CHINA and ROMECHINA and ROME

Empires of Empires of

the East and the Westthe East and the West

Han China and Imperial RomeHan China and Imperial Rome

Pre- Empire StatesPre- Empire States CHINACHINA

Shang DynastyShang Dynasty, , c.1750 bce-1100 bce c.1750 bce-1100 bce

introduction of writingintroduction of writing

Zhou DynastyZhou Dynasty, , c.1100 bce- 221 bcec.1100 bce- 221 bce

establishment of Confucianism establishment of Confucianism and Taoismand Taoism

Qin (Chin) DynastyQin (Chin) Dynasty, , 221 bce-206 bce 221 bce-206 bce

origin of name of China origin of name of China

ROMEROME Etruscan CivilizationEtruscan Civilization, c.700 , c.700

bce-509 bcebce-509 bce Legendary Roman kingsLegendary Roman kings, ,

753 bce-509 bce753 bce-509 bce patricians:patricians: aristocrats and aristocrats and

professionalsprofessionals plebians: plebians: farmers, craftsmen, farmers, craftsmen,

laborerslaborers patronage systempatronage system

pater -- pater -- paternalismpaternalism pietaspietas -- duty -- duty

Roman RepublicRoman Republic, , 509 bce -27 bce509 bce -27 bce

Qin (Chin) Dynasty : 221-Qin (Chin) Dynasty : 221-206 bce206 bce

First unified the country by subjugating the Warring StatesFirst unified the country by subjugating the Warring States Established central bureaucracyEstablished central bureaucracy Legalism supplanted Confucianism: persecuted scholars and Legalism supplanted Confucianism: persecuted scholars and

burned booksburned books Standardized writing, currency, weights and measuresStandardized writing, currency, weights and measures Major building projectsMajor building projects

Used forced labor of convictsUsed forced labor of convicts Roads and canalsRoads and canals PalacesPalaces Connected fortification walls to build 5000 kilometer Great Connected fortification walls to build 5000 kilometer Great

WallWall

Mausoleum of 1st Qin Emperor Mausoleum of 1st Qin Emperor

ShinHuangdi ShinHuangdi

ShiHuangdi’s Mausoleum was discovered in 1974 ShiHuangdi’s Mausoleum was discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a well. The 13 year-old by farmers digging a well. The 13 year-old emperor had ordered 800,000 workers to build his emperor had ordered 800,000 workers to build his tomb.tomb.

Terra Cotta ArmyTerra Cotta Army Rebellions broke out after Emperor’s death in 210 Rebellions broke out after Emperor’s death in 210

bce: dynasty overthrown after only 15 years of bce: dynasty overthrown after only 15 years of rulerule

Etruscan Civilization, 8th-5th c. Etruscan Civilization, 8th-5th c. bcebce

May have migrated to Italy from May have migrated to Italy from Anatolia (Turkey)Anatolia (Turkey)

Thriving cities with paved streets, Thriving cities with paved streets, defensive walls and large templesdefensive walls and large temples

Skillful bronze, iron and gold work Skillful bronze, iron and gold work Challenged by Greeks from sea and Challenged by Greeks from sea and

Celts from Gaul (France)Celts from Gaul (France) Monarchy: last king -- Tarquin the Monarchy: last king -- Tarquin the

Proud deposed by RomansProud deposed by Romans

Underground family tombs with stone vaults Underground family tombs with stone vaults covered by earthcovered by earth

Murals with scenes from everyday life: hunting, Murals with scenes from everyday life: hunting, fishing, feasting, dancing, religious ceremoniesfishing, feasting, dancing, religious ceremonies

Joyful scenes in early tombs give way to gloomy Joyful scenes in early tombs give way to gloomy violent scenes as Etruscans lost power to the violent scenes as Etruscans lost power to the Romans (4th-2nd Century bc)Romans (4th-2nd Century bc)

