipment. In the early stages of football the shell of

the helmet was a piece of leather which provided no protection what so ever for the player making hits or taking the hit. Throughout the years they evolved into a hard shelled plastic helmet. Making the helmet a more safer piece of equipment for the player. Over time they have made many design changes to the helmet but the materials have stayed the same. The face mask was a added feature to the helmet that was added only about 60 years ago. Before the face mask there was nothing to

provide safety to the players face. Obviously this needed to change this so they added a one/two bar face mask system. Since the face masks was still not adding the needed protection they had to change their ideas. Their next idea was to make the face mask almost like a visor and have a clear plastic face mask. This was also a fail so the next idea that had came along in 1957 by a company named Riddell. This revolutionized the game because this was the first face mask that provided safety for all of the face. This is why we still now use this face mask system that Riddell designed. As for the inside of the helmet it used to be just foam which lacked the needed safety for players making hits. Since players needed more safety towards the head. The next idea for padding was in 2002 when Riddell released the revolution helmet. It provided the player with a more safer experience while on the football field because of the air pumped system which lye the hit impact the air on the head itself. This is the change in the football helmet history and how it had gone for nothing to the most important piece of equipment in football.

Citations: Live Strong. Live Strong Foundation, n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. <http://www.livestrong.com/article/363217-football-facemask-history/>. ESPN outside the lines. ESPN, n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. <http://espn.go.com/espn/ otl/story/_/id/9228260/ report-warned-riddell-no-helmet-prevent-concussions-nfl-helmet-maker-marketed-one NFL. NFL enterprises, n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. <http://www.nfl.com/news/story/ 0ap1000000095139/article/history-of-the-nfl-football-helmet>.

тнe нaιr вrυѕн вy: lιna goυda

Group: L

Nylon

Nylon is used for the bristles because highly durable because of its high abrasion resistance and bend recovery and it is resistant to most common chemicals

Polypropylene

Polypropylene is used for the bristles because it is cheaper than nylon, very stiff when wet, and it oils, acids and chemicals and is fungus resistant

Polyester

Polyester is used for the bristles because It has better abrasion resistance than polypropylene but worse than nylon, but it has a better bend recovery, excellent solvent resistance and excellent oxidation resistance at high temperature and it doesn't absorb water.

Ceramic

Ceramic is used for the barrel because it maintains a gentle level of heat to help drying hair.

wнaт тнe вrυѕн ιѕ υѕed ғor The hair brush is used to do many things with your hair. The brush is used to untangle nots and keep your hair straight.

Tourmaline

Tourmaline is used for a barrel material because they release negative ions that reduce static in the hair.

History on Hair Brushes There is no set when hair brushes came out but hair brushes were back when the Greeks and the Romans lived. Unearthing Egyptians tombs, there were hair brushes along with matching mirrors. Carvings and paintings in pyramids showed neat hair or wigs. Hair Brushes back then were only for the luxury and rich people. Later in 1777 William Kent was the first hair brush manufacturer, Kents Brushes in Great Britain. It took as many as 12 people to finish one hair brush. In 1885 another Englishman invented the automatic hair brush machine. Later that same year Mason Pearson invented pneumatic rubber cushioned brush. In the USA Hugh Rock was the first to paten a hair brush design. In 1898 Lyda Newman, patented synthetic bristles. She also invented detachable handles and air chambers for ventilation. Today modern hair brushes are affordable for everyone.

Citations Brigitte's Brushes. N.p., 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://brigittesbrushes.com/blog/>.

Jenkins Brush. 2008 MW Jenkins Sons' Inc., 2008. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. <http://www.jenkinsbrush.com/Brush-Filling-Material.asp>.

Prevention. Rodale Inc., 2014. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.prevention.com/ beauty/beauty/everything-you-need-know-about-hair-brushes/brush-shapes-101>.

Types of Hair Brushes There are many types of hair brushes to keep many types of hair looking clean and nice. The Cushion Brush is used to straighten hair and give it a professional look. The Paddle Brush is used for untidy and unkempt hair. The Round Brush is used to brush neat hair, and the brush curls the hair at the ends.

