S.CHAND'S

ENGINEERINGCHEMISTRY

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S.CHAND'S

ENGINEERINGCHEMISTRY

For B.E. Ist Semester Students of RTM Nagpur University,Nagpur as per New Syllabus

Dr. S.S. DARAM.Sc., Ph.D.

Former Professor and HeadDepartment of Applied Chemistry

Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology(Formerly VRCE),NAGPUR–440010

Dr. S.S. UMAREM.Sc., Ph.D.

Professor and HeadDepartment of Applied Chemistry

Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology(Formerly VRCE),NAGPUR–440010

S. CHAND & COMPANY PVT. LTD.(An ISO 9001 : 2008 Company)

RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI - 110 055

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S. CHAND & COMPANY PVT. LTD.(An ISO 9001 : 2008 Company)Head Office: 7361, RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI - 110 055Phone: 23672080-81-82, 9899107446, 9911310888Fax: 91-11-23677446Shop at: schandgroup.com; e-mail: info@schandgroup.com

Branches :AHMEDABAD : 1st Floor, Heritage, Near Gujarat Vidhyapeeth, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad - 380 014,

Ph: 27541965, 27542369, ahmedabad@schandgroup.comBENGALURU : No. 6, Ahuja Chambers, 1st Cross, Kumara Krupa Road, Bengaluru - 560 001,

Ph: 22268048, 22354008, bangalore@schandgroup.comBHOPAL : Bajaj Tower, Plot No. 243, Lala Lajpat Rai Colony, Raisen Road, Bhopal - 462 011,

Ph: 4274723. bhopal@schandgroup.comCHANDIGARH : S.C.O. 2419-20, First Floor, Sector - 22-C (Near Aroma Hotel), Chandigarh -160 022,

Ph: 2725443, 2725446, chandigarh@schandgroup.comCHENNAI : No.1, Whites Road, Near Clock Tower, Royapettah, Chennai 600014

chennai@schandgroup.comCOIMBATORE : 1790, Trichy Road, LGB Colony, Ramanathapuram, Coimbatore -6410045,

Ph: 0422-2323620, 4217136 coimbatore@schandgroup.com (Marketing Office)CUTTACK : 1st Floor, Bhartia Tower, Badambadi, Cuttack - 753 009, Ph: 2332580; 2332581,

cuttack@schandgroup.comDEHRADUN : 1st Floor, 20, New Road, Near Dwarka Store, Dehradun - 248 001,

Ph: 2711101, 2710861, dehradun@schandgroup.comGUWAHATI : Pan Bazar, Guwahati - 781 001, Ph: 2738811, 2735640 guwahati@schandgroup.comHYDERABAD : Padma Plaza, H.No. 3-4-630, Opp. Ratna College, Narayanaguda, Hyderabad - 500 029,

Ph: 24651135, 24744815, hyderabad@schandgroup.comJAIPUR : 1st Floor, Nand Plaza, Hawa Sadak, Ajmer Road, Jaipur - 302 006,

Ph: 2219175, 2219176, jaipur@schandgroup.comJALANDHAR : Mai Hiran Gate, Jalandhar - 144 008, Ph: 2401630, 5000630, jalandhar@schandgroup.comKOCHI : Kachapilly Square, Mullassery Canal Road, Ernakulam, Kochi - 682 011, Ph: 2378207,

cochin@schandgroup.comKOLKATA : 285/J, Bipin Bihari Ganguli Street, Kolkata - 700 012, Ph: 22367459, 22373914,

kolkata@schandgroup.comLUCKNOW : Mahabeer Market, 25 Gwynne Road, Aminabad, Lucknow - 226 018, Ph: 2626801, 2284815,

lucknow@schandgroup.comMUMBAI : Blackie House, 103/5, Walchand Hirachand Marg, Opp. G.P.O., Mumbai - 400 001,

Ph: 22690881, 22610885, mumbai@schandgroup.comNAGPUR : Karnal Bag, Model Mill Chowk, Umrer Road, Nagpur - 440 032, Ph: 2723901, 2777666

nagpur@schandgroup.comPATNA : 104, Citicentre Ashok, Govind Mitra Road, Patna - 800 004, Ph: 2300489, 2302100,

patna@schandgroup.comPUNE : 291/1, Ganesh Gayatri Complex, 1st Floor, Somwarpeth, Near Jain Mandir,

