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Striding infantryman, China.
India and China Establish Empires,400 B.C.– A.D. 550
India and China establish powerful empires and develop strong, vibrant cultures.
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India and China Establish Empires,400 B.C.– A.D. 550
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
India’s First Empires
Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture
Han Emperors in China
Map
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Section 1
India’s First Empires The Mauryas and the Guptas establish empires, but neither unifies India permanently.
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The Mauryan Empire Is Established
India’s First Empires
Chandragupta Maurya Seizes Power• In 321 B.C., Chandragupta Maurya seizes power,
starts Mauryan Empire
Chandragupta Maurya Unifies North India• Chandragupta defeats Seleucus I; north India
united for first time• Chandragupta uses taxes to support his large army
SECTION
1
Running the Empire• Chandragupta’s chief adviser is Kautilya, a priest• Chandragupta creates bureaucratic government• He divides the government to make it easier to rule
Continued . . .
Map
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continued The Mauryan Empire Is Established
SECTION
1
Life in the City and the Country• A Greek ambassador writes glowing praise of the
empire• Chandragupta’s son rules from 301 to 269 B.C., 32
years• Asoka—Chandragupta’s grandson, brings the
empire to its height
Image
Asoka Promotes Buddhism• After a bloody war with Kalinga, Asoka promotes
Buddhism and peace• Preaches religious toleration—accepting people of
different religions• Builds roads, with wells along them
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A Period of Turmoil
SECTION
1
The Breakup of the Mauryan Empire• Asoka dies in 232 B.C.; kingdoms in central India
soon break away• The Andhra Dynasty dominates central India for
centuries• Northern India receives immigrants from Greece,
other parts of Asia• Tamils—a people living in southern India—
remain separate and frequently war with rival peoples
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The Gupta Empire Is Established
SECTION
1
Chandra Gupta Builds an Empire• Chandra Gupta marries into kingship in north
India in A.D. 320• Starts Gupta Empire—India’s second empire;
flowering of Indian civilization, especially Hindu culture
• His son Samudra Gupta expands empire with conquest
Continued . . .
Map
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Daily Life in India• Majority of Indians are farmers; entire family
raises crops together• Families are patriarchal—headed by the eldest
male• Farmers have to contribute work to government
and pay heavy taxes• Some Tamil families are matriarchal—led by
mother rather than father
continued The Gupta Empire Is Established
SECTION
1
Continued . . .
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Height of the Gupta Empire• Chandra Gupta II rules from A.D. 375–415• He defeats the Shakas and adds western coast
to empire• Gupta Empire sees flourishing of arts, religion,
and science• After Chandra Gupta II dies, the empire declines
continued The Gupta Empire Is Established
SECTION
1
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Indian religions, culture, and science evolve and spread to other regions through trade.
Section 2
Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture
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Buddhism and Hinduism Change
Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture
Traditional Hindu and Buddhist Beliefs• Hinduism blends Aryan and other beliefs; belief in
many gods• To Buddhists, desire causes suffering but suffering
can be overcome
SECTION
2
Continued . . .
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continued Buddhism and Hinduism Change
SECTION
2
A More Popular Form of Buddhism• Belief in bodhisattvas develops—potential
Buddhas who save humanity• Mahayana sect—Buddhists accepting new
doctrines of worship, salvation• Theravada sect—Buddhists who follow original
teachings of Buddha• Wealthy Buddhist merchants build stupas—
stone structures over relics
Continued . . .
Image
Image
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continued Buddhism and Hinduism Change
A Hindu Rebirth• Hinduism is remote from people by time of Mauryan
Empire• Hinduism moves toward monotheism; gods part of
one divine force• Chief gods:
Brahma—creator of the worldVishnu—preserver of the worldShiva—destroyer of the world
SECTION
2
Image
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Achievements of Indian Culture
Literature and the Performing Arts• Kalidasa—poet and dramatist, one of India’s
greatest writers • His skillful and emotionally stirring plays still
popular• Madurai writing academies create literature;
2,000 Tamil poems survive• Drama and dance troupes gain popularity and
travel widely
SECTION
2
Continued . . .
