Chemistry in everyday life project

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12TH-B


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Acknowledgeme

nt

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere

thanks to the Principal, Mr. T.R. Chaudhary,

Principal K.V !." #ammu, $or his encouragement

and $or all the $acilities that he pro%ided $or this

pro&ect work. I sincerely appreciate his

magnanimity 'y taking me into his $old $or which I

shall remain inde'ted to. I extend my hearty

thanks to Mrs. Vandana #amwal, Chemistry teacher,

who guided me to the success$ul completion o$ thispro&ect. I take this opportunity to express my deep

sense o$ gratitude $or her in%alua'le guidance,

constant encouragement, immense moti%ation,

which has sustained my e(orts at all the stages o$

this Pro&ect work.

I can)t $orget to o(er my sincere thanks to parentsand also to my classmates who helped me to carry

out this pro&ect work success$ully and $or their


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%alua'le ad%ice and support, which I recei%ed $rom

them time to time.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.1GANDHI NAGAR JAMMU

CERTIFICATE

This is to certi$y that SHASHVAT SHARMA, a

student o$ class XII-B has success$ully completedthe research on the 'elow mentioned pro&ect under

the guidance o$ Mrs. Vandana #amwal *+u'&ect Teacher during the year -"/0"1 in partial


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$ul2llment o$ chemistry practical examination

conducted 'y 3I++C4, ew 5elhi.

+ignature o$ principal +ignature o$ chemistry

teacher


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CHEMISTRY IN

EVERYDAY LIFE


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DRUGS AND

ALCOHOLS

WHAT IS DRUG??3ny su'stance, other than $ood, used in thepre%ention, diagnosis, all a%iation or treatment o$ adisease is called a drug. 3 drug may also 'ede2ned as a chemical which, when taken in some


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way alter the 'ody $unction. 5rug is also known asa medicine. 6enerally, the term drug is applied toany stimulating or depressing su'stance that can

'e ha'ituating or addicti%e.

MEANING OF ADDICTION

3ddiction is the ha'itual, psychological andphysiological dependence on a su'stance or

practice which is 'eyond %oluntary control. 3person who is ha'ituated to a su'stance or apractice, especially a harm$ul one, is called anaddict.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

TYPE OF

DRUGS

EXAMPLES EFFECTS

". +edati%es

and

Tran7uilli8ers

9ar'iturates,

9en8odia8epine

s

5epress C+

acti%ity gi%e

$eeling o$

calmness,

relaxation,drowsiness.


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-. !piate

arcotics!pium,

morphine,

codeine, heroin

+uppress 'rain

acti%ity,

Relaxed pain.

:.+timulants 3mphetamines,

Ca(eine,

cocaine

Make a person

more wake$ul,

alert and acti%e,

causeexcitement.

/.;allucinogens


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Sedat!e" and T#an$%ll&e#"

Barbiturates B benzodiazepines

O'ate Na#cotc"


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MORPHINECODEINE

HEROIN

Stm%lant"


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CAFFEINE COCAINE

Hall%cnogen"

MESCALIN

PSILOCYBIN

COM(INATION OF DRUGS AND ALCOHOLS

+ome addicts use mixtures o$ drugs to ha%eimmediate >kick) or >charge). +imultaneous use o$ drug and alcohol may produce dangerous e(ects,including death. ?hen 'ar'iturates and alcohol aretaken together, each dou'les the e(ect o$ the


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other. 3 mixture o$ cocaine and heroin called speed'all, gi%es spontaneous kick o$ cocaine andprolonged pleasure o$ heroin.

Comb!"#o! E$%

". 3lcohol @

9ar'iturates.

Markedly increased

depressant e(ect.

-. 3lcohol @3ntihistamines.

Marked drowsiness.

:. 3lcohol @ Valium. 5ramatically increases

sedati%e e(ect.

/. 3lcohol @ Mari&uana or

;ashish.

5ecreased coordination

increased reaction time

impaired &udgment.

1. 3lcohol @ 3spirin. Increased changes o$

damage to gastric

mucosa.

SOCIAL DISEASE ) SMO*ING+DRIN*ING AND USE OF DRUGS


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+moking and drinking and use o$ drugs $re7uentlyor regularly are social diseases. They ad%erselya(ect the health o$ the addicts and the society.