Etruscan ArtEtruscan Art

Etruscan NecropolisEtruscan Necropolis

Liberated Etruscan WomenLiberated Etruscan Women ““Etruscan women take particular care of their bodies Etruscan women take particular care of their bodies

and exercise often, sometimes along with the men, and exercise often, sometimes along with the men, and sometimes by themselves. It is not a disgrace for and sometimes by themselves. It is not a disgrace for them to be seen naked. They do not share their them to be seen naked. They do not share their couches with their husbands but with the other men couches with their husbands but with the other men who happen to be present, and they propose toasts to who happen to be present, and they propose toasts to anyone they choose. They are expert drinkers and very anyone they choose. They are expert drinkers and very attractive. The Etruscans raise all the children that are attractive. The Etruscans raise all the children that are born, without knowing who their fathers are.”born, without knowing who their fathers are.”

Theopompus of Chios, 4th cent. BCETheopompus of Chios, 4th cent. BCE

Roman Kingdom: Regnum Roman Kingdom: Regnum RomanumRomanum

753-510 bce753-510 bce In Roman legend, the Trojan hero Aeneas sailed across In Roman legend, the Trojan hero Aeneas sailed across

the Mediterranean Sea to Italy and founded Lavinium. the Mediterranean Sea to Italy and founded Lavinium. His son Iulus went on to found the city of Alba Longa. His son Iulus went on to found the city of Alba Longa. From Alba Longa's royal family came the twins From Alba Longa's royal family came the twins

Romulus and Remus, who went on to found the city of Romulus and Remus, who went on to found the city of Rome in 753 BCE. Rome in 753 BCE.

The kingdom ended with the expulsion of Lucius The kingdom ended with the expulsion of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus in 510 BCE and the establishment Tarquinius Superbus in 510 BCE and the establishment of the Roman Republic.of the Roman Republic.

Kings of Rome were elected by the Senate

King Traditional Reign

Romulus 753 BC–716 BC

Numa Pompilius 715 BC–674 BC

Tullus Hostilius 673 BC–642 BC

Ancus Marcius 642 BC–617 BC

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 616 BC–579 BC

Servius Tullius 578 BC–535 BC

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 535 BC–510 BC/509 BC

Legendary KingsLegendary Kings

The Gauls destroyed all of Rome's historical records when they sacked the city 390 BC , so no contemporary records of the kingdom exist, and all accounts of the kings must be highly questioned. Archaeological evidence does, however, support that a settlement was founded

in Rome around the middle of the 8th century BC.

Accomplishments of the Accomplishments of the Roman KingsRoman Kings

Settlement and continual expansion of the citySettlement and continual expansion of the city of Rome (aided by rape of the Sabine women)of Rome (aided by rape of the Sabine women)

Establishment of Establishment of SenateSenate to serve as king’s to serve as king’s councilcouncil

Establishment of Establishment of Roman legionsRoman legions Establishment of the Establishment of the Vestal VirginsVestal Virgins Reform of the calendarReform of the calendar to 360 days, adding the to 360 days, adding the

months of January and Februarymonths of January and February Introduction of Introduction of coinagecoinage Establishment of a Establishment of a censuscensus dividing the dividing the

population into population into classesclasses according to wealth according to wealth

The Rape of The Rape of LucretiaLucretia

The son of the last king of Rome, The son of the last king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (535 Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (535 BC to 510 BC), raped a Roman BC to 510 BC), raped a Roman noblewoman named Lucretia. noblewoman named Lucretia.

Lucretia compelled her family to Lucretia compelled her family to take action by gathering the men, take action by gathering the men, telling them what happened, and telling them what happened, and killing herself. killing herself.

Lucius Junius Brutus incited the Lucius Junius Brutus incited the people of Rome against the royal people of Rome against the royal family by displaying her body family by displaying her body and led an uprising that drove the and led an uprising that drove the Tarquins out of RomeTarquins out of Rome

The monarchy was replaced with The monarchy was replaced with the new Roman Republic. the new Roman Republic.

