Chem packet final

Chemistry!

Do Now:

•  Look at your periodic table, what one word to the symbols for these three words spell?

•  Calcium

• Neodymium •  Y>rium

What is Chemistry?

Chemistry is the study of __________and it’s

__________. But what is maCer

anyway?

maCer

reacDvity

Matter is…

Anything that has ______ and takes up

___________________. In other words it’s stuff. Not Energy! But Stuff!

mass

Space (volume)

Matter is…

Stuff that’s made of Dny parDcles called ______! atoms

Matter Exists in 4 forms:

• SOLID • LIQUID • GAS • PLASMA:

Most important on Earth, we will focus on these.

an ionized charged gas. Most common in the universe.

Four States of Matter:

Gas

•  ParDcles have _______ spaces between them. Gases are mostly empty space.

large

Gas: (continued)

• ParDcles can ___________ in all direcDons

• ParDcles _______________ their containers

• _________ energy

Move freely

Expand to fill

Highest

Liquids!

• ParDcles are in contact but they are ____________ as in solids.

Not as close

Liquid: (continued)

• ParDcles can ___________ Past one another, changing their posiDons. •  Liquids _______________ their containers

Slip and slide

Take the shape of

Solid

• ParDcles are ____________ in an orderly arrangement

Tightly Packed

Solid (Continued)

• ParDcles __________ but ____________ move freely.

• Solids have a ______ shape

• ________________

Vibrate do not

definite

Lowest Energy

Changes in State (Phase)

• MaCer can change from one form into another by either changes in _______ or changes in ___________.

Pressure

Temperature

You must be able to

describe all phase changes!

Do they require

addiDon or release of heat?

Phase Changes

Phase Changes of Water

HeaDng Curve

Each Substance undergoes phase changes at different temperatures!

Important Fact!

The temperature _______ change during a phase change. This is indicated by a __________ (flat) line on a heaDng curve.

does not

horizontal

Part Two: Atomic Structure

Chemistry Review! 1.  An ELEMENT is: A simple ______

substance made from one type of atom that can’t be further broken down.

pure

Chemistry Review!

2. An ATOM is:

the smallest part of an _______ that retains the properDes of the element. element

Chemistry Review!

3. A COMPOUND is:

two or more _______ joined ____________. chemically

elements

Chemistry Review!

4. A MOLECULE is:

the smallest part of a _________ that retains the properDes of the compound.

compound

Chemistry Review!

5. A Chemical Bond is:

the ____________ (joining) of atoms.

connecDon

Must know Facts about Atoms!!!

a.  The center of an atom is called the ________.

b.  Two ParDcles in the nucleus are the ______ and the _______

nucleus

protons neutrons


Must Know facts about Atoms!!!

c. The protons have a ________ charge and the neutrons have ___ charge.

posiDve

no


d. Tiny _________ orbit the nucleus in specific regions called ___________ or _______. These parDcles have a ________ charge.

electrons

energy levels Orbitals

negaDve


e. _____ electrons fit in the first energy level, _______ in the second, and _______ in the third.

Two eight eight


f. The number of protons in an atom is called the _____________. Atomic Number

Atomic Number Symbol


g. The number of protons and neutrons added together is called the _____________. Atomic Mass


h. Atoms without an overall charge are called _______.

i. Atoms with an overall charge are called ______.

neutral

ions


j. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons (and different atomic masses) are called _____________. isotopes


Atomic Number Symbol

Atomic Mass

Do Now:

• Put Homework in the box!

• Sit quietly in your seats and wait for Ms. Gaga’s Performance… you must be very very quiet or she will not perform!


Simple Carbon Atom

+

4e‐

2e‐

A Visual Representation NoDce that the same elements can combine in a variety of ways to form new, unique substances that have different chemical properDes!

THOUGHT QUESTION:

Are there more compounds or elements in the world? Explain.

There are more compounds.

Structure of the Atom

ATOMIC NUMBER

The atomic number determines the

__________ of the element.

IdenDty


In a NEUTRAL atom with no charge, the

electrons ________ the protons.

equal


Use your notes to label the diagram!