Pune - 411 011, Ph: 64017298, pune@schandgroup.com (Marketing Office)RAIPUR : Kailash Residency, Plot No. 4B, Bottle House Road, Shankar Nagar, Raipur - 492 007,

Ph: 09981200834, raipur@schandgroup.com (Marketing Office)RANCHI : Flat No. 104, Sri Draupadi Smriti Apartments, East of Jaipal Singh Stadium, Neel Ratan Street,

Upper Bazar, Ranchi - 834 001, Ph: 2208761,ranchi@schandgroup.com (Marketing Office)

SILIGURI : 122, Raja Ram Mohan Roy Road, East Vivekanandapally, P.O., Siliguri-734001,Dist., Jalpaiguri, (W.B.) Ph. 0353-2520750 (Marketing Office)

VISAKHAPATNAM: Plot No. 7, 1st Floor, Allipuram Extension, Opp. Radhakrishna Towers, SeethammadharaNorth Extn., Visakhapatnam - 530 013, (M) 09347580841,visakhapatnam@schandgroup.com (Marketing Office)

© 2013, Dr. S.S. Dara & Dr. S.S. UmareAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any material form (includingphoto copying or storing it in any medium in form of graphics, electronic or mechanical means and whetheror not transient or incidental to some other use of this publication) without written permission of the copyrightowner. Any breach of this will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice.Jurisdiction : All disputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts,tribunals and forums of New Delhi, India only.First Edition 2013

ISBN : 81-219-9765-8 Code : 10 557PRINTED IN INDIA

By Rajendra Ravindra Printers Pvt. Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110 055and published by S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055.

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PREFACEThis book is written exclusively for the students of various branches of engineering in

accordance with the latest RTM Nagpur University syllabus, which caters to the requirementof their 1st semester of engineering. This book leads support for their conviction that theengineering graduates who knows the difference in chemical properties of material and whounderstand the general chemical principles on which their behaviour depends will prove to bea better and more successful engineer than one who does not.

This book embodies 5 chapters. Each chapter consists of methodical introduction,historical background, discussion of basic physico-chemical principles involved, practicalapplications and significance. Chapter on Water Technology and Corrosion also containsystematic methods of solving problems on water softening and corrosion behaviour followedby several worked out examples. Chapter on Green Chemistry explained all the twelve principalsof Green Chemistry along with the examples related to the each principle and the new innovativeapproaches are discussed. Further at the end enquiring questions on all the chapters are given.The author sincerely acknowledges the valuable suggestions of all the colleagues teachingEngineering Chemistry in VNIT Nagpur and in different colleges of RTM Nagpur University,Nagpur as Dr. J.D. Ekhe, Dr. A. Kumar, Dr. C. Das. Prof. R.J. Batra, Dr. R.S. Dhiren, Prof.P.M. Randiwe, Prof. N.T. Khaty, Prof. P.M. Rao, Dr. J.R. Dontulwar, Dr. R.J. Weginwar, Prof.A.B. Bhake, Prof. P.T. Kosankar, Prof. P. Chaudhari, Dr. K. Gaur, Dr. A.R. Chaudhari and Dr.A.M. Sudame.

The authors wishes to express sincere appreciation to Shri. Bhagirath Kaushik, VicePresident (Sales and Marketing), Vijay Shribas, Branch Manager and Mr. Miland Kapse –Editorial Executive, Management team and Editorial Department of S.Chand & CompanyPvt. Ltd for all help and support in publication of this book.

The author invites constructive comments/suggestions for the improvement of objectiveof this book.

AUTHORS

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Disclaimer : While the authors of this book have made every effort to avoid any mistake or omission and have used their skill,expertise and knowledge to the best of their capacity to provide accurate and updated information. The authors and S. Chanddoes not give any representation or warranty with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication andare selling this publication on the condition and understanding that they shall not be made liable in any manner whatsoever.S.Chand and the authors expressly disclaim all and any liability/responsibility to any person, whether a purchaser or reader of thispublication or not, in respect of anything and everything forming part of the contents of this publication. S. Chand shall not beresponsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of the information contained in this publication.Further, the appearance of the personal name, location, place and incidence, if any; in the illustrations used herein is purelycoincidental and work of imagination. Thus the same should in no manner be termed as defamatory to any individual.