Bristles

Handle

Barrel

http://thefashionfoot.com/2014/08/12/choosing-the-perfect-hair-brush-for-your-desired-look/

http://mfg.regionaldirectory.us/hair-goods/





Property's of a shoulder pad By John Antonio

�1PROPERTY OF A SHOULDER PAD- JOHN ANTONIO

Materials

A football shoulder pad is made for American football , it is made for protection in the ribs and the shoulder. There is plastic outer shell and padding underneath. There is belt and buckle, also soft padding on the shoulder, chest, and rib Pads made of plastic are made to make the padding lighter and stronger. The shoulder pads consist of a hard plastic outer shell padding underneath for soft impact and it's easier to mold. There is a belt and buckle to stay on the shoulders and the chest and rib area. Also there is auxiliary and bias for the shoulder and arm protection


History President Theodore Roosevelt threatened to ban football due to too many deaths from injuries received during the games. In 1910, rule changes and protective padding were introduced. shoulder pads was sewn into players jersey, there was one pad placed on each shoulder.During the 1960s, hard plastic and foam replaced the leather and it was heavier then what we use today. The first football pads were much smaller and thinner than those used in today's games. Football pads evolved to cover more of the body, there are lighter and sturdier than the original pads.The new pads improved protection against shoulder and rib injuries, we have more protection and softer cushions, and also there are different shoulder pads made for specific player's positions.


Citation "http://dev.nsta.org/evwebs/2021p/History/default.html." Cool Pads.

Ace kids, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://dev.nsta.org/evwebs/2021p/

History/ default.html>.

"http://www.sportsunlimitedinc.com/shoulderpads.html." Sports

Unlimited. Sports Unlimited Inc., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

<http://www.sportsunlimitedinc.com/shoulderpads.html>.

Freudenrich, Craig, ed. "http://science.howstuffworks.com/plastic.htm."

HowStuffWorks. Infospace, n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/plastic.htm>.


Headphones: The New Speakers of Today By: Mahak Hussain

Headphones Take Over The World Headphones have easily become a great part of our lives, whether you're on the subway or if you're just walking around, there will always be at least one person with headphones on. Headphones are also used for jobs such as musicians and engineers. The whole function of headphones is to decrease the distance between the person that is listening to the music while taking out any other noises, and to keep from disturbing other people. They are miniature speakers that are placed over

the ears with a wire or a band going from one ear to another. Headphones are basically speakers but instead at low power, and of course, smaller.

Headphone Materials Headphones have evolved over time and changed in various ways. When the first pair of headphones was invented in 1910 by Nathaniel Baldwin; they had a speaker, magnet, a voice coil, and a diaphragm. Today the main part of headphones, the speaker, is

made of ferrite or neodymium. Both of these are compound materials which have iron in them as well as other elements. When used in the coiled electromagnet part of the headphones, they are able to change magnetic field directions without losing that much energy. The cone of a headphone or in the photo on the left the frame and the drive is made out of plastic or paper instead of using metal. The casing of the headphones depends on the design of them and budget. On ear headphones are made rigid plastic casing with a rubber/PVC layer to make it more soft and comfortable. In ear headphones are made of rubber or silicone because it is flexible and is comfortable for the ear. The cone of the headphones is made of plastic which is because it is flexible and strength at the size. They might start using graphene to increase flexibility and strength for the headphones.

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Headphone History Headphones were made by Nathaniel Baldwin in 1910 and were first used in the navy, after which headphones became popular. The first stereo headphones were invented by John C. Koss in 1958.

Extra stuff: Types of headphones: Circumaural, supra-aural, open or closed back, earphones, in ear phones, and headsets.

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Citations "Headphones." World of Invention. Ed. Gale. N.p.: n.p., 2006. N. pag. Science in Context. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/ ReferenceDetailsPage/ ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=SCIC&windowstate=normal&conten tModules=&display-query=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&u=mlin_c_o akms&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_wi thin_results=&p=SCIC&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CCV16

Lister, John. "What Material Are Headphones Made Of?" EHow. EHow, 3 Oct. 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.ehow.com/ facts_5009182_what-materials-headphones-made.html>.

Transcripts. "Headphones." HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks, 24 Dec. 2009. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. <http://blogs.howstuffworks.com/transcript/ headphones.htm>.

http://m.weheartit.com/tag/mix%20style%20headphones

http://cb3723.deviantart.com/art/beats-by-dr-dre-neon-mixr-DJ-headphones-370529327

https://4discounttravel.com/denon-ah-d7000-over-ear-headphones-p12464

Photo Ciatations

“Choose the Right Material”

RECORD YOUR RESEARCH IN THE AREA BELOW…

Function:

Major Materials: (continued on next page)

Labeled Image (include source)

