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Chemistry 125 - Fall 2009Lecture 1, Sept. 2
For over 150 years Organic Chemistry
courses have tended to acquire a daunting reputation.
For copyright notice see final page of this file
To hear the soundtrack start this ppt (browsed individual window, use timings). Then launch Lect0109.mov. Quickly click on the Powerpoint window to reactivate it, and press right arrow when the speaker finishes saying, “…daunting reputation, as I suspect many of you have heard.”
For copyright notice see final page of this file
Chemistry 125 - Fall 2009Lecture 1, Sept. 2
For over 150 years Organic Chemistry
courses have tended to acquire a daunting reputation.
HELP !
PowerPoints / Lecture Notes Designed for Mac - Compatible with PC & viewer (please help identify problems) OYC videos & transcripts from Fall 2008 to become available in October
Course Website: https://webspace.yale.edu/chem125/
assigned problems or questionsprevious exams and answer keys
Course Wiki at ClassesV2initial updates due within 36 hours of presentation
in-class discussion / e-mail questions
(There will probably be a Text Book for the Spring semester)
HELP ! Instructor : Prof. J. M. McBride (Thurs 1-2:30 or by appt)
Sign up on-line (pro-forma)
Grad Student TAs: (Mon 7-9 pm) (Thurs 7-9 pm)
Peter Jordan(synthetic organic chemistry,
small peptide catalysts for phosphate esters)
Eugene Douglass(chemical biology, methods for analyzing
protein - small molecule - antibody complexes)
HELP ! Other Chem 125 students!
Alumni Peer Tutors (Sunday 8-10 pm, Bass Library)
Course Alumni (web advice)
Andrew Moir (BK’10)Terahertz Spectroscopy ofDye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Hayley Israel (MC’10)
Chelation of Titaniumwith Siderophore Models
Connie Wang (BR’10)
Computing Drug Targetson HIV Reverse Transcriptase
Exam Dates
10 lectures
Fri. Sept 259 lect
Mon. Oct 199 lect
Wed. Nov. 119 lect
Fri. Dec 18
100 pts
100 pts
100 pts
300 pts
Semester grade biased by faithfulness in timely problem set submission
Wiki Participation 50 pts
Total 650 pts
The characteristic comment on making a discovery is not “Eureka!” but rather
“Huh, that’s funny.”
• Learn enough about how chemistry works so that you know when to be astonished
Goals of Freshman Organic Chemistry:• Learn the crucial facts and vocabulary of Organic Chemistry
• Develop theoretical intuition about how Bonding works
• Learn from this model science how to be a creative scientist
• Develop good scientific taste (sense vs. nonsense)
Knowing to be astonished by something is the mind’s first step
toward discovery.
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://w
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Louis Pasteur
Savoir s'étonner à propos est le premier mouvement de l'esprit vers la découverte.
• Make the scientific transition from school to university
(molecular structure) (reactivity), and changes
• Have fun
Theory & Experiment Why do we require
Chem 126L?
Because Lab answers the
BigQuestionBig
How do you know?
John McBride(age 3)
How do you know?How do you know?
John McBride(age 38)
FourWays
of Knowing
Carolingian Bookpainter ~840 A.D.
(British Museum)
Moses Receivesthe Law Tablets
But Science is NOT Faith-Based!
Authority1) Divine
Authority2) Human
Science Ignores:1) Divine Authority
&
2) Human Authority
SCL Honor Roll
Do not suppose that I was a very deep thinker, or was marked as a precocious person. I was a very lively imaginative person, and could believe in the Arabian Nights as easily as in the Encyclopaedia. But facts were important to me, and saved me. I could trust a fact, and always cross-examined an assertion. So when I questioned Mrs. Marcet's book by such little experiments as I could find means to perform, and found it true to the facts as I could understand them, I felt that I had got hold of an anchor in chemical knowledge, and clung fast to it.