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SYLLABUSR.T.M. Nagpur University B.E. I Semster

Engineering Chemistry (BESI-3T)(Total Credits : 03)

Teaching Scheme Examination SchemeLectures : 2 Hours/Week TheoryTutorial : 1 Hours/ Week T (U) : 40 Marks T (I) : 10 Marks

Duraton of University Exam. : 02 Hours

UNIT – I : WATER TECHNOLOGY (12 Hrs)H a r d n e s s o f w a t e r a n d t y p e s o f h a r d n e s sD o m e s t i c w a t e r t r e a t m e n t : B r i e f d i s c u s s i o n o f c o a g u l a t i o n a n d s t e r i l i z a t i o n u s i n g U V .

O z o n e , c h l o r i n e , B r e a k p o i n t c h l o r i n a t i o n .S o f t e n i n g o f w a t e r - p r i n c i p l e , r e a c t i o n s , a d v a n t a g e s , l i m i t a t i o n s a n d C o m p a r i s o n o f - L i m e - S o d a

p r o c e s s , Z e o l i t e p r o c e s s , a n d d e - m i n e r a l i z a t i o n p r o c e s s .B o i l e r T r o u b l e s - ( c a u s e s , e f f e c t o n b o i l e r o p e r a t i o n a n d m e t h o d s o f p r e v e n t i o n ) - C a r r y o v e r - p r i m i n g

a n d f o a m i n g ; S c a l e s a n d s l u d g e s , c a u s t i c e m b r i t t l e m e n t , b o i l e r c o r r o s i o n ; i n t e r n a l c o n d i t i o n i n g -p h o s p h a t e , c a r b o n a t e , c a l g o n c o n d i t i o n i n g .

N u m e r i c a l s b a s e d o n l i m e - s o d a a n d Z e o l i t e p r o c e s s .D e s a l i n a t i o n - u s i n g e l e c t r o d i a l y s i s a n d r e v e r s e o s m o s i s p r o c e s s e s .W a s t e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t ( i n t r o d u c t i o n a n d i m p o r t a n c e ) - B r i e f i d e a a b o u t t e r t i a r y t r e a t m e n t

m e t h o d s .

UNIT – II: CORROSION SCIENCE (10 Hrs)I n t r o d u c t i o n , C a u s e s a n d C o n s e q u e n c e o f c o r r o s i o n , b r i e f i d e a a b o u t e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l & g a l v a n i c

s e r i e s , F a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g c o r r o s i o n ) N a t u r e o f m e t a l b ) N a t u r e o f e n v i r o n m e n t , C h e m i c a l a n de l e c t r o c h e m i c a l c o r r o s i o n , M e c h a n i s m s o f e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l c o r r o s i o n ; P i l l i n g B e d w o r t h r u l e ; D i f f e r e n t i a la e r a t i o n t h e o r y o f c o r r o s i o n .

T y p e s o f C o r r o s i o n - P i t t i n g , i n t e r g r a n u l a r , s t r e s s , w a t e r l i n e a n d g a l v a n i c c o r r o s i o n . C o r r o s i o nP r e v e n t i o n - a ) D e s i g n a n d m a t e r i a l s e l e c t i o n b ) C a t h o d i c a n d a n o d i c p r o t e c t i o n , c ) P r o t e c t i v e s u r f a c ec o a t i n g s - t i n n i n g , g a l v a n i z i n g a n d p o w d e r c o a t i n g , m e t a l c l a d d i n g a n d e l e c t r o p l a t i n g .

UNIT – III: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS (08 Hrs)C e m e n t : P o r t l a n d c e m e n t - R a w m a t e r i a l , D r y a n d w e t p r o c e s s o f m a n u f a c t u r e , P r o p o r t i o n

a n d r o l e o f m i c r o s c o p i c c o n s t i t u e n t s , A d d i t i v e s o f c e m e n t , S e t t i n g a n d h a r d e n i n g o f c e m e n t ; h e a t o fh y d r a t i o n , s o u n d n e s s ; T y p e s o f c e m e n t ( c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s & a p p l i c a t i o n s ) - W h i t e , H i g h a l u m i n a , L o wh e a t , R a p i d h a r d e n i n g c e m e n t , R e a d y M i x C o n c r e t e , f l y a s h a s c e m e n t i n g m a t e r i a l ( p r o p e r t i e s ,a d v a n t a g e s , l i m i t a t i o n s & a p p l i c a t i o n ) .