The lacrosse stick is a tool used to play the game of lacrosse. The game of lacrosse is played by two posing teams all with stick try to pass the ball between them in the "net" of the stick while the other team try's to stop them with their sticks and body's from scoring on their goal. There are three different variations of the lacrosse stick from the short stick which has a shorter shaft than the defensive pole(used by offensive players. The defensive stick or D-pole which is used to "check" or hit the stick of the offensive player in the attempt to cause a turnover. Then finally there's the goalies stick which is well known for having a very large and wide head to make stopping the opposing teams shots easy. The lacrosse stick which is used to pass or shoot the ball is used by turning your hips and arms across your body and releasing the ball towards your teammate. The mesh and shooting string inside the head make it easy to carry the ball and depending on your preferences you can string them differently. To maintain possession of the ball in your stick consists of performing the cradle which is executed by keeping your top hand on the top of the stick and rocking it back and forth. On defense they're are a variety of different types of stick checks with the most common one being the slap check which involves swing your stick with force into the other players stick, hands, or arms.

The three main property's of a lacrosse stick are the head, mesh, and shaft. 1. The head of the lacrosse stick can vary on preference and position. Lacrosse heads for offense typically start narrow near the bottom to help ball control and then get wider near the top of the head to add catching ability. A defensive head will typically start wide and get slightly bigger towards the top to help with ground balls. A goalie stick is huge in comparison with a defensive and offensive head and is shaped like a large circle to make stopping shots easier. Lacrosse heads are made of a strong and tough type of plastic that is still flexible though.2. The mesh of a stick is made of nylon strings weaved together like diamonds and coated in wax to prevent the shrinking of the mesh when wet. You can adjust the depth of the "pocket" or depth of theMesh with the side nylons holding the mesh to the head. There are many varieties of mesh like soft mesh, which is softer and more movable than traditional mesh, hard mesh, the typical and most common form, or many different variants of wax mesh, which is a new form of water resistant and grippy form of mesh that is storming the market.3. And finally the shaft which is like the handle of the stick and attaches the head to the stick and acts as a sort of fulcrum to help launch the ball. As I explained earlier there are two different variants of the shaft which include the defensive shaft and the shorter offensive shaft. Shafts have evolved over the years from the traditional wooden shaft to a more modern scandium-titanium variant. The shaft will also have a rubber butt end on the opposite end of the head and depending on the players choosing might have lacrosse tape.

THE LACROSSE STICK, INSIDE AND OUT . Written by Sean vroman

Why these materials were chosen (what are their properties?):

Brief history of the object:

Bibliography Info:

The head of the lacrosse stick has evolved from the older wooden Native American head to the modern variation which is made of the hard flexible plastic I mentioned earlier. Lacrosse heads are now made of flexible plastic to reduce weight and to reduce the chance of breaking the lacrosse stick over another players stick or arm. It also had more give and retains the ball better on passes instead having it rattle around in your stick. The mesh is used to carry and throw the ball. The pocket as I touched on earlier is used to carry the ball. However their are regulations in the game on how deep the pocket can be so players don't have to deep that it's impossible to get the ball out. When water and dirt from the playing field touched traditional mesh the pocket would shrink or expand which would make the stick through different which is huge problem since very stick and player has a stick that throws different to their preference. That where the wax mesh came in that is water and dirt resistant as well as having better grip and hold on the ball. Lacrosse mesh can also vary in the amount of diamond on each row of diamonds from 12 diamond, to 10 diamond, to 6 or 5 diamond also dependent on player preference. Shafts of lacrosse sticks vary in many materials depending on a players preference. A defensive player might want a wooden stick since it's tougher as an offensive player might want a aluminum and alloy blend to reduce weight in a game where speed is so essential. Lacrosse shots have a rubber butt or cap at the end to help players keep their hands on the stick and not have them slide of while attempting a shot or pass. The grip tape that players use is used for the purpose of keeping grip on a smooth stick in tough conditions or can also be used as a marker for beginners to know where to put their ends during a shot, pass, or cradle.

Lacrosse and the lacrosse stick were invented by the Algonquin native Americans but the date on which it was invented is unknown. It was a game invented to toughen young men for war but also as recreation and game would involve anywhere anywhere from 100 to 10,000 men. Their lacrosse sticks were made of bent wood in a curve, like a crook, and used deer sinew to make their pouch. They used either wooden balls or a deer skin ball filled with cloth. The playing field would be anywhere between 500 yards or several miles long. These games were major events and when between two tribes, the losers tribe's chief could be beheaded. The game was first played for the gods to satisfy and entertain them. The wooden sticks had no specifications and were made from hickory saplings that were boiled to give them flexibility. The original lacrosse stick differs from modern day sticks because now we use much lighter sticks and more flexible and durable heads. Our shafts now are much lighter but since moving to some cheap metals like alloy we have sacrificed the strength and flexibility of wooden shafts that they used to use. Also they mesh and pocket in our sticks today our geared a lot more for wear and tear instead of occasional major events.

