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China's accession to WTO ‐‐ global manufacturing, trade and technology
transfer
Andreas Maurer
WTO
OutlineOutline
1. Some trade numbers for China: – China’s trade pattern
2. Fragmentation of production: – Trade in intermediate goods.
– Vertical specialization.
– The importance of services
3. Transfer of technology – Innovation
1. Some trade numbers for China
from: Presentation Ari van Assche, Chengdu, October 2011
Source: UN Comtrade database.
China’s merchandise trade on the rise...
Sources: UN Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat.
...with important contribution of China’s trade balance to its GDP
Top 5 Chinese Export markets, 2000 & 2011(percentage shares)
Source: Global Trade Atlas (GTA)
Top 5 Chinese Import markets, 2000 & 2011(percentage shares)
Source: Global Trade Atlas (GTA)
China’s merchandise trade by customs regime, 2011, $bn
Source: China Customs Statistics (Dec 2011)
Processing& assembling
Processing with imported materials
Processing& assembling
Processing with imported materials
Source: China Customs Statistics (Dec 2011)
FOE = foreign‐owned enterprises
China’s merchandise trade by customs regime and ownership, 2011
2. Global supply chains 2. Global supply chains
From Trade in (final) Goods to “Trade in Tasks”
Boeing Dreamliner 787
Source: Graphic News
ExamplesExamples
DataData
Vertical trade
Source: Hummels (1998)Source: Hummels (1998)
MethodologiesMethodologies
An Example of Vertical‐Specialization‐Based Trade
Country I
Country II
$50 million parts
$100 million exports of computers
$150 million computers
$50 million domestic parts
$50 million domestic sales
$50 million capital and labor
Country III
Share of high complexity
intermediate goods in total exports/imports of intermediate goods
Source: Trade patterns and global value chains in East Asia, WTO/IDE/Jetro 2011
Marketing
BrandInnovation
Design
R&D
Standardization
InnovationR&D
Design
Added Value
Manufacture
Logistics
Marketin
gBrand
Standardization
Production process
Logistics
AssemblyManufacture
Assembly
Customer
services
Customer services
Services Goods Servicesand services
SmileyFace (Source: Business Week International online extra, May 16, 2005,
Stan Shih on Taiwan and China)Value Added
Trade in commercial services on the rise
Source: WTO
Due to offshoring?
Exports of Computer &Information Services and Other Business Services, 2000‐2010
Source: WTO
Source: www.aviationnews.eu
3. Technology transfer and innovation
EU(27) Imports of R&D services increase
Source: Eurostat.
Receipts of royalties and licence fees on the rise
Source: WTO