UNIT – IV: GREEN CHEMISTRY AND BATTERY TECHNOLOGY (10 Hrs)G r e e n C h e m i s t r y : I n t r o d u c t i o n , P r i n c i p l e s a n d s i g n i f i c a n c e , i n d u s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n ( s u p e r c r i t i c a l

f l u i d s a s S o l v e n t s , E x a m p l e - s u p e r c r i t i c a l C O 2 ) , B i o c a t a l y s i s a n d c o n c e p t o f c a r b o n c r e d i t s .B a t t e r y T e c h n o l o g y : T y p e s o f b a t t e r i e s , p r i m a r y , s e c o n d a r y a n d r e v e r s e b a t t e r i e s , i m p o r t a n t

d e f i n i t i o n - e n e r g y d e n s i t y , p o w e r d e n s i t y .( a ) S e c o n d a r y B a t t e r y : L i t h i u m i o n , N i c k e l - C a d m i u m ( b ) F u e l c e l l a p p l i c a t i o n , a d v a n t a g e s a n d

l i m i t a t i o n ( E x a m p l e : A l k a l i n e f u e l C e l l ) .

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UNIT – I

1. WATER TECHNOLOGY 3—851.1 Introduction; 1.2 Sources of water; 1.3 Effect of water on rocks andminerals; 1.4 Types of impurities’ present in water; 1.5 Effects of impuritiesin natural water; 1.6 Domestics water treatment; 1.7 Removal of dissolvedSalts; 1.8 Boiler feed waters (Water for stream making); 1.9 Bioler trouble;1.10 Cooling waters : Requisites and treatment; 1.11 Desalination usingelectro dialysis & reverse osmosis processes; 1.12 Waste water treatment.

UNIT – II

2. CORROSION SCIENCE 89—1302.1 Introduction; 2.2 Nernst Theory; 2.3 Standard Electrode Potentials;2.4 Galvanic Series; 2.5 Galvanic or Electric Cells; 2.6 ConcentrationCells; 2.7 Reversible Cells; 2.8 Polarization; 2.9 Decomposition potential;2.10 Overvoltage or over-potential; 2.11 Corrosion; 2.12 Introduction;2.13 Consequences of corrosion; 2.14 Cause of corrosion;2.15 Classification ; 2.16 Theories of corrosion 2.17 Factors influencingcorrosion; 2.18 Passivity; 2.19 Types of corrosion; 2.20 Testing andmeasurement of corrosion; 2.21 Corrosion prevention.

UNIT – III

3. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 133–1583.1 Introduction; 3.2 Raw materials; 3.3 Important process parameters formanufacturing good cement clinker; 3.4 Methods of manufacturingcements; 3.5 Dry process; 3.6 Sequence of operations; 3.7 Characteristicsof constitutional compounds; 3.8 Additives for cement; 3.9 Properties ofcement; 3.10 Testing of cement; 3.11 General composition of ordinaryPortland cement; 3.12 Reactions taking place n the rotary kiln; 3.13 Thermochemical changes taking place during cement formation; 3.14 Action ofsome chemicals on concrete; 3.15 Computation of the amount ofconstitutional compounds; 3.16 Types of Portland cement and itsderivatives; 3.17 Other types of cement; 3.18 Use of fly Ash as cementingmaterial; 3.19 Mortars and Concretes; 3.20 Prestressed concrete;3.21 Post-tensioning; 3.22 Curing; 3.23; Overall scenario of cementindustry 3.24 Ready mix concrete.

CONTENTS

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UNIT – IV

4. GREEN CHEMISTRY 161–1854.1 Introductions; 4.2 Goals of green chemistry; 4.3 Significance of greenchemistry; 4.4 Basic components of green chemistry research; 4.5 Atomeconomy; 4.6 Functional group approaches to green chemistry;4.7 Optimization of frameworks for the design of greener syntheticpathways. 4.8 Industrial application of green chemistry; 4.9 GreenChemistry principle; 4.10 Biocatalysis; 4.11 Carbon credits.

5. BATTERY TECHNOLOGY 186–2285.1 Introduction ; 5.2 Theoretical principles; 5.3 Primary cells;5.4 Secondary batteries; 5.5 Reserve batteries; 5.6 Fuel cells; 5.7 Solarcells.

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UNIT – IWATER TECHNOLOGY

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“!"#$% &' ()$ (* #+$ ,('# "-.)/")# 0(,,(/&#&$' &) )"#.%$1 -.# &' "2'( #+$ ,('#,&'.'$/ ()$3”

1.1. INTRODUCTIONOne of the basic necessities of life is water. Living things exist on the earth because this is

the only planet that has the presence of water. Water is necessary for the survival of all livingthings be it plant or animal life.