"Native Peoples and Early European Contacts." Encyclopedia of American Social History. Ed. Mary Kupiec Cayton, Elliott J. Gorn, and Peter W. Williams. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993. U.S. History in Context. Web. 14 Oct. 2014.Claydon, Jane, ed. "Origin of Men's Lacrosse." Federation of International Lacrosse. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2014. <http://filacrosse.com/ origin/>. Aveni, Anthony. "The Indian Origins of Lacrosse." Colonial Williamsburg. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2014. <http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/winter10/lacrosse.cfm#top>. Vennum, Thomas, Jr. "History of Lacrosse." Us Lacrosse. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2014. <http://www.uslacrosse.org/about-the-sport/history.aspx>.

THE BULB OF LIGHT

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By John LeBlanc

The idea of the light bulb first sparked when it was figured out that electricity could heat metal to thin white strips producing light. The arm light was made from two electrodes and carbon. The light bulb brought a safe alternative source away from fire to bring light to a house or area. There were arm lights and arch lamps before there was the idea of the light bulb. Filament, the lead in the base, the glass base, and the base were some of the earlier materials that people who first patented the idea had used. In cartoons light bulbs can be used to show a character has an idea. This started in the 1920s, when television designers decided it made sense because the character was having a bright idea. Soon every cartoon on television was using it. Some even used a broken light bulb to show that the character has a bad idea. People who were working on the idea of the light bulb decided to make the base of the light out of molds. The light bulb made it safe to use light at night without the high probability of causing danger with a fire. Thomas Edison discovered that platinum made a much better burner than carbon. Edison's greatest invention was the invention of a suitable filament for the light bulb. The filament that Edison had used was cotton thread. British inventors invented the arch lamp before Edison took an interest into what is now called the light bulb. Once Edison started going with the light bulb he never really stopped innovating it. At that time inventors were working on the efficiency of the light bulb. Two German inventors figured out that if you take all the air out of a glass tube and run an electrical current through it you could create light. Thomas Edison and Nikolai Tesla experimented with fluorescent light bulbs. European researchers experimented with neon light bulbs. In 1973 scientists developed a light that could be used in residences. More than twenty inventors were working on innovating the light bulb before Edison was able to start the research. In 1976 the invention of the fluorescent light changed when an inventor figured out that if you twist a fluorescent light it becomes a C.F.L. It has been a long argument about who really invented the lightbulb it goes from Joseph Swann to Thomas Edison. The future of the incandescent light bulb is uncertain. While heating a filament until it glows is certainly a way to produce light, it is extremely inefficient. Around 95 percent of the electricity supplied to a typical light bulb is converted to heat, not light. About 70% of all homes in America are using incandescent light bulbs, while 30% have ditched it over the past few years. The light bulb was made with such exact materials because when you combine the materials it would make the materials light up, which took so many years for scientists to discover. Today light bulbs are used in almost every business, school, house, and even car. The light bulb has changed so much over the years that they are fit for any place that can hold them. Overall the light bulb secretly have made our live so much easier. The light bulb will continue to stay on the market for many decades to come.

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"The History of the Light Bulb." Energy.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. <http://energy.gov/cio/accessibility-standard-statement>. Turing, Alan M. "How Light Bulb Is Made." Madehow.com. N.p., 9 Jan. 2006. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Light-Bulb.html>.

November 6, 2014

General Overview

How are ski goggles made? Ski goggles are made from

elastic, foam, plastic and polycarbonate materials. The

lens are made from polycarbonate materials that are

durable. The strap that goes around the persons head

are made from elastic. The frame is made from a

flexible plastic and the foam is put around the frame.

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How Are Ski Goggles Made? By: Erin Beauchemin

November 6, 2014

Purpose of Each Materials

Frame

The frame is made from urethane. This allows the goggles

to stay flexible even in extreme cold. It also gives the

goggles their shape.

Lenses

The lens are made from polycarbonate

materials. These make the lenses strong and

durable so they don't break or shatter easily.

