Chicago Manual Guide

7/30/2019 Chicago Manual Guide

1/8

1

HUNTER COLLEGE READING/WRITING CENTER

THE DOCUMENTED ESSAY/RESEARCH PAPER

Documentation Styles: Chicago Manual of Style Documentation

The Chicago Manual of Style provides a guide for documentation used widely in the humanities,especially history, literature, and the arts, as well as by many professional authors and editors.

The manual features two basic documentation systems: (1) notes and bibliography; and (2) the

author-date system. With the notes and bibliography system, bibliographic citations are provided

in notes (either footnotes or endnotes). The bibliography should include all works cited in the

notes; therefore, the note citationseven the first citation to a particular workcan be quite

concise, since readers can turn to the bibliography for publication details and other information.

Chicago recommends this practice as user-friendly and economicalduplication of information

is minimized.

ESSENTIAL INFORMATION

The main goal of documentation is to provide sufficient information for a reader to locate the

sources consulted or cited in a work. A system will have formats for documenting a variety of

types of print sources as well as those from electronic or other non-print media.

In general, documentation of all sources should include author, title, and date

of publication.

Documentation of books must also include the location and name of the

publisher.

Documentation of periodicals (e.g., journals, newspapers) usually includes the

name of the periodical and volume and issue numbers as applicable.

For non-print sources, the medium is generally indicated (e.g., sound

recording, television broadcast), and for online sources, retrievalinformation (i.e., Internet address) and date of access may also be

required.

The Hunter College Department of History requires that students use the notes andbibliography system for the documented essay/research paper. The notes and

bibliography system is described below in detail and a full range of examples of

notes and bibliographic entries are provided for reference. For information about

the author-date system, consult The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition (2003).


2/8

2

NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY SYSTEM

Citations are indicated within your work by raised numerals following any

quoted or paraphrased material.

The numbered notes with bibliographic information are provided either at the

bottom of each page (footnotes) or at the end of the work (endnotes). Numbered notes follow either the short note system or the full note system.

In works with a full bibliography, the short note system is recommended

as it reduces the duplication of information in notes and bibliography.

A bibliography, providing a list, alphabetized by author, of all works cited,

appears at the end of the work.

Below is an example of a single citation as it would be indicated within a text, in each of the

two note systems, and in a bibliography:

In-Text Citation

In the text, indicate notes with a superscript (raised) numeral following a quotation or

information from a source. Place the numeral after all punctuation.

Bruno Bettelheim discusses three ways by which man has dealt with the

inescapability of death, through acceptance or resignation, through denial, and

through efforts at temporary mastery.1

Short Note

Notes are numbered with numeral on the line (not a superscript), indented five spaces, and

followed by a period. Only the last name of the author is used. Use a comma after the authors

name and also after the title of the work. Notes end with a period.

1. Bettelheim,Surviving and Other Essays, 10.

Full Note

Notes are numbered with numeral on the line, indented five spaces, and followed by a period.

Authors full name, not inverted, is used. Publication information appears within parentheses.

Use a comma to separate authors name from title of work and publication information from page

numbers. Notes end with a period.

1. Bruno Bettelheim,Surviving and Other Essays (New York: Random House,

Inc., 1979), 10.


3/8

3

Bibliographic Entry

Bibliographic entries are listed in alphabetical order by authors last name. The first line of

entries appears at the margin of the page, with any subsequent lines of an entry being indented

five spaces. (This is called a hanging indent.) The authors name is inverted with a comma

between last and first name. Periods are placed after the authors name, after the title, and at the

end of each entry. Punctuation of publication information depends upon the type of source used,

e.g., book, periodical, online article. See below under sample Chicago Style entries.

Bettelheim, Bruno.Surviving and Other Essays. New York: Random House, Inc.,

1979.

SPECIAL SHORT FORMS

The Chicago Manual includes a number of shortened forms for notes and bibliography. The twomost common forms, described here, are used for multiple notes or bibliographic entries from the

same source.

Use of the Abbreviation Ibid.

For successive notes from the same source, the abbreviation ibid. (meaning in the same place)

may be substituted for all of the information in the first entry except page number, if different.

1. Bruno Bettelheim,Surviving and other Essays (New York: Random House,

Inc., 1979), 10.

2. Ibid., 15.

3. Ibid., 23.

Use of the 3-em Dash

For successive entries in a bibliography by the same author(s) or editor(s), a 3-em dash, followed

by a period (or by a comma for an entry listed by editor), replaces the names after the first

appearance.

Bettelheim, Bruno.Surviving and Other Essays, New York: Random House, Inc.,

1979.

. The Uses of Enchantment. New York: Knopf, 1976.


4/8

4

SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRIES

FOR A BOOK WITH ONE AUTHOR

Short Note

1. Ehrenreich,Nickle and Dimed, 198.

Full Note

1. Barbara Ehrenreich,Nickle and Dimed: On Not Getting By in America

(New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2001), 198.

Bibliographic Entry

Ehrenreich, Barbara.Nickle and Dimed: On Not Getting By in America. New York:

Henry Holt and Company, 2001.

An editors name may be used if there is no author. The name of the editor should be followed

by the abbreviation ed. (or eds. for two or more). If no author or editor is listed, begin with

the title.

FOR A BOOK WITH TWO OR MORE AUTHORS

If there are two authors, list the names of both authors in notes and bibliographic entry. In the

bibliography, only the name of the first author listed should be inverted.

Short Note

2. Lakoff and Johnson,Metaphors We Live By, 47.

Full Note

2. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson,Metaphors We Live By (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1980), 47.