Structure of the Atom The center of the atom is called the _______

It is a cluster of ________ & ________

Nucleus

(0 charge) (+ charge) Neutrons Protons

Structure of the Atom If you add the number of protons and the number of neutrons

you get the _____________ Atomic Mass

Structure of the Atom The number of _______ can be obtained by

subtracDng the proton number from the atomic

mass.

neutrons

Structure of the Atom The rings represent

different regions around the nucleus called energy

levels, shells or _____________ Orbitals

Structure of the Atom Let’s read the explanaDon paragraph at the boCom

of the page!

Do Now: Focused Free Write

Today is Twin day…. Explain how even though you are wearing the same

clothes, that I can sDll tell you apart. Relate this concept to what you know about chemistry. Hint: use

words such as “compound” “element” “isotope” “properDes”

Diagram of an Atom Use this page to review

vocabulary and to complete the Atomic

Structure AcDvity on the next page!

The Periodic Table

Look at this page:

Elements and the Periodic Table:

1. PERIODIC TABLE: a chart which organizes elements by their _________. Atomic #

Elements and the Periodic Table:

2. METALLOIDS: elements that are located along the ________. They have properDes of ________ metals and non‐metals.

staircase both

Elements & the Periodic Table:

3. A NON‐METAL: an element located to the _____ of the staircase elements which is usually ____, ________ and a ______ conductor or energy. ________________

right

dull briCle

(or they are a gas) poor


4. A METAL: is located to the ______ of the staircase. Metals are usually _______ and good _________ of energy.

len shiny

conductors


4. Metals (conDnued) a.  They are _______, which

means they can be drawn into thin ______.

b.  They are ________, which means they can be hammered into thin sheets.

ducDle

wires malleable


5. NOBLE GASES: belong in group ___ . They are _______, which means they ________ react with any other elements. They’re SNOBS!!!

18 inert DO NOT

Do Now: Debate

Why does ice float in water?

This is confusing because solid are usually denser than liquids… think about this!!! Isn’t

water wacky!!! What do you think?

Elements & the Periodic Table: Use your periodic table to complete the

informaDon in the chart.

Part Three: Chemical Reactions

Why do Atoms form Chemical Bonds?

To get a “full” Valence shell of electrons

Valence Electrons

Electrons located in the outermost energy level of a

given atom

Sodium (Na)

P=___ N=___

11

12

2e‐

Valence Electrons

8e‐

1e‐

Chlorine (Cl)

P=___ N=___

17

18

2e‐

Valence Electrons

8e‐

7e‐

Valence Electrons

Atoms need to have FULL valence shells or they will react with other

substances!

Valence Electrons

How many valence electrons are in one sodium atom? ______

Is it full? _____

Will sodium react?_____

1

No

Yes

Valence Electrons

How many valence electrons are in one

chlorine atom? ______

Is it full? _____

Will sodium react?_____

7

No

Yes

Valence Electrons Sodium will donate (give away) it’s one valence

electron to chlorine. This way both atoms will have their out shell

filled!

Valence Electrons When this happens, sodium will become a +1 ION and chlorine will become a ‐1

ION. Since opposite charges aCract, sodium and

chlorine will form an…

Ion: A charged atom (either because electrons are

lost or gained!)

Ionic Bond: The force of aCracDon between oppositely

charged ions

However, Some atoms do not

transfer or donate their electrons. Instead, the share their electrons!

this is called…

Covalent Bond: A chemical bond

formed by the sharing of one or more

electrons

One oxygen atom will form covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms to form one molecule of water.

Lets draw it!

Oxygen (8)

P=___ N=___

8

8

2e‐

Valence Electrons

6e‐

Hydrogen (1)

P=___ N=___

1

0 Valence Electrons

1e‐

Complete the THOUGHT QUESTION on

the bottom or your page:

Helium and Neon never form compounds? Explain why. (Hint: you may need to draw the atoms)

They have a full valence shell.

Important Fact: When atoms form chemical bonds, the properDes of the

elements __________! change

Important Fact: For example, sodium is highly reacDve metal and chlorine is a

greenish gas. However, when they chemically form crystalline salt!

Chemical Reactions Notes Chemical ReacDon:

When _____ are ____ or ______to form new

___________

bonds

substances broken

made

Turn the page! Lets look at this

cartoon which models different kinds of chemical reacDons.