Aoung people take to these ha'its $or $un, show o( or curiosity, as an ad%enture or $eeling o$ $reedom,or as a gesture o$ de2ance against the elders whothemsel%es indulge in these acti%ities 'ut checkthe youngsters. !ther $actors that make peopletake to these %ices are ina'ility to $ace pro'lems o$ li$e indi(erence shown 'y mem'ers o$ the $amily,and encouragement or pressure 'y $riends. Temporary escape $rom the li$e pro'lems andmental relaxation $elt on taking the drugs in the'eginning increase person)s interest in them. +oonthey 'ecome ha'itual and 2nd it diBcult to lea%e. The daily dose to get the desired e(ect increaseswith time.

3s in other countries, the menace o$ drug addictionis spreading in India also. 3 large num'er o$ ouryoung men and women ha%e taken to intoxicants.3'out D.EF drug addicts are 'etween the ages o$ "/ and -1 years.


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TO(ACCO

So%#ce"

It is a nati%e o$ +outh 3$rica, where the Red Indians2rst started smoking. ow the to'acco plant hasspread the world o%er. It has large, 7uote tolanceloate lea%es and terminal clusters o$ tu'ular,white or pink Gowers.

E,ect o- Ncotne

*i +timulates conduction o$ ner%e impulses.

*ii Relaxes the muscles.

*iii Releases adrenaline, increasing heart 'eat rateand pressure.

*i% Increased 'lood pressure due to smokingchances the risk o$ heart diseases.

*% Retards $etus growth in expecting mothers.

*%i ;igh concentration o$ nicotine paralyses ner%ecells.


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ALCOHOL

So%#ce"

4thyl alcohol, or ethanol, Gamma'le, colorlessli7uid ha%ing a penetrating odor and 'urning taste.It is one o$ the products o$ the distillation o$ $ermented grains, $ruit &uices and starches with thehelp o$ yeast en8ymes. It is the principal

constituent and the intoxicating principle o$ wines.

Mode" o- U"e

3lcohol is taken in low concentration, as the 'eer,toddy and wine and in relati%ely high concentration

as arrack, 'randy, whisky, rum, gin, %odka etc.

Addcton

3ddiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. 3lcoholicsare $ound in all sections o$ society. 3lcohol causesintoxication and thus, acts as a poison. Thedrinkers 'egin with small doses, 'ut many o$ themsoon start consuming large doses and 'ecomeaddicts. 9y the time they reali8e that drinking isad%ersely a(ecting themH it is too late to gi%e it up.


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W.at Ha''en" w.en Alco.ol get" n"tomac.

3lcohol is 7uickly a'sor'ed in the stomach andupper part o$ small intestine and reaches all thetissues in minutes. Its oxidation starts at once anda large amount o$ heat is produced. +ince heat isnot needed in the 'ody, it is taken up 'y the 'loodand carried to the skin $or dissipation. +ince thereceptors o$ heat are located in the skin, the rusho$ 'lood to the skin gi%es a $alse impression o$

warmth in the 'ody. The 'lood supply o$ internalorgans is greatly reduced resulting in $all o$ temperature in them. 4nergy released 'y alcohol isnot used in any li$e process. Rather the energyderi%ed $rom $ood is used up in ridding the 'ody o$ excess heat.


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SOAPS AND

DETERGENTS

SOA/S

+oaps are the sodium and potassium salts o$ the long chain car'oxylic acid. 3 soap moleculeconsists o$ a long hydrocar'on chain*composed o$ car'ons and hydrogen with acar'oxylic acid on one end which is ionic'onded to metal ion usually a sodium or

potassium.3 soap has a large non0ionic hydrocar'ongroup and an ionic group C!!0a@.

EXAMPLES OF SOAPS

Sod%m "tea#ate *Chemical $ormulaC"D;:1C!!0a@

Sod%m 'almtate *Chemical $ormulaC"1;:"C!!0a@

Sod%m oleate *Chemical $ormulaC"D;::C!!0a@


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Sa'on0caton

The process o$ making soap 'y the hydrolysis o$ $ats and oils with alkalies is called saponi2cation.

+oap is made 'y heating animal $ats or %egeta'leoil with concentrated sodium hydroxide *3!;.

Jat or !il @ a!; → +oap @ 6lycerol

MICELLES 1 SOA/ MOLECULES

Mie!!e


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3 soap molecule has two ends with di(erentproperties.

