Chem packet 3

Chemistry!

Do Now:

• Look at your periodic table, what one word to the symbols for these three words spell?• Calcium• Neodymium• Yttirium

What is Chemistry?

Chemistry is the study of __________and it’s

__________.But what is matter

anyway?

matter

reactivity

Matter is…Anything that has ______

and takes up ___________________. In other words it’s stuff. Not Energy! But Stuff!

mass

Space (volume)

Matter is…Stuff that’s made of tiny particles called ______! atoms

Matter Exists in 4 forms:

• SOLID• LIQUID •GAS•PLASMA:

Most important on Earth, we will focus on these.

an ionized charged gas. Most common in the universe.

Four States of Matter:

Gas• Particles have _______

spaces between them. Gases are mostly empty space.

large

Gas: (continued)

•Particles can ___________ in all directions•Particles _______________

their containers• _________ energy

Move freely

Expand to fill

Highest

Liquids!

•Particles are in contact but they are ____________ as in solids.

Not as close

Liquid: (continued)

•Particles can ___________ Past one another, changing

their positions.• Liquids _______________

their containers

Slip and slide

Take the shape of

Solid

•Particles are ____________ in an orderly arrangement

Tightly Packed

Solid (Continued)

•Particles __________ but ____________ move freely.• Solids have a ______ shape• ________________

Vibrate do not

definite

Lowest Energy

Changes in State (Phase)

•Matter can change from one form into another by either changes in _______ or changes in ___________.

Pressure

Temperature

You must be able to

describe all phase changes!

Do they require

addition or release of

heat?

Phase Changes

Phase Changes of Water

Heating Curve

Each Substance undergoes phase changes at different temperatures!

Important Fact!The temperature _______

change during a phase change. This is indicated by a __________ (flat) line on a heating curve.

does not

horizontal

Part Two: Atomic Structure

Chemistry Review!1. An ELEMENT is: A simple ______

substance made from one type of atom that can’t be further broken down.

pure

Chemistry Review!2. An ATOM is:

the smallest part of an _______ that retains the properties of the element.element

Chemistry Review!3. A COMPOUND is: two or more _______

joined ____________.chemicallyelements

Chemistry Review!4. A MOLECULE is: the smallest part of a

_________ that retains the properties of the compound.

compound

Chemistry Review!5. A Chemical Bond is: the ____________

(joining) of atoms. connection

Must know Facts about Atoms!!!

a. The center of an atom is called the ________.

b. Two Particles in the nucleus are the ______ and the _______

nucleus

protonsneutrons


Must Know facts about Atoms!!!

c. The protons have a ________ charge and the neutrons have ___ charge.

positive

no


d. Tiny _________ orbit the nucleus in specific regions called ___________ or _______. These particles have a ________ charge.

electrons

energy levels Orbitals

negative


e. _____ electrons fit in the first energy level, _______ in the second, and _______ in the third.

Two eight

eight


f. The number of protons in an atom is called the _____________. Atomic Number

Atomic NumberSymbol


g. The number of protons and neutrons added together is called the _____________. Atomic Mass


h. Atoms without an overall charge are called _______.i. Atoms with an overall charge are called ______.

neutral

ions


j. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons (and different atomic masses) are called _____________.

isotopes


Atomic NumberSymbol

Atomic Mass

Do Now:

•Put Homework in the box!• Sit quietly in your seats and

wait for Ms. Gaga’s Performance… you must be very very quiet or she will not perform!


Simple Carbon Atom

+

4e-

2e-

A Visual Representation

Notice that the same elements can combine in a variety of ways to form new, unique substances that have different chemical properties!

THOUGHT QUESTION:

Are there more compounds or elements in the world? Explain. There are more compounds.

Structure of the Atom

ATOMIC NUMBERThe atomic number

determines the __________ of the

element.

Identity


In a NEUTRAL atom with no charge, the

electrons ________ the protons.

equal


Use your notes to label the diagram!


The center of the atom is called the _______

It is a cluster of ________ & ________

Nucleus

(0 charge) (+ charge)

NeutronsProtons


If you add the number of protons and the

number of neutrons you get the _____________ Atomic Mass


The number of _______ can be obtained by subtracting the proton number from

the atomic mass.

neutrons


The rings represent different regions around the nucleus called energy levels,

shells or _____________ Orbitals


Let’s read the explanation paragraph at the bottom

of the page!

Do Now: Focused Free Write

Today is Twin day…. Explain how even though you are wearing the same

clothes, that I can still tell you apart. Relate this concept to what you

know about chemistry. Hint: use words such as “compound”

“element” “isotope” “properties”

Diagram of an AtomUse this page to review

vocabulary and to complete the Atomic Structure Activity

on the next page!

The Periodic Table

Look at this page:

Elements and the Periodic Table:

1. PERIODIC TABLE: a chart which organizes elements by their _________.Atomic #

Elements and the Periodic Table:

2. METALLOIDS: elements that are located along the ________. They have properties of ________ metals and non-metals.

staircaseboth

Elements & the Periodic Table:

3. A NON-METAL: an element located to the _____ of the staircase elements which is usually ____, ________ and a ______ conductor or energy. ________________

right

dull brittle

(or they are a gas)poor


4. A METAL: is located to the ______ of the staircase. Metals are usually _______ and good _________ of energy.

leftshiny

conductors


4. Metals (continued)a.They are _______, which means they can be drawn into thin ______.b.They are ________, which means they can be hammered into thin sheets.

ductile

wiresmalleable


5. NOBLE GASES: belong in group ___ . They are _______, which means they ________ react with any other elements.They’re SNOBS!!!