Clues that would indicate a chemical reaction:

1. A SPONTANEOUS ________ change. I’m not talking about painDng a house! It’s a change that happens on its own like a apple that turns brown in the air

color


2. A SPONTANEOUS producDon of energy such as _______ or ____. If you mix two substances without Adding or Removing heat and you noDce a temp change or light. Bingo!!!

Heat Light


3. The producDon of a ____________! This is when you mix two liquids and get the formaDon of a solid substance. This is seldom in everyday life!

Precipitate


4. The formaDon of a _____. Bubbles and fizzing indicate the formaDon of new substance. Bubbles during boiling do not count! Phase changes are physical changes!

Gas

Do now: What do call these two atoms? (hint compare the nucleus)

Protons Neutrons

Isotopes!!

Label the following: posiDve ion, negaDve ion, neutral atom

Protons Neutrons

Electrons

NegaQve Ion,

because there are more

electrons than

protons!


Protons Neutrons

Electrons

PosiQve Ion,

because there are more protons than

electrons!


Protons Neutrons

Electrons

Neutral Atom,

because the electrons equal the protons!

Writing Chemical Equations:

A CHEMICAL EQUATION is a ______________ way of showing showing what’s

happening during a chemical reacDon.

Short‐ hand

Writing Chemical Equations:

ScienDst are busy!!! They can’t write out everything! Its just like how you text message your friends… TTYL… LOL… J/K…

Please read the box…

Do Now!

• Keep Homework on your desk…

• Complete Part One of the Do Now DiCo!

•  It is very warm in here today… please be quiet so that it cools down in here!

Helpful Terms:

1. REACTANT: a __________ material. Reactants are wriCen BEFORE the arrow

starDng

Helpful Terms:

2. PRODUCT: an ________ material. Products are wriCen aner the arrow.

ending

Helpful Terms:

3. COEFFICIENT: A number placed __________ an atom or molecule to show the amount of each atom or molecule. ( Doesn’t jump the plus sign)

in front of

Helpful Terms:

4. SUBSCRIPT: A small number placed in the lower______ of a chemical symbol to show the number of atoms of the element. It only applies to the element to the len of it!

right

Helpful Terms:

5. A BALANCED EQUATION: When wriDng a chemical equaDon the number of atoms on the reactant side MUST _____ the number on the product side? Why? equal

Law of Conservation of Mass: (same for mass)

Mass/ NRG ____________ Mass/ NRG ______________

Mass/ Energy can only __________

Can’t be made Can’t be destroyed

Change form!!!

Law of Conservation of Mass: (same for mass)

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H20 C=1 C=1 H=4 = H=4 O=4 O=4 The equaDon demonstrates the law of conservaDon of mass.

Classwork!!!

Determine the number of atoms in the following chemical

formulas.

Do Now:

Answer do now quesDons on the catalyst review

demo…

Reaction Rates What factors affect how quickly or

slowly a reaction takes place?

Factor #1 _____________________

Factor #2 _____________________

Factor #3 _____________________

Factor #4 _____________________ Catalysts / Inhibitors

ConcentraDon

Surface Area

Temperature

Reaction Rates How do these factors affect the rate

(speed) of a chemical reaction?

1. TEMPERATURE is a measure of the average kineDc energy of the parDcles in a substance. The higher the temperature, the faster the parDcles move.



1.  TEMPERATURE: The greater the temperature the _________ the reacDon Dme.

greater

temperature

reacDo

n rate

slow

fast



2. SURFACE AREA: is the amount of an object that is exposed to the environment. The smaller the parDcles in a sample the greater the surface area



2. Surface Area: The greater the surface area the _________ the reacDon Dme.

greater

Surface area

reacDo

n rate

slow

fast



3. CONCENTRATION: refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent. The more stuff dissolved in a given volume of solvent the more concentrated the soluDon



3. ConcentraDon: The greater the concentraDon the _________ the reacDon Dme.

faster

ConcentraDon

reacDo

n rate

slow

fast



4.  The ADDITION OF A CATALYST: Catalysts are substances that

___________ a reacDon rate. Watch the hydrogen peroxide demonstraDon to show how yeast acts as a catalyst.

increase



4.  The ADDITION OF A INHIBITOR:

An inhibitor will decrease a reacDon rate!