The lenses protect the skiers eyes from low

tree branches. When people ski through the

woods, tree branches are a real problem. The

branches will hit the lenses but that isn't

enough to do any serious damage to the

goggles or lenses. They also keep the wind,

snow and sun out of the person's eyes. The

different colors of the lens help the skier

identify snow and ice. The most common

colors are orange and yellow.

Foam

Foam is placed around the frame where there are gaps. A

layer of foam is placed around the outer edges of the

frame. This keeps snow out but also allows air to get out so

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November 6, 2014

the goggles do not fog up. A

thicker layer of foam is also

placed around the frame and

lenses. This makes it more

comfortable to wear and also

keeps snow out.

Strap

The strap is made of elastic

and is meant to be able to

stretch around the skiers head.

The strap is also adjustable so it can be put around a

helmet.

A Brief History

The Inuit people originally came up with the idea to keep

their eyes safe from snow, wind and sun. Since snow

blindness was a hazard then, the mask was given small

slits that let in just enough light for the person to see. These

masks were made from bone and ivory or wood. Each mask

was made to fit one person's face.

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November 6, 2014

Work Cited

Beyond Buckskin. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://

www.beyondbuckskin.com/

2012/04/some-history-slick-inuit-shades.html>.

How It's Made Ski Goggles. YouTube. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct.

2014.

Trail.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://

www.trails.com/

facts_39126_ski-goggles-information.html>.

Trails.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://

www.trails.com/

facts_13772_what-ski-goggles-made.html>.

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Rahi Patel November 6, 2014

Major Materials Bean bag plush toys' filling contains two major materials, plastic pellets and polyester fiber fill. The plastic pellets are usually made out of either polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polyethylene (PE). The plush toys' outer material is usually made out of synthetic plush. Yarn or thread is usually used to make the antennae of insect stuffed animals and whiskers of cats. The legs, feet, beaks, wings, and ears are made of plush or other fabric. The ribbon or bows of the stuffed animals are usually made out of double sided satin. Labels are usually made out of satin coated acetate. Or, the tags are made out of cotton, polyester and nylon. The same materials are used to make sew in labels.

!1Bean Bag Plush Toys

Function of a Stuffed Animal

Its said that a good imagination as a child, such as playing with a stuffed animal and pretending as if it were real, the children become more optimistic and creative when they become adults.

Teddy bears remind us of our childhood after technology has taken over. It reminds us of what teddy bears could've gotten us through when we were younger. Teddy bears brought us a sense of security as a child and made us feel safe as if our stuffed animal would protect us from any harm.

STUFFED ANIMALS BEAN BAG PLUSH TOY

1


History/Development of Stuffed Animals The teddy bear was born in two parts of the world at around the same time. One place was in 1903 Giengen, Germany made out of felt in a small factory. The second place was in the US in which a cartoonist built representing a cub that had been hunted, November 16, 1902. A toy store owner named Morris Michtom heard the story about the hunter and had the idea to start making stuffed bears. He named the bear a "teddy bear" on behalf of the president.


Why These Materials Were Chosen

The outer layer of a beanbag plush toy is used to keep the beanbags in the plush toy. The synthetic plush on the toy is soft and keeps kids from hurting themselves if they, for example, throw it. The plastic pellets are the filling of the plush toy and makes the plush toy more playful. Accessories of the plush toy are only used for decoration and don't have

another purpose.

2

4

3


Citations -Picture 1: http://blog.tradetang.com/stuffed-animals-for-baby-review/

-Picture 2: https://www.clubcolors.com/default/plush-toys/lawrence-jr-stuffed-animal

-Picture 2 inside: http://www.amazon.com/Doll-Filler-Plastic-Pellets-5-Pound/dp/B000C18GTO

-Picture 3: http://www.rmichelson.com/Artist_Pages/deGroat/Pics/Teddy-Factory.jpg

-Picture 4: http://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g57394-d1154369-i87125494-Vermont_Teddy_Bear_Company-Shelburne_Vermont.html

-Azar, Beth. “The Power of Pretending.” American Phycological Association. APA, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

-Holmes, Gillian S. “Bean Bag Plush Toy.” How Products Are Made. Made How, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

-Holmes, Gillian S. “Teddy Bears.” How Products Are Made. Made How, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

-Streditorial. “Facts About Clothing Labels.” Modeling Resources. Street Directory, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.