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continued Achievements of Indian Culture
Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine• Ocean trade leads to advances in astronomy• Indian astronomers in Gupta Empire prove that world
is round• Mathematicians develop idea of zero and decimal
system• Doctors write medical guides and make advances in
surgery
SECTION
2
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The Spread of Indian Trade
India’s Valuable Resources• India has spices, diamonds, precious stones, and
good quality wood Overland Trade, East and West• Trade routes called Silk Roads connect Asia and
Europe• Indians build trading posts to take advantage of
the Silk Roads
SECTION
2
Sea Trade, East and West• Indian merchants carry goods to Rome by sea• Merchants trade by sea with Africa, Arabia,
China, Southeast Asia
Continued . . .
Image
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continued The Spread of Indian Trade
Effects of Indian Trade• Increased trade leads to rise of banking• Bankers lend money to merchants, careful of degree
of risk• Increased trade spreads Indian culture to other
places• Trade brings Hinduism, Buddhism to other lands
SECTION
2
Interactive
Section 3
Han Emperors in China The Han Dynasty expands China’s borders and develops a system of government that lasts for centuries.
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The Han Restore Unity to China
Han Emperors in China
Troubled Empire• In Qin Dynasty peasants resent high taxes and harsh
labor, rebel
SECTION
3
Continued . . .
Liu Bang Founds the Han Dynasty• Liu Bang defeats Xiang Yu, a rival for power, and
founds Han Dynasty• Han Dynasty—begins in 202 B.C., lasts 400 years• Han Dynasty has great influence on Chinese people,
culture• Liu Bang establishes centralized government—a
central authority rules• Liu Bang lowers taxes and reduces punishments to
keep people happy
Interactive
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The Empress Lü• Liu Bang dies in 195 B.C.; wife Lü seizes control
of empire• Empress Lü rules for her young son, outlives him• Palace plots and power plays occur throughout
Han Dynasty
continued The Han Restore Unity to China
SECTION
3
The Martial Emperor• Liu Bang’s great-grandson Wudi rules from 141 to
87 B.C.• “Martial Emperor” Wudi defeats Xiongnu
(nomads) and mountain tribes• Colonizes Manchuria, Korea, and as far south as
what is now Vietnam
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A Highly Structured Society
Emperor’s Role• Chinese believe their emperor has authority to
rule from god• Believe prosperity reward of good rule; troubles
reveal poor rule
Structures of Han Government• Complex bureaucracy runs Han government• People pay taxes and supply labor, military service• Government uses peasant labor to carry out public
projects
SECTION
3
Chart
Continued . . .
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Confucianism, the Road to Success• Wudi’s government employs 130,000;
bureaucracy of 18 ranks of jobs• Civil service jobs—government jobs obtained
through examinations• Job applicants begin to be tested on knowledge
of Confucianism• Wudi favors Confucian scholars, builds school to
train them• Only sons of wealthy can afford expensive
schooling• Civil service system works well, continues until
1912
continued A Highly Structured Society
SECTION
3
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Han Technology, Commerce, and Culture
Technology Revolutionizes Chinese Life• Invention of paper in A.D. 105 helps spread
education• Collar harness, plow, wheelbarrow improve
farming
SECTION
3
Image
Agriculture Versus Commerce• As population grows, farming regarded as important activity• Government allows monopolies—control by one
group over key industries• Techniques for producing silk become state secret
as profits increase
Chart
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The Han Unifies Chinese Culture
Bringing Different Peoples Under Chinese Rule• To unify empire, Chinese government encourages
assimilation• Assimilation—integrating conquered peoples into
Chinese culture• Writers encourage unity by recording Chinese history
SECTION
3
Women’s Roles—Wives, Nuns, and Scholars• Most women work in the home and on the farm• Some upper-class women are educated, run shops,
practice medicine
Image
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The Fall of the Han and Their Return
The Rich Take Advantage of the Poor• Large landowners gain control of more and more land• Gap between rich and poor increases
SECTION
3
Wang Mang Overthrows the Han• Economic problems and weak emperors cause
political instability• In A.D. 9, Wang Mang seizes power and stabilizes
empire• Wang Mang is assassinated in A.D. 23; Han soon
regain control
The Later Han Years• Peace restored, Later Han Dynasty lasts until A.D. 220
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