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Anatomy and Physiology I Student Outline – Chemistry of Life
Page 1
Chemical Level of Organization 1. Introduction to Atoms and Molecules
A. Atoms i. Nucleus
a. Protons b. Neutrons
ii. Shells
a. Electrons b. Electron Shell filling: 2-8-8-8
iii. Examples H = hydrogen C = carbon Na = sodium N = nitrogen Ca = calcium Fe = iron K = potassium Cl = chlorine P = phosphorus
Anatomy and Physiology I Student Outline – Chemistry of Life
Page 2
B. Compounds
i. Inorganic Compounds
ii. Organic Compounds
a. Carbon
C. Bonding
i. Ionic
ii. Atomic Stability
Anatomy and Physiology I Student Outline – Chemistry of Life
Page 3
a. Example:
Table Salt
ii. Covalent Bond
2. Chemical Reaction • chemical equation
reactant reactant product H+ + OH- à H2O CO2 + H2O à H2CO3 H2CO3 à H+ + HCO3 - Molecular Formula
Note: arrow ( à) indicated direction of reaction.
A. Common Chemical Reactions i. Synthesis Reaction
• anabolic ( A + B à AB )
OH- + H+ à H2O CO2 + H2O à H2CO3
Anatomy and Physiology I Student Outline – Chemistry of Life
Page 4
ii. Decomposition Reaction • Catabolic ( AB à A + B )
H2CO3 à H+ + HCO3 -
H2CO3 à H2O + CO2
iii. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
a. Oxidized b. Reduced
B. Chain Reactions
Anatomy and Physiology I Student Outline – Chemistry of Life
Page 6
D. Reaction Rate
i. Temperature ii. Concentration iii. Enzyme Catalysts (Pull out handout on enzymes)
a. Enzyme b. Substrate c. Enzyme-Substrate Complex d. Products
3. Inorganic Compounds A. Water
i. Polar ii. Hydrogen Bonds
Anatomy and Physiology I Student Outline – Chemistry of Life
Page 7
iii. Water as a “Universal Solvent”
= Na+ = Cl- = water
B. Water Characteristics
i. “Universal Solvent” a. Solvent b. Solute c. Solution d. Suspension
ii. Lubricant iii. Heat Distribution iv. High Heat of Vaporization
C. Salt
• Electrolytes D. Inorganic Acids and Bases (see handout on Acids and Bases)
• Ionization or Dissociation • Electrolytes
i. Acids - If the cation is a H+
HCl à H+ + Cl- proton anion (cation)
ii. Base - If the anion is an OH-
NaOH à Na+ + OH- cation hydroxyl ion
iii. Neutralization
+ -
- -
-+
- + - + -+ - + - +- + - + -+ - + - +
- + - + -+ - + - +- + - + -+ - + - +
+
+
+
Anatomy and Physiology I Student Outline – Chemistry of Life
Page 8
E. Buffer Systems (See handout and video) If we do not cover this topic in lecture, do this on your own using the video. There will be a guided essay on this topic.
4. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 5. Organic Compound
Classifications
A. Carbohydrates (Pull out your “Carbohydrate” handout)
i. Monosaccharides (see handout)
a. Glucose
b. Fructose
c. Galactose
ii. Disaccharides (see handout)
a. Maltose – glucose + glucose
b. Sucrose – glucose + fructose
c. Lactose - glucose + galactose
iv. Polysaccharides (see handout) a Starch b. Glycogen c. Cellulose
Monomer
Dimer
Trimer
Quadramer
Pentamer
Hexamer
ETC ETC
Anatomy and Physiology I Student Outline – Chemistry of Life
Page 9
• Fiber C. Lipids
i. Components a. Glycerol b. Fatty Acids
c. Glycerides
ii. Classifications a. Fats b. Oils c. Saturated Fat
Anatomy and Physiology I Student Outline – Chemistry of Life
Page 10
d. Monounsatrauted Fat e. Polyunsaturated Fat
iii. Phospholipids
** ESSAY ** Emulsification (SEE “EMULSIFICATION” Handout)
iv. Steroids
• Cholesterol
D. Proteins (SEE HANDOUT: “PROTEIN AND DENATURATION”) i. Classifications
a. Dipeptide b. Tripeptide
CH3
CH3
CH2OH
C OOH
HO
Cortisol
CH3
CH3
CH2
CH3CH3
CH3CH
CH2
CH2
CH
HO
Cholesterol HOC
CH2OH
CO
OH
HO
Aldosterone
RNH2 C
H
CO
OH
Basic Amino Acid
Radical Group
Hydrogen
Acid Group Amino Group
H
NH2 C
H
CO
OH
Glycine
3CH
NH2 C
H
CO
OH
Alanine
2CH
NH2 C
H
OH
CO
OH
Serine
3CH
OH
NH2 C
H
OH
CO
OHThreonine
CO
OH
C
NH
2CH2CH
NH2 C
H
2CH
2
2
NH
NH
Arginine
Anatomy and Physiology I Student Outline – Chemistry of Life
Page 11
c. Polypeptides
ii. Functions
iii. Structural Organization
a. Primary structure b. Secondary Structure c. Tertiary Structure d. Quaternary Structure
v. Denaturation (See handout on Protein)
OH
C C
H
N
H
Glycine
OH
C C
H
N
H
Glycine
3CH
N C
H
H O
C
Alanine
Peptide Bond
3CH
N C
H
H O
C
Alanine
2CH
C
H
OH
N
H O
C
Serine
N
H O
C
3CH
OH
C
H
OH
Threonine
N
H O
C
3CH
OH
C
H
OH
Threonine
N
H O
C
3CH
OH
C
H
OH
Threonine
N
H O
C
3CH
OH
C
H
OH
Threonine
N
H O
C
C
NH
2CH2CH
C
H
2CH
2
2
NH
NH
Arginine
N
H O
C
C
NH
2CH2CH
C
H
2CH
2
2
NH
NH
Arginine
+-