Michael Faraday, 1858
3) Experimental….Observation
When someone says science teaches such and such, he is using the word incorrectly. Science doesn't teach it; experience teaches it.
If they say to you science has shown such and such, you might ask, "How does science show it - how did the scientists find out - how, what, where?" Not science has shown, but this experiment, this effect has shown.
Learn from science that you must doubt the experts… Science is the belief inthe ignorance of experts.
(to Nat’l Science Teachers Assn. 1966)
Why quote Feynman?Because he is an expert?
Though literally “expert” means someone who has
done experiments.
Because what he says makes sense.
4) Logic
Modern Science got underway in the 17th
Century
1800
LavoisierOxidation
1900
PlanckQuantization
NewtonGravitation
LutherReformation
ColumbusNavigation
2000
Us
170016001500
CopernicusRevolution
Robert Hooke (Micrographia, 1665)
BaconInstauration
Shakespeare(1564-1616)
Galileo(1564-1642)
On his scholasticCambridge tutors:
"Men of sharp wits, shut up in their cells of a few authors, chiefly
Aristotle, their Dictator."
All the philosophy of nature which is now received, is either the philosophy of the Grecians, or that other of the alchemists…
The one is gathered out of a few vulgar observations, and the other out of a few experiments of a furnace.
The one never faileth to multiply words, and the other ever faileth to multiply gold.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Instauratio MagnaThe Great Restoration
Novum OrganumInductive Scientific Method toreplace Aristotelian deduction
?
NASA/JPL/NIMA
JebelMusa
(Morocco)
Jebelal Tarik(Gibraltar)
PLUS ULTRA
Pillars of Hercules
Mediterranean - Classical World - Aristotle
"Many will pass through and knowledge will be increased.”Daniel 12:4
Instauratio Magna (1620)
“…that wisdom which we have derived principally from the Greeks is but like the boyhood of knowledge, and
has the characteristic property of boys:
“…it is but a device for exempting ignorance from ignominy.”
“…the end which this science of mine proposes is the invention not of arguments but of arts.”
“…not so much by instruments as by experiments …skilfully and artificially devised for the express purpose of determining the point in question.”
“restoration of learning and knowledge”
it can talk, but it cannot generate;”
Cf. “Correlation Energy” (Lect 11) , “Strain Energy” (Lect 32)
Astronomy
Horology
Meteorology
Cartography
Chemistry
Royal Society1662
Ac ne forte roges, quo me ..duce, quo lare tuter, Nullius addictus jurare in .. ..verba magistri Quo me cumque rapit .. .. .. ..tempestas, deferor hospes.
.. .. .. .. .. .. Horace (15 B.C.)Lest you ask who leads .. .. me, in what household .. I lodge, There is no master in .. .. .. whose words I am .. .. .. .. bound to take an oath, Wherever the storm .. .. .. .. forces me, there I put in .. as a guest.
“The Royal Society for the Improving of
Natural Knowledge by Experiments”
(the late)
Francis BaconViscount Brouncker
(President)N
avig
atio
n
Crucial
www.bluestreetjazzband.com
“finally decides between two rival hypotheses, proving the one and
disproving the other”
cross = crux
Bacon’s most important kind of experiment:
ChapelTrinity College, Cambridge
Experimentum Crucis
Newton’s “Experimentum Crucis” (1666 -1672)
Proved (to Newton) that Light is a Substance, not Hooke’s pulses.
“Nec variat lux fracta colorem.”
“The broken light does not change
its color.”
How does the prism make color?
by altering pulses (à la Hooke & Descartes)
or by separating existing colors?
Experiments are indispensable in
organic chemistry (an empirical science)
but so is logic.Believe what I say only
when it makes sense to you.What if it doesn’t?