Botticelli, The Death of Lucretia, c. 1500

The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic509 bce - 27 bce509 bce - 27 bce

Senatus populisque Romanorum (The Senate and People of Rome): Senate -- patricians Consilium plebis -- tribunes elected by plebians

Military Campaigns Italian peninsula Punic Wars: 264-146 bc Invasion of Macedonia and Greece 145 bc Gaul 58 - 50 bc Egypt 31 bc Emergence of equites class: soldiers and merchants

Civil WarsCivil Wars50 bce-27 bce50 bce-27 bce

First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus and Julius First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus and Julius CaesarCaesar

49 bc Caesar crosses the Rubicon49 bc Caesar crosses the Rubicon 45 bc assassination of Caesar by Senate45 bc assassination of Caesar by Senate Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Lepidus and Marc Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Lepidus and Marc

AntonyAntony 31 bc Battle of Actium: death of Antony and 31 bc Battle of Actium: death of Antony and

CleopatraCleopatra 27 bc Octavian declared Caesar Augustus27 bc Octavian declared Caesar Augustus

CHINA: The Han

Empire, 206 bce-220 ce

The Han DynastyThe Han Dynasty206 bce-220 ce206 bce-220 ce

Liu Bang restored order and established Han Liu Bang restored order and established Han DynastyDynasty

Centralized Imperial ruleCentralized Imperial rule Emperor Han Wudi, “the Martial Emperor” 141-87 Emperor Han Wudi, “the Martial Emperor” 141-87

bcebce Military Prowess Military Prowess

Extended cultural influence over Korea, Extended cultural influence over Korea, Vietnam, Central Asia, MongoliaVietnam, Central Asia, Mongolia

Confucianism RestoredConfucianism Restored State philosophyState philosophy Honored and employed scholars in governmentHonored and employed scholars in government Instituted civil service exam systemInstituted civil service exam system Imperial University established 124 bce to Imperial University established 124 bce to

educate bureaucratseducate bureaucrats China’s most famous historian: Sima Qian China’s most famous historian: Sima Qian

(145-87 bce)(145-87 bce)

Han Science and TechnologyHan Science and Technology Inventions:Inventions:

PaperPaper PorcelainPorcelain CompassCompass SeismographSeismograph

Manufacture of Manufacture of SteelSteel

Museum of Earthquakes with Biography of Zhangheng, inventor of Seismograph

The first compass

Sima Qian Sima Qian (145-87 bce)(145-87 bce)

China’s most famous historianChina’s most famous historian ShijiShiji ( (史記史記 , "history record"), an overview of the history of , "history record"), an overview of the history of

China covering more than two thousand years from from the China covering more than two thousand years from from the earliest times to his own day during the reign of Emperor Han earliest times to his own day during the reign of Emperor Han Wudi Wudi

Historians regard Sima Qian’s work as their model, which Historians regard Sima Qian’s work as their model, which stands as the "official format" of the history of China.stands as the "official format" of the history of China.

In writing In writing ShijiShiji, Sima Qian initiated a new writing style by , Sima Qian initiated a new writing style by presenting history in a series of biographiespresenting history in a series of biographies

Emperor Han WudiEmperor Han Wudi “the Martial Emperor” “the Martial Emperor”

141-87 bce141-87 bce Military Prowess Military Prowess

Extended cultural influence over Korea, Extended cultural influence over Korea, Vietnam, Central Asia, MongoliaVietnam, Central Asia, Mongolia

Built enormous bureaucracy relying upon Built enormous bureaucracy relying upon Legalist Legalist principles of governmentprinciples of government

Established Imperial University 124 bce to Established Imperial University 124 bce to educate bureaucrats with educate bureaucrats with ConfucianismConfucianism as the as the curricular basiscurricular basis

Established long-distance trade along the Silk Established long-distance trade along the Silk Road as a result of information brought back by Road as a result of information brought back by the envoy the envoy Zhang QianZhang Qian