Bibliographic Entry

Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson.Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 1980.

If there are more than two authors, list only the first author, followed by a comma and the

words et al. which means and others.


5/8

5

FOR A WORK IN A BOOK WITH MULTIPLE AUTHORS

The title of a work within a larger work is not italicized and goes in quotation marks.

Short Note

3. Fromm, Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem, 362.

Full Note

3. Erich Fromm, Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem, in

Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum, 8th ed., eds. Laurence Behrens and

Leonard J. Rosen (New York: Longman, 2003), 362.

Bibliographic Entry

Fromm, Erich. Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem. In Writingand Reading Across the Curriculum, 8th ed., edited by Laurence Behrens and

Leonard J. Rosen, 360-364. New York: Longman, 2003.

FOR A BOOK WITH NO AUTHOR

When no authors name appears on the title page, a work is listed by the name(s) or the editor(s),

compiler(s), or translator(s). In full notes and in bibliographic entries, the abbreviation ed. or

eds., comp. orcomps, ortrans. follows the name(s) and is preceded by a comma.

In short notes the abbreviation is eliminated.

Short Note

4. Silverstein,Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 34.

Full Note

4. Theorore Silverstein, trans.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. (Chicgo:

University of Chicago Press, 1974), 34.

Bibliographic Entry

Silverstein, Theodore, trans.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Chicago: University

of Chicago Press. 1974.


6/8

6

FOR AN ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL

Titles of articles in journals appear in quotation marks. The name of the journal is italicized.

Volume, issue, and date appear as applicable following the name of the journal, with the volume

number immediately following the journal name, a comma, and then the number preceded by

no. for number, and the date, quarter, or year appearing in parentheses. The page number of

the citation appears at the end of the note, while the inclusive pages of the entire article appear in

the bibliographic entry.

Short Note

5. Goebel, Berlins Architectural Citations, 1275.

Full Note

5. Rolf J. Goebel, Berlins Architectural Citations: Reconstruction,

Simulation, and the Problem of Historical Authenticity,PMLA 118, no. 5 (Oct.2003), 1275.

Bibliographic Entry

Goebel, Rolf J. Berlins Architectural Citations: Reconstruction, Simulation, and

the Problem of Historical Authenticity.PMLA 118, no. 5 (Oct. 2003): 1268-

1289.

FOR AN ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER

Notes and bibliographic entries for magazine and newspaper articles are very similar to those for

journals, except that volume and issue number are not included, even where they may occur. The

date is included without parentheses.

Short Note

6. Gatto, Against School, 34.

Full Note

6. John Taylor Gatto, Against School: How Public Education Cripples OurKids, and Why,Harpers, August 2003, 34.

Bibliographic Entry

Gatto, John Taylor. Against School: How Public Education Cripples our Kids, and

Why.Harpers August 2003, 33-38.


7/8

7

FOR AN ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE JOURNAL, MAGAZINE, OR NEWSPAPER

Use the same format listed above for print journals, magazines, and newspapers. In addition,

provide the URL and, in the case of time-sensitive material, the date of access.

Online sources often do not have page numbers. In such cases, an alternate description, e.g.,

paragraph number or sub-section, may be used to help a reader locate the citation. For shortworks, no such descriptive locator is necessary.

Short Note

7. Stenger, Tiny Human-Borne Monitoring Devise Sparks Privacy Fears.

Full Note

7. Richard Stenger, Tiny Human-Borne Monitoring Device Sparks Privacy

Fears, CNN.com, December 20, 1999,

http://www.cnn.com/1999/TECH/ptech/12/20/implant device/.

Bibliographic Entry

Stenger, Richard. Tiny Human-Borne Monitoring Device Sparks Privacy Fears,

CNN.com, December 20, 1999.

Http://www.cnn.com/1999/TECH/ptech/12/20/implant device/.

FOR INFORMALLY PUBLISHED ELECTRONIC MATERIAL

Information available on the Internet is often posted without complete publication information,

and sometimes even without an author or title listed. However, a URL alone is not sufficient

for either notes or bibliography.

For original content from online sources, include as much of the following information as

is available: author, name of site, owner of site, URL, and date of access.

Short Note

8. Worley, Fat and Happy.

Full Note.

8. Mary Ray Worley, Fat and Happy: In Defense of Fat Acceptance,

NAAFA, http://www.NAAFA.org/.
http://www.cnn.com/1999/TECH/ptech/12/20/implanthttp://http//www.cnn.com/1999/TECH/ptech/12/20/implanthttp://www.naafa.org/http://www.naafa.org/http://http//www.cnn.com/1999/TECH/ptech/12/20/implanthttp://www.cnn.com/1999/TECH/ptech/12/20/implant


8/8

8

Bibliographic Entry

Worley, Mary Ray. Fat and Happy: In Defense of Fat Acceptance. NAAFA.

Http://www.NAAFA.org/.

If author and/or title are not available, some kind of descriptive information must be provided toidentify not only where a source is located but what type of source it is.

9. John Powell, e-mail to Grapevine mailing list, April 1998,

http://www.electriceditors.net/.

10. Camp Taconic Alumni, 1955 photo gallery,

http://taconicalumni.org/1955.html.

The Chicago Manual recommends not including informal sources such as personal

communications, home pages, and emails in the bibliography.
http://http//www.NAAFA.org/http://www.electriceditors.net/http://taconicalumni.org/1955.html.http://taconicalumni.org/1955.html.http://www.electriceditors.net/http://http//www.NAAFA.org/

Documents

Chicago Manual Guide