Childhood Immunization

By: Faiza M.

Outline Intro

– What is immunization?Main Topics

– History– How do vaccines work? – Types of vaccines – Global incidence of diseases – 5 important reasons to vaccinate your child– Importance of vaccines in Pregnancy– Comeback of childhood diseases – Vaccine Preventable Childhood Diseases– Influenza throughout history – Flu vaccine – Dubai Health Authority – National immunization schedule – Vaccine storage and the cold chain – Ongoing vaccine debate – Myth or Fact

Conclusion– Questions

What is Immunization?• Immunization, or immunization, is the process by

which an individual's immune system becomes protected against an agent (known as the immunogen).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SduMbjW2V9A

• Immunization systems protect our children • Children deserve full access to all vaccines they need• Immunization is the foundation of good public health • Vaccinating your children is the best way to keep them

safe from many serious and potentially deadly diseases

History1796

Jenner: cowpox vaccine

1885Pasteur: rabies

prophylaxis

1974 EPI: WHO

1985UIP: India

1991Child vaccine

initiative: international

agencies support

1993WHO - GVAP

1999Global alliance for

vaccine & imm.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rb7TVW77ZCs

How do vaccines work?

Types of Vaccines

Type of Vaccine Description Live attenuated vaccines[eg. Mumps, rubella, chickenpox]

• Contain modified version of the living microbe that has been weakened in the lab so it can’t cause disease

Inactivated Viral or Bacterial vaccine[eg. ]

• More stable and safer than live vaccines • Stimulate weaker immune system response

Subunit vaccines • Include only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system

• Adverse reactions to the vaccine lower

Toxoid vaccines • Used when a bacterial toxin is main cause of illness

Conjugate vaccines • Used to get around problem of polysaccharide coatings

DNA vaccines • Take vaccines to a new technological level • Dispense with both the whole organism and

its parts

Global annual reported incidence of Measles

Global annual reported incidence of Polio

5 Important Reasons to Vaccinate Your Child • 1. Immunzations can save your child’s life

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFIHQMN-2NE

5 Important Reasons to Vaccinate Your Child • 2. Vaccination is very safe and effective

• Vaccines only given after long careful review

• Vaccines can cause pain, redness and tenderness

• Rare serious side effects - allergic reaction

• Disease-prevention benefits of vaccines greater than possible side effects of actual disease

5 Important Reasons to Vaccinate Your Child • 3. Immunization protects others you care about

5 Important Reasons to Vaccinate Your Child • 4. Immunizations can save your family time and money• Child with vaccine-preventable

disease could be denied attendance at certain schools

• Some diseases can result in long-lasting disabilities

• Diseases can be expensive and time consuming to treat

• Getting vaccinated is a more beneficial investment

5 Important Reasons to Vaccinate Your Child

• 5. Immunization protects future generations

• Vaccines have reduced, in some cases eliminated many diseases

• Vaccinating to be mothers can significantly reduce the risk of pregnant women passing on rubella to their fetus

• Continuing vaccines will aid in slowing the spread of diseases and eventual eradication

Importance of vaccines before and during pregnancy • Common vaccines to consider before and during pregnancy

– Rubella• Very dangerous for fetus • Infection in unborn baby can lead to deafness, cataracts, cardiac defects,

mental retardation, bone damage– Hepatitis B

• Fetus could develop liver problems – Seasonal flu vaccines

• Being immunized will help both mother and baby stay protected – Tetanus

• This vaccine is usually mandatory for expecting mothers

Comeback of childhood diseases

Comeback of childhood diseases

Vaccine Preventable Childhood Diseases Vaccine Preventable Disease

Why to get shot? Side effects of shot How to Manage

Chickenpox (varicella)

• Protects child from potentially deadly disease

• Prevents child from feeling itchy and uncomfortable from chickenpox

• Saves child from missing school or childcare

• Soreness, redness, or swelling where the shot

• Fever• Mild rash

• Panadol (paracetamol syrup)

• Continuously check fever

Polio • Protects child from polio, a potentially serious disease

• Prevents child from developing lifelong paralysis

• Temporary redness and pain at injection site

• Check with medical professional if pain pro-longs after few days

Measles • Protects child from measles, mumps, & rubella

• Prevents child from uncomfortable rash and high fever

• Mild fever or rash • Serious side effects

rare • High fever could lead

to seizure (1 in 3000)• Temporary pain and

stiffness in joints

• Don’t wear too many layers of clothes/blankets

• Give plenty of fluids

Flu (influenza)

• Prevents child from spreading flu including infants 6 months and younger who are too young to get vaccine

• Can cause mild side effects

• Achy, sore arm• Side effects last 1-2

days

• Panadol (paracetamol)

• Lots of fluids• Less layers

Influenza [flu] throughout History • Spanish Influenza: 1918 – 1919

• Illness and mortality rates high among young adults • Waves of infection spread fast through nations and continents• Killed approx. 50 million people worldwide

• Asian Influenza: 1957 -1958• Surfaced in China • Killed approx. 2 million

• Hong Kong Flu: 1968 – 1969• Spread from Asia to North America• Vaccine made but not produced early enough

• Avian Flu Threat 1997 – present • Virus passed from birds to humans • Number of people did die

• H1N1 Influenza: 2009 • First appeared in Mexico and spread to US• Virus origin from pigs

Flu/Influenza VaccinePROS CONS

• Getting shot reduces risk of getting flu by 70%

• Can get nasal spray instead of injection

• If you don’t get the flu to begin with you won’t be prone to get serious complications like trouble breathing, pneumonia & even death

• For elderly and chronic disease patients the shot cuts risk of dying by about 80%

• Getting shot early in season will protect you for whole season

• Still a 20% chance of developing flu after shot

• This year you will need 2 vaccines – seasonal flu + H1N1

• Side effects = soreness, redness, swelling

• Can’t get flu vaccine if you’re younger than 6 mo., allergic to eggs or have had a severe reaction to flu shot before

Dubai Health Authority [DHA] – Immunization Guidelines • Routes of Administrating Vaccines

– Intradermal injections • Delivered into dermis (top layer of skin)

– Subcutaneous injections • needle given in top layers of skin • area of insertion does not need to be rubbed or moved

– Intramuscular injections• given in muscle tissue below the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of skin • area of insertion does need to be rubbed and moved to make sure the liquid

does not stay in one area

National Immunization Schedule National immunization schedule UAE for children between 0-6 years

Vaccine Storage and the Cold Chain • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgXqsajbwvo

Ongoing Vaccine Debate

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJEiNZBYatw

MYTH OR FACT1. Better hygiene and sanitation will make diseases

disappear – vaccines are not needed. = 2. Vaccines interact with the immune system to produce

an immune response similar to that produced by the natural infection, but they do not cause the disease. =

3. Influenza is much more serious than people believe. Pregnant women, small children, elderly people with poor health and people suffering with chronic conditions are at a higher risk for severe infection and death. =

4. Some diseases are almost eliminated from my country, so there is no reason to be vaccinated. =

Thank You