Water is one of the most abundant commodities in nature but is also the most misused one.Although earth is a blue planet and 80% of its surface is covered by water, the hard fact of lifeis that about 97% of it is locked in the oceans, and sea which is too saline to drink and for directuse for agricultural or industrial purposes. 2.4 % is trapped in polar ice caps and giant glaciers,from which icebergs break off and slowly melt at sea. >1% water is used by man for variousdevelopment, industrial, agricultural, steam generation domestic.

1.2. SOURCES OF WATERWater is required for agricultural, municipal and industrial purposes. For industrial purposes,

natural waters may be broadly divided into the following categories:(1) Surface waters:

(") Flowing waters $3431 streams and rivers (Moorland surface drainage)(-) Still waters $3431 ponds, lakes and reservoirs (Lowland surface drainage)

(2) Underground water: Water from shallow and deep springs and wells(3) Rain water(4) Estuarine and sea waterFrom the point of view of industrial applications, it is not usually feasible to use rain water

and sea water. Rain water is irregular in supply and generally expensive to collect. Estuarineand sea waters are too saline for most industrial uses except cooling. The three major sourcesof water for industrial use are

(") Moorland surface drainage.(-) Lowland surface drainage.(0) Deep well water.The important properties of these three types of waters are given in Table – 1.

3

WATER TECHNOLOGY

1C H A P T E R

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4 S.CHAND’S ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY (RTM NAGPUR)

!"#$% &' ()"$*+%+ ,- +,.% /*0%+ ,- 1"/%2 3+%4 5) 5)43+/2*

5%33 678$ (* 9"#$% :()&0 0()'#&#.$)#' 8; 5&2&0"1 <&''(2=$/ ;"%/)$'' &) #$%,' (* >">?@

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1. Moorland surface Na+ — 8drainage Ca2+ — 7

Mg2+ — 6 6.7 8 77 12 30 42HCO

–3 — 15

Cl– — 10SO4

2– — 31NO3

– — Traces

2. Low-land surface Na+ — 25drainage Ca2 — 63

Mg2+ — 18 7.5 10 333 130 100 230HCO3– — 160

Cl– — 43SO4

2– — 80NO3

– — 15

3. Deep well water Na+ — 74Ca2 — 48

Mg2+ — 20 7.0 15 388 203 0 203HCO

–3 — 350

Cl– — 48SO4

2– — 10NO –

3 — Traces

(") 6,,2$")4 +32-"7% 42"5)"8%Water from this source is fairly constant in composition. It is generally clear and cloured

brown. It is slightly acidic due to the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide and of weak organicacids, which renders it corrosive. Although its hardness is low, it can cause scale formation inboilers unless it is suitably treated before use. It contains some strains of iron bacteria whichmust be removed by chlorination to prevent their deposition in the pipe-lines. It possesses atendency to dissolve lead and copper. This fact should be considered if the water is used fordrinking purposes.(-) 9,1$")4 +32-"7% 42"5)"8%

Water from this source vary widely in composition from place to place. It is not generallycoloured but may contain fine mud in suspension, which does not easily settle unless with thehelp of coagulants. Its hardness is usually high and hence can cause serious scale formation inboilers, economizers and coolers, unless the water is properly treated before use. When thewater is heated in boilers, the CO2 produced from the bicarbonate ions passes off with thesteam and dissolves in the condensate, forming carbonic acid which is corrosive to the mildsteel. River and canal waters may get contaminated by sewage and industrial wastes, whichmay require preliminary treatment prior to softening.(0) :%%0 1%$$ 1"/%2+

This type of water is fairly constant in composition, unless contaminated by other waterspercolating through faults in the surrounding strata. When freshly drawn, this is usuallycolourless, clear and devoid of finely divided suspended matter and hence sparkling. This typeof water may develop a brown opalescence on exposure to air due to the presence of smallamounts of ferrous iron, which gets converted into hydrated ferric oxide. Traces of manganeseas well as H

2S may also be present.

In many deep well waters, the concentration of the bicarbonate is more than equivalent tothe combined concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions so that Na2CO3 may be considered to be

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Engineering Chemistry

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9788121997652Author : Dr. S. S. Dara, Dr.S. S. Umare

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