Do Now: Free Write!

Is it possible to produce (make heat) with out adding something that is already hot (like the sun, or the oven) … If so, how?

Lab Today!!! Please read direcDons quietly, and have you homework out on your desk!

Lab today

Chemical ReacQons! Lets read the direcQons together!

Don’t forget to wear your goggles at all Qmes!

Do Now: Tell me what you think!

Let’s take a quick break from chemistry… Instead check out my awesome new lava lamp!!!! Make some observaDons… Why are the colors separated? Why do they move? Can you figure out the science

behind the funky lamp? Write your answer down on a clean sheet of paper!

Mixtures Review!!!

Mixtures Review!!!

1. MIXTURE:

When two or more substances are joined (combined) physically not chemically

Mixtures Review!!!

2. State two ways that mixtures are different from compounds.

a) The substances in a mixture _____________________ Retain their properDes

Mixtures Review!!!

2. State two ways that mixtures are different from compounds.

b) Mixtures can be _________ by physical means such as: ________, ___________, ________ and __________________.

separated

filtering evaporaDon magnet Density differences

Mixtures Review!!!

3. What are the two types of mixtures?

a) Heterogeneous:

A soluDon that looks different throughout. Example: Chef Salad

Mixtures Review!!!

3. What are the two types of mixtures?

a) Homogeneous:

A soluDon that looks same throughout. Example: a glass of lemonade

Mixtures Review!!!

4. Dissolving: The process in which parDcles spread _______ in a mixture. evenly

Mixtures Review!!!

5. SoluQon: a ____________ mixture in which one substance called a ______ is _____________ in another substance called a ______. _______ is onen called the _________ solvent because it can dissolve many things

homogeneous

Water

solute

universal

dissolved

solvent

Mixtures Review!!!

6. Dilute: A soluDon with a _______ amount of solute

7. Concentrated: A soluDon with a ______ amount of solute

small

large

Mixtures Review!!!

8. Unsaturated: a soluDon that contains ____ solute than it can hold at a given temperature.

9. Saturated: a soluDon that contains ____ the solute it can hold at a given temperature.

less

all

Mixtures Review!!!

10. Supersaturated: A _________ soluDon that contains _____ solute than it normally does at room temperature.

saturated more

Factors that affect solubility!

a. TEMPERATURE: Higher temperatures Higher Solubility


b. SURFACE AREA: Greater surface area Higher solubility


c. STIRRING: SDrring will increase the reacDon rate.


d. PRESSURE: An increase in pressure can increase the amount of gas that can dissolve in a liquid

Do Now: Use this Cartoon to make a Acid Vs Bases Chart

Acids and Bases: Two Types of Solutions

1. INDICATOR: A substance that detects the presence of an acid or a base


Common Indicators to detect the presence of an acid or base:

a._______________________ pH paper (numerical scale)



b. ______________________ Litmus paper (red/blue color change)



c. _________

______________

The juice of Red Cabbage

Characteristics of Acids and Bases:

pH paper (numerical scale)

The juice of Red Cabbage

Acids Bases Donates ______________

to a soluDon Donates _______________

to a soluDon

May taste ____ May taste ________

Turns Litmus ____ Turns Litmus _________

Has a pH value _______ 7 Has a pH value _________ 7

Turns Cabbage juice _____ Turns cabbage juice _____________

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Usually feels _______

Hydrogen (H+)

bi]er

red blue

below above

Red

Green/blue

Slippery

sour

Hydroxide ion (OH‐)


2. pH Scale: a.  A scale used for

measuring the _________ of an acid or a base.

b.  It is a numeric scale from _____________

strength

0‐14


2. pH Scale: c. Any value less than

___ represents an _____. The lower the value, the ________ the acid.

7 acid

stronger


2. pH Scale:

d. Any value more than __ represents a ______. The higher the number, the _________ the base.

7 base

stronger


2. pH Scale:

e. A substance with a value of 7 is called _______. neutral



3. NeutralizaDon ReacDon:

The reacDon of an acid and a base to produce two neutral products:

_________ and _________ Salt

NaOH + HCL NaCl + H2O

water (SALT) (ACID) (BASE) (WATER)

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Chem packet final