The Silk RoadThe Silk Road China to India, across Central Asia to Antioch, Baghdad, Alexandria China to India, across Central Asia to Antioch, Baghdad, Alexandria

and Romeand Rome TradeTrade

East to West: silk and spicesEast to West: silk and spices West to East: manufactured goods (glassware, jewelry, perfumes) West to East: manufactured goods (glassware, jewelry, perfumes)

and commodities such as olive oiland commodities such as olive oil Religious movements Religious movements

Buddhism to Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China Buddhism to Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China Hinduism to Southeast AsiaHinduism to Southeast Asia Christianity to Persia, India and China Christianity to Persia, India and China

EpidemicsEpidemics 2nd and 3rd c. ce Han and Roman Empires suffered large-scale 2nd and 3rd c. ce Han and Roman Empires suffered large-scale

epidemics: small pox, measles, bubonic plagueepidemics: small pox, measles, bubonic plague Population decline lead to economic and social changePopulation decline lead to economic and social change

ROME: ROME: The The

EmpireEmpire

Pax RomanaPax Romana27 bce - 180 ce27 bce - 180 ce

Caesar Augustus’ reign (27 bc-14 ad) considered Caesar Augustus’ reign (27 bc-14 ad) considered the Golden Age of Romethe Golden Age of Rome Establishment of law and civil order throughout EmpireEstablishment of law and civil order throughout Empire Rome became an international city Rome became an international city Public works: aqueducts, public baths, theatres, Public works: aqueducts, public baths, theatres,

marketplaces, roads, librariesmarketplaces, roads, libraries Economy rested on slavery: slaves ranged from field Economy rested on slavery: slaves ranged from field

laborers to secretaries, teachers, and artists -- often laborers to secretaries, teachers, and artists -- often earned enough to buy freedom earned enough to buy freedom

Roman Culture: LiteratureRoman Culture: Literature

Virgil’s Virgil’s AeneidAeneid Epic poem – provided foundation myth for Epic poem – provided foundation myth for

Roman EmpireRoman Empire Embodied Roman idealsEmbodied Roman ideals

Pater familiasPater familias Pius AeneasPius Aeneas Divine intervention in founding of RomeDivine intervention in founding of Rome

Favorite of Caesar AugustusFavorite of Caesar Augustus Ovid’s Ovid’s MetamorphosesMetamorphoses

Collection of classical myths from the Collection of classical myths from the Mediterranean rendered in poetic formMediterranean rendered in poetic form

Emphasized the continual nature of changeEmphasized the continual nature of change Exiled by Caesar AugustusExiled by Caesar Augustus

Aeneas carrying Father, Laertes, and leading Son, Ascanius, from Troy

Roman Culture: PhilosophyRoman Culture: Philosophy StoicismStoicism

Held that emotions like fear or envy either were, or arose from, false judgements Held that emotions like fear or envy either were, or arose from, false judgements The sage--a person who had attained moral and intellectual perfection--would not undergo The sage--a person who had attained moral and intellectual perfection--would not undergo

emotions: the sage is utterly immune to misfortune and virtue is sufficient for happiness. emotions: the sage is utterly immune to misfortune and virtue is sufficient for happiness. EpicureanismEpicureanism

Based upon the teachings of Epicurus (Based upon the teachings of Epicurus (cc. 340–. 340–cc. 270 BC), . 270 BC), A general attack on superstition and divine interventionA general attack on superstition and divine intervention The greatest good was to seek modest pleasures to attain a state of tranquility and freedom from The greatest good was to seek modest pleasures to attain a state of tranquility and freedom from

fear as well as absence of bodily pain through knowledge of the workings of the world and the fear as well as absence of bodily pain through knowledge of the workings of the world and the limits of desires.limits of desires.