http://blog.tradetang.com/stuffed-animals-for-baby-review/

https://www.clubcolors.com/default/plush-toys/lawrence-jr-stuffed-animal

http://www.amazon.com/Doll-Filler-Plastic-Pellets-5-Pound/dp/B000C18GTO

http://www.rmichelson.com/Artist_Pages/deGroat/Pics/Teddy-Factory.jpg

http://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g57394-d1154369-i87125494-Vermont_Teddy_Bear_Company-Shelburne_Vermont.html

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Extra Information Before we Dive Deep to more Important

things about Goggles • the main purpose of swim goggles is to help them see clearly underwater, also goggles protect your eyes from tens of thousands of aquatic bacteria and other organisms that can damage your eyes and your eyesight temporarily or even permanently.

•the manufacturer of any goggles basically tells you the price ,cheap manufacturing from cheap materials leads to bad goggles which cause frustration for a swimmer

•the gaskets have to be sealed tightly to the lens

•Also that their is a nose bridge pieces as your nose may be wider or narrower than average.

•if goggles are to tight your goggles may cause eye damage

!1Lorum Ipsum Dolor

Function The primary purpose of swimming goggles is to protect your eyes.The

lenses trap a small bubble of air between your face and the front of the lenses, this is how people are able to see clearer underwater

History The high tech materials of today's goggles are a far from what they were .

Swimmers of the early 1960s wore goggles so painful that they could be worn for only part/half of the workout. The eye pieces dug into the swimmer's eyes and the rubber straps made painful grooves in the swimmer's face and head. Nowadays, the materials used for goggles enable speed, comfort and durability.

DIVE INTO THE WORLD OF GOGGLES Written By: Clarissy DaSilva

New features

Goggles are already being introduced that use new levels of technology. You can

measure your speed and heart rate.

Microprocessors can count your laps for you and track your

acceleration in the water, making even a

recreational swimmer's workout more efficient.

Current Features

Swimming goggles are basically plastic glasses. The lenses are set in a plastic frame that completely covers

the area around the eyes, There are also a sort of rubber band that is what basically circles your eyes, the strings

that go behind your head is made out of rubber also. You can make your own swimming goggles out of everyday

Materials Used

The primary purpose of swimming goggles

is to protect your eyes.The lenses trap a

small bubble of air between your face and the front of the lenses, this is how people are

able to see clearer underwater

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Lorum Ipsum Dolor !2

Thermometer November 5, 2014

!THE THERMOMETER!

!1Thermometer

http://automationwiki.com/index.php?title=Liquid-In-Glass_Thermometers

The function of the thermometer The function of the thermometer is mainly to tell temperature. There are thermometers that can go outside and others that stay inside. I'm mainly focusing on the liquid-in-glass thermometer which is the standard thermometer with the red liquid inside.

The main materials: The fist main part that makes up the thermometer is the bulb. The bulb is what contains the liquid and allows it so expand and contract. The second part is the stem. The stem is what is responsible for housing the liquid and is connected to the bulb filled with the working liquid. The temperature scale is either present or imprinted on the for displaying the temperature readings. The pint of reference or the calibration point which is usually the ice point. The working liquid that rises with temperature is usually mercury or alcohol. And lastly the insert gas is put in to the

Written by: Garrett Sullivan



Stem to trim down volatilization. Why the materials were chosen They have chosen to use a glass stem and bulb because glass is easy to mold when heated. The glass acts as the house for the working liquid inside of the stem. They also typically use a plastic backing because it's easy to carve out the spots for the numbers, the lines, and the unit of heat being shown wether its Celsius or fahrenheit. Mercury is used in thermometers because it has high coefficient of expansion. Because of that when it is heated it will change the hight of were it shows on the thermometer. History of the thermometer Sanctorius re-created the thermometer after Galileo had created the thermoscope. At first they would use wine to tell the temperature although it was effected by barometric pressure. The grand duke Ferdinand || had closed it eliminating the problem. The temperature is measured in F, C, and sometimes kelvin. Anders Celsius had put together two numbers for his scale which have since been changed to make our scale today.

http://t.brookstone.com/vermont-outdoor-thermometer_11310081_2

"Thermometer." How Products Are Made. Advameg,, 2014. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. "Thermometer." Wikipedia. N.p., 27 Oct. 2014. Web. 4 Nov. 2014.

Thermometer November 5, 2014

Thermometer !2



November 6, 2014

UGG's are one of the most popular winter boots. They are made to keep your feet comfy and warm in the coldest weather. But how do they keep them so warm? That's what this article is going to tell you.