How to Succeed in Chem 125
Samuel Pepysas a Model
Science Student
Samuel Pepys (1633-1703)
Diary 1660-1669
Saw Charles Ibeheaded 1649
B.A. Cantab. 1654
“Clerk of the Acts”Navy Board 1660
Samuel Pepys (1633-1703)
July 4, 1662
…By and by comes Mr. Cooper, mate of the Royall Charles, of whom I intend to learn mathe-matiques, and do begin with him to-day, he being a very able man... After an hour's being with him at arithmetique (my first attempt being to learn the multiplication-table); then we parted till to-morrow.
Diary 1660-1669
Samuel Pepys (1633-1703) July 9, 1662
Up by four o'clock, and at my multiplicacion-table hard, which is all the trouble I meet withal in my arithmetique.
July 11, 1662
Up by four o'clock, and hard at my multiplicacion-table, which I am now almost master of…
December 25, 1662
…so to my office, practising arithmetique alone and making an end of last night's book with great content till eleven at night, and so home to supper and to bed
Motivated,Diligent
Samuel Pepys (1633-1703)
December 6, 1663 [Sunday]
…I below by myself looking over my arithmetique books and timber rule. So my wife rose anon, and she and I all the afternoon at arithmetique, and she is come to do Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplicacion very well, and so I purpose not to trouble her yet with Division...
Worked with study partner
Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
Six years later Pepys encountered a “problem” with Dice.
Pepys’s Problem (11/22/1692)A - has 6 dice in a Box, wth wch he is to fling a 6.
B - has in another Box 12 Dice, wth wch he is to fling 2 Sixes.
C - has in another Box 18 Dice, wth wch he is to fling 3 Sixes.
Q. whether B & C have not as easy a Taske as A, at even luck?
If the Question be thus stated, it appears by an easy computation that the expectation of A is greater then that of B or C, that is, the task of A is the easiest.
What is ye expectation or hope of A to throw every time one six at least wth six dyes? [etc.]
Newton’s Reply (11/26/1692)
But yet I must not pretend to soe much Conversation wth Numbers, as presently to comprehend as I ought to doe, all ye force of that wch you are pleas'd to assigne for ye Reason of it, relating to their having or not having ye Benefit of all their Chances
Pepys’s Reply (12/6/1692)
...You give it in favour of ye Expectations of A, & this (as you say) by an easy Computation.
. ; and therefore were it not for ye trouble it must have cost you; I could have wish'd for a sight of ye very Computation.
Not ashamed to admit whenhe didn’t really understandInsisted on proof
3103146656A 0.6651=
13467042112176782336B 0.6187=
Pepys “WHY?”"I cannot bear the Thought of being made Master of a Jewell
I know not how to wear."
“I never went to his office hours for help because I felt like he would make me feel stupid, because he is
superior to me in chemistry.” (from an anonymous end-of-semester course evaluation - Jan 2007)
Contrast with:
Willing to swallowhis pride in the search for solid understanding
Read Pepys & Newton and get together to do Problems for Monday.
Contribute to Wiki when asked.
Problems For Friday (optional): 1) What are the three most common items of advice from course veterans?
For Monday: Isotope problems (from Pepys & Newton )
For Wednesday: Two Coulomb Problems
For Friday (Sept. 11):1) Draw Lewis Structures for Functional Groups2) Are Lewis Structures correct?3) What do Lewis Structures show?
Collaborative Group Submissionsform two groups of 4 (or 5) students from each
of the following sets of residential colleges:
BK (BR+CC) (DC+ES)(JE+MC) (PC+SM) (SY+TC+TD)
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
Wiki Assignments
End of Lecture 1Sept. 2, 2009
Copyright © J. M. McBride 2009. Some rights reserved. Except for cited third-party materials, and those used by visiting speakers, all content is licensed under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0).
Use of this content constitutes your acceptance of the noted license and the terms and conditions of use.
Materials from Wikimedia Commons are denoted by the symbol .
Third party materials may be subject to additional intellectual property notices, information, or restrictions.
The following attribution may be used when reusing material that is not identified as third-party content: J. M. McBride, Chem 125. License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0