*i 3 long hydrocar'on part which is hydropho'ic

*i.e. it dissol%es in hydrocar'on.

*ii 3 short ionic part containing C!!0a@ which ishydrophilic *i.e. it dissol%es in water.

WOR*ING OF MICELLES

MECHANISM OF SOAPS


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?hen a dirty cloth is put in water containingsoap then the hydrocar'on ends o$ the soapmolecule in the micelle attach to the oil orgrease particles present on the sur$ace o$ dirtycloth. In this way the soap micelles entraps theoily particles 'y using the hydrocar'on ends.

The ionic ends o$ the soap molecules remainattached to the water when the dirty cloth isagitated in soap solution. The oily particlespresent on its sur$ace gets dispersed in thewater due to which the cloth gets clean.


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AD2ANTAGES 3 DISAD2ANTAGES

Ad!antage"

+oaps are eco0$riendly and 'io degrada'le.

D"ad!antage"

+oaps are not suita'le in the hard water. They ha%e weak cleansing properties than

detergents.


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DETERGENTS

5etergents are the sodium salts o$ long chain

'en8ene sulphuric acids.5etergents are primarily sur$actants, whichcould 'e produced easily $rom petrochemicals.+ur$actants lower the sur$ace tension o$ water,essentially making it wetter so that it is lesslikely to stick to itsel$ and more likely tointeract with oil and grease.

The ionic group is in a detergent is so:0 a@

EXAMPLES OF DE"ER#EN"S

Two 'asic examples o$ well0known detergentso$ the sulphonate group or the sulphategroup are


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CLEANSING ACTION OFDETERGENTS

+ynthetic detergents ha%e the same type o$ molecular structure as soaps i.e. a tadpole likemolecule ha%ing two parts at each end i.e., onelarge non0polar hydrocar'on group that iswater repelling *hydropho'ic and one shortionic group usually containing the or groupthat is water attracting *hydrophilic. Thus the

cleansing action is exactly similar to that o$ soaps where'y the $ormation o$ micelles$ollowed 'y emulsi2cation occurs. ;owe%er,synthetic detergents can lather well e%en inhard water. This is 'ecause they are solu'lesodium or potassium salts o$ sulphonic acid oralkyl hydrogen sulphate and similarly $ormsolu'le calcium or magnesium salts on reactingwith the calcium ions or magnesium ionspresent in water. This is a ma&or ad%antage o$ the cleansing property o$ detergents o%er soap.


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AD2ANTAGES OF DETERGENTS

+ince detergents are the salts o$ strong

acids they do not decompose in acidicmedium. Thus detergents can e(ecti%elyclean $a'ric e%en i$ the water is acidic.

+ynthetic detergents are more solu'le in

water than soaps. They ha%e a stronger cleansing action than

soaps.3s detergents are deri%ed $rom petroleum

they sa%e on natural %egeta'le oils, whichare important as essential cooking medium

DISAD2ANTAGES OF DETERGENTS

Many detergents are resistant to the action

o$ 'iological agents and thus are not'iodegrada'le. Their elimination $rommunicipal wastewaters 'y the usualtreatments is a pro'lem.

They ha%e a tendency to produce sta'le

$oams in ri%ers that extend o%er se%eralhundred meters o$ the ri%er water. This is

due to the e(ects o$ sur$actants used intheir preparation. Thus they pose a dangerto a7uatic li$e.

They tend to inhi'it oxidation o$ organic

su'stances present in wastewaters


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'ecause they $orm a sort o$ en%elopearound them.

DIFFERENCE (ETWEEN SOA/S AND DETERGENTS

SOA/S

They are metal salts o$ long chain higher

$atty acids. These are prepared $rom %egeta'le oils and

animal $ats. They cannot 'e used e(ecti%ely in hard

water as they produce scum i.e., insolu'leprecipitates o$ Ca-@, Mg-@, Je-@ etc.

DETERGENTS

These are sodium salts o$ long chain

hydrocar'ons like alkyl sulphates or alkyl'en8ene sulphonates.

They are prepared $rom hydrocar'ons o$

petroleum or coal. These do not produce insolu'le precipitates

in hard water. They are e(ecti%e in so$t,hard or salt water.


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Chemistry in everyday life project