What materials are used to make the UGG boot These boots are made from a few major materials. For the outer part of the boot they use twin faced sheepskin. Nylon for the boots binding, UGG pure wool for the soft cushion on the inside and the bottom part of the shoe on the outside is a paten protected EVA bottom. They use the nylon binding to hold the boot together securely. On the heel part of the boot there is a sueded heel guard to keep the boots shape in back.

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By: Victoria VanSlyke

What Makes The UGG Boots?

This is the type of wool that is on the bottom of the inside of the boot

The function of these boots

November 6, 2014

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The history of UGG boots. How have they evolved?

These boots have been around for over 35 years. They started out with a small selection of boots, the classic short cut boot. But as time went on the styles changed and the people who wear them have too. Male surfers in the 70s were typically the ones who wore these boots, but now many years later you walk outside in the winter and almost everybody is wearing them, but not men anymore that's for sure. As time has gone on, the selection of styles has evolved and became much wider than before. However, the materials they use to make them have not changed. The reason for this is because the way they have been making them is clearly great because they are still in stores and more popular than ever!

Why these materials though?

Now, the reasons behind why they use these materials are specific. The sueded sheepskin is used because when it's worn in the snow or rain and they get wet, because of the texture, it is susceptible to discoloration and staining. They use the nylon binding to hold the boot together securely. The sheepskin will also make the boot very dense, which means it will be more durable so they will last much longer. The soft wool on the inside of the boot is used because it is very thick and is a cushion so your feet will stay warm and be comfortable at the same time.

Citations

Plant DeKalb County. Shaw Media, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

<http://www.planitdekalbcounty.com/2013/10/25/

sheepskin-uggs-survive-ever-changing-fashions/ajpv33y/#.VFJrATK9KK0>.

UGG Official. UGG australia, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

<http://www.uggaustralia.com/women-boots/classic-short/

5825.html?dwvar_5825_color=CHE#icid=home_sectionb_topmiddle_featuredshops&start=1

&cgid=women-boots-classic>.

UGG Official. UGG Australia, n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.uggaustralia.com/about-sheepskin.html>.

November 5, 2014

Violin Materials The Materials, Their Purpose, Why We Use Them, and Their History Written by; Emie Ung

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The parts of a violin

November 5, 2014

You know the violin as an instrument commonly seen in orchestras, and concert halls. It's common knowledge that this instrument has a clear, ringing tone that is pleasurable to the ears. But exactly how long has this instrument been around, and how much change has this instrument seen?

The reason the violin was made was to create a musical instrument that was able to imitate the voice of a human while playing music. Humans can sing with vibrato in their voices. But no other instrument at that time could. So violins started from guitar like instruments from the Middle Ages until someone found out how to create an instrument that could do those types of vocal techniques. Scholars believe that the violin emerged around Northern Italy around the mid of the 1500s.

The violin only has a few different materials keeping it together. In fact, this instrument doesn't have any screws or nails. Only glue. Instead, most of the instrument is made of wood, which is used for it's strong and long lasting qualities. Most will agree that the denser the wood, the fuller the sound, although the density of the wood can't be too large-otherwise, you won't be able to use that wood. One regularly used wood is maple, which has a specific tone it brings out, a specific density, straightness of the wood, and wooden figure that makes it desirable when selecting a wood for the body. The body and scroll can be carved out of maple. Maple is also a common material

for the purfling, but thick paper or cardboard will work too. Even bridges are made from maple, and the bridge's main purposes are to place the strings at an angle, and to hold up the strings above the fingerboard, so it's easier to bow in all the right places, and not bump into more than one string at a time. The belly is made of spruce. Sycamore makes up the sides, or ribs of the violin. Ebony, one of the densest woods, is the perfect material to withstand many years of fingers thumping along the fingerboard. The ebony is kept in it's natural form on the fingerboard so neither the strings or someone's fingers get stuck on any sort of sticky coating. The tailpiece and chin rest can also be made out of ebony, rosewood, or even boxwood. Ideally, the pegs can be created out of either ebony or rosewood, since using the pegs to tune requires a lot of strength from the human, and a great amount of toughness for the material. A pine sound-post is wedged in the body of the violin, without glue, in order to help support the body of the violin, and help conduct sound. Also, the strings change their tune through how much string vibrates. The more of the string that is held down, the higher the note. And vice-versa. Another important component is the varnish. Not only do they show off the violin's beauty, but varnishes can completely alter the violin's sound. In fact, some believe a special varnish formula may be the secret to the Stradivarius's expressive sound. Some mixtures include oil, linseed, and/or resin, and iron oxide or cochineal may be added to change the wooden coloring of the instrument. But each violin maker has a different varnish formula, so each