Neo-PlatonismNeo-Platonism School of philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century ce, based on the teachings of Plato and earlier School of philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century ce, based on the teachings of Plato and earlier

PlatonistsPlatonists Human perfection and happiness were attainable in this world, without awaiting an afterlife. Perfection Human perfection and happiness were attainable in this world, without awaiting an afterlife. Perfection

and happiness could be achieved through philosophical contemplationand happiness could be achieved through philosophical contemplation

Roman CultureRoman Culture

TheatreTheatre Tragedy: SenecaTragedy: Seneca Comedy: Terence and Comedy: Terence and

PlautusPlautus

SpectacleSpectacle Gladiatorial Gladiatorial

CombatCombat Naval Naval

BattlesBattles Chariot Chariot

RacesRaces

ComparisonsComparisons RomeRome

Well organized bureaucracyWell organized bureaucracy founded on Roman law and founded on Roman law and classical learningclassical learning

Emphasis on Emphasis on familyfamily: : pater pater familiasfamilias

Reliance on Reliance on patricianspatricians: women : women gained power and property rights gained power and property rights within familieswithin families

EngineeringEngineering: roads, aqueducts, : roads, aqueducts, amphitheatres, domes, sewage amphitheatres, domes, sewage systems, central heating systems, central heating

InventionsInventions: concrete, the arch : concrete, the arch (probably Etruscan), (probably Etruscan), insulaeinsulae (apartment buildings)(apartment buildings)

Religion: Religion: Emperor as god, Emperor as god, paganism, mystery religions, paganism, mystery religions, introduction of Christianityintroduction of Christianity

ChinaChina Well organized bureaucracyWell organized bureaucracy

founded on Confucian ideals and founded on Confucian ideals and educationeducation

Emphasis on Emphasis on familyfamily, ancestors: , ancestors: patriarchalpatriarchal

Reliance on Reliance on gentry gentry as support: as support: good marriages afforded women good marriages afforded women more rightsmore rights

EngineeringEngineering: roads, canals, the : roads, canals, the Great WallGreat Wall

InventionsInventions: wheelbarrow, : wheelbarrow, gunpowder, printing press, gunpowder, printing press, compass, paper, paper currency compass, paper, paper currency (all before 1000 ad)(all before 1000 ad)

ReligionReligion: Confucianism, Taoism, : Confucianism, Taoism, native gods, introduction of native gods, introduction of BuddhismBuddhism

Empires in DeclineEmpires in Decline Imperial RomeImperial Rome Internal opposition:” barracks Internal opposition:” barracks

emperors”emperors” Difficulties in administering vast Difficulties in administering vast

empire lead to division of empire lead to division of authority and rivalryauthority and rivalry

Eastern and Western Empire: Eastern and Western Empire: Constantine moved capitol of Constantine moved capitol of Empire to ConstantinopleEmpire to Constantinople

Germanic invasions by Vandals, Germanic invasions by Vandals, Ostrogoths, and VisigothsOstrogoths, and Visigoths

410 ce Visigoths sacked Rome410 ce Visigoths sacked Rome 476 ce Odawacer deposed the 476 ce Odawacer deposed the

last Western Roman Emperorlast Western Roman Emperor 5th c. Eastern Roman Empire 5th c. Eastern Roman Empire

became known as Byzantine became known as Byzantine EmpireEmpire

Han ChinaHan China Infighting among ruling elitesInfighting among ruling elites Inequitable distribution of Inequitable distribution of

land -- tax burden fell on land -- tax burden fell on peasants rather than on large peasants rather than on large landownerslandowners

Series of peasant rebellionsSeries of peasant rebellions Usurpation of political Usurpation of political

authority by generals -- allied authority by generals -- allied themselves with landlords themselves with landlords and became warlordsand became warlords

220 ce: generals divided 220 ce: generals divided empire into 3 kingdomsempire into 3 kingdoms

Emigration of nomadic Emigration of nomadic peoples into N. China kept peoples into N. China kept the country disunitedthe country disunited

CHINA and ROMECHINA and ROME

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