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The materials that make up a violin http://www.instrumentalsavings.com/ODOCA-

MAPLE-Violin-Outfit-p/1127.htm

http://www.instrumentalsavings.com/ODOCA-MAPLE-Violin-Outfit-p/1127.htm

http://www.instrumentalsavings.com/ODOCA-MAPLE-Violin-Outfit-p/1127.htm

November 5, 2014

mixture is special in it's own way. Most varnish recipes also help to keep the glossy beauty of the violin intact by protecting the violin from dirt and bad weather, as well as providing a smooth finish so violists don't find multiple splinters imbedded in their skin after practice. Don't forget air either, for air carries the sound-waves, and travels into the f-holes to help make the violin be heard. Just a few materials combine to create the vibrant violin with a sound you can listen to again and again.

The strings of the violin have probably changed the most out of all the violin components. At first, the strings were made of sheep intestines. Expensive gut-cored strings produced a rich, warm sound, but they easily broke, wore down, and went out of tune. But keep in mind that sheep intestines were still surrounded by metal. Next, synthetic material became the core of strings. The synthetic material consisted of perlon or kevlar, but was surrounded by aluminum or silver. Total-metal strings then came into existence, with a steel core, and silver, titanium, or more steel encompassing it. But metal strings have a loud, bright sound that many violinists find to be ear-splitting, although they have the convenience of staying in tune the best, since metal doesn't have as much reaction to different humidities, or temperatures. Therefore, metal strings are more common on student violins, since violinists are not taught to tune until after 2-3 years of playing. In conclusion, the only part of the violin that has had major changes are the strings. Different strings will produce different kinds of sounds, but remember to take into account how often you are willing to tune the strings. The body has remained similar over the last few hundred years, but the strings have changed in materials as technology has improved.

But strings aren't the only things that have been evolving. The baroque violin had a maple fingerboard instead of ebony, a more compact fingerboard and neck, and didn't have any convenient fine tuners or a chin-rest for comfort. Today, many crafters are trying out plastic bodies for violins, although wood is essential to the caring sound of the instrument. Many are worried about how different the sound would become if we started shying away from wooden violins. Artists want to have a lighter weighted instrument to hold up, in order to decrease how much effort must be taken to hold the violin up higher. There are also electric violins being manufactured. With these new devices, string vibrations are turned into an electric signal, which is played

through a speaker. Just remember that nothing, even the violin, is perfect, so improvements will always be necessary.

Each one of the violin's materials have been imperative to it's sound for generations. Yet, no one is ready to

stop improving until the next Stradivarius has been made. But for now, demand is still strong for this great instrument, the violin.

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The Baroque violin http://

violoncellodaspalla.blogspot.com/2011_10_01_archive.html

http://violoncellodaspalla.blogspot.com/2011_10_01_archive.html

http://violoncellodaspalla.blogspot.com/2011_10_01_archive.html

November 5, 2014

Works Cited

Badiarov, Dimitry. Baroque Violin. The Violin Blog of Dmitry Badiarov-Violin Maker. Badiarov

Violins, 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014.

"Baroque Violins Flamed T20 Best Model." YitaMusic. Yitamusic, 2011. Web. 7 Nov. 2014.

Deverich, Robin Kay, Dr., ed. "Violin Strings." ViolinOnline.com. RK Deverich, 2013. Web. 31

Oct. 2014.

Echard, J. P. "No Secret Ingredient." American Scientist 98.2 (2010): 123. Science in Context.

Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

"History of the Violin." Cristoph & Raffael Sprenger. Sprenger AG, 2013. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

How Its Made Violins. Youtube. N.p., 26 Jan. 2014. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.

Materials of a Violin. Instrumental Savings. Instrumental Savings, n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2014.

Sherman, Andrew M. "Violin." How Products Are Made. Advameg, 2014. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.

- - -. Violin Parts. How Products Are Made. Advameg, 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

"Wood." KS2 Bitesize. BBC, 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

Zappas, Kelly Roncone. "The Science of Sound: Examining the Role of Materials in Musical

Instruments." JOM Aug. 2007: n. pag. TMS. Web. 31 Oct. 2014.

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Documents

Choosing the Right Materials: Volume L