18 inertDO NOT

Do Now: Debate

Why does ice float in water?

This is confusing because solid are usually denser than liquids… think about this!!! Isn’t

water wacky!!! What do you think?

Elements & the Periodic Table: Use your periodic table to complete the

information in the chart.

Part Three: Chemical Reactions

Why do Atoms form Chemical Bonds?

To get a “full” Valence shell of electrons

Valence Electrons

Electrons located in the outermost energy level of a

given atom

Sodium (Na)

P=___N=___

1112

2e-

Valence Electrons

8e-

1e-

Chlorine (Cl)

P=___N=___

1718

2e-

Valence Electrons

8e-

7e-

Valence Electrons

Atoms need to have FULL valence shells or they will

react with other substances!

Valence Electrons

How many valence electrons are in one

sodium atom? ______ Is it full? _____

Will sodium react?_____

1

No

Yes

Valence Electrons

How many valence electrons are in one

chlorine atom? ______ Is it full? _____

Will sodium react?_____

7

No

Yes

Valence ElectronsSodium will donate (give

away) it’s one valence electron to chlorine. This way both atoms will have

their out shell filled!

Valence ElectronsWhen this happens, sodium

will become a +1 ION and chlorine will become a -1

ION. Since opposite charges attract, sodium and chlorine

will form an…

Ion:A charged atom (either

because electrons are lost or gained!)

Ionic Bond:The force of attraction

between oppositely charged ions

However,Some atoms do not

transfer or donate their electrons. Instead, the share their electrons!

this is called…

Covalent Bond:

A chemical bond formed by the sharing

of one or more electrons

One oxygen atom will form covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms to form one molecule of water.

Lets draw it!

Oxygen (8)

P=___N=___

88

2e-

Valence Electrons

6e-

Hydrogen (1)

P=___N=___

10

Valence Electrons

1e-

Complete the THOUGHT QUESTION on the bottom or

your page:Helium and Neon never form compounds? Explain why. (Hint: you may need to draw the atoms) They have a full valence shell.

Important Fact:When atoms form

chemical bonds, the properties of the

elements __________!change

Important Fact:For example, sodium is

highly reactive metal and chlorine is a

greenish gas. However, when they chemically form crystalline salt!

Chemical Reactions Notes

Chemical Reaction: When _____ are ____ or ______to form new

___________

bonds

substancesbroken

made

Turn the page!

Lets look at this cartoon which models

different kinds of chemical reactions.

Clues that would indicate a chemical

reaction:1. A SPONTANEOUS ________ change. I’m not talking about painting a house! It’s a change that happens on its own like a apple that turns brown in the air

color


reaction:2. A SPONTANEOUS production of energy such as _______ or ____. If you mix two substances without Adding or Removing heat and you notice a temp change or light. Bingo!!!

HeatLight


reaction:3. The production of a ____________! This is when you mix two liquids and get the formation of a solid substance. This is seldom in everyday life!

Precipitate


reaction:4. The formation of a _____. Bubbles and fizzing indicate the formation of new substance. Bubbles during boiling do not count! Phase changes are physical changes!

Gas

Do now: What do call these two atoms? (hint compare the nucleus)

Protons Neutrons

Isotopes!!

Label the following: positive ion, negative ion, neutral atom

Protons Neutrons

Electrons

Negative Ion,

because there are

more electrons

than protons!


Protons Neutrons

Electrons

Positive Ion,

because there are

more protons

than electrons!


Protons Neutrons

Electrons

Neutral Atom,

because the electrons equal the protons!

Writing Chemical Equations:

A CHEMICAL EQUATION is a ______________ way of showing showing what’s

happening during a chemical reaction.

Short- hand

Writing Chemical Equations:

Scientist are busy!!! They can’t write out everything! Its just

like how you text message your friends… TTYL… LOL… J/K…

Please read the box…

Do Now!

• Keep Homework on your desk…• Complete Part One of the Do

Now Ditto!• It is very warm in here today…

please be quiet so that it cools down in here!

Helpful Terms:

1. REACTANT: a __________ material. Reactants are written BEFORE the arrow

starting

Helpful Terms:

2. PRODUCT: an ________ material. Products are written after the arrow.

ending

Helpful Terms:

3. COEFFICIENT: A number placed __________ an atom or molecule to show the amount of each atom or molecule. ( Doesn’t jump the plus sign)

in front of

Helpful Terms:

4. SUBSCRIPT: A small number placed in the lower______ of a chemical symbol to show the number of atoms of the element. It only applies to the element to the left of it!

right

Helpful Terms:

5. A BALANCED EQUATION: When writing a chemical equation the number of atoms on the reactant side MUST _____ the number on the product side? Why?equal

Law of Conservation of Mass: (same for mass)Mass/ NRG ____________

Mass/ NRG ______________

Mass/ Energy can only __________

Can’t be madeCan’t be destroyed

Change form!!!

Law of Conservation of Mass: (same for mass) CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H20 C=1 C=1 H=4 = H=4 O=4 O=4The equation demonstrates the

law of conservation of mass.

Classwork!!!

Determine the number of atoms in the following chemical

formulas.

Do Now:

Answer do now questions on the catalyst review

demo…

Reaction RatesWhat factors affect how quickly or

slowly a reaction takes place?

Factor #1 _____________________

Factor #2 _____________________

Factor #3 _____________________

Factor #4 _____________________Catalysts / Inhibitors

Concentration

Surface Area

Temperature

Reaction RatesHow do these factors affect the rate

(speed) of a chemical reaction?

1. TEMPERATURE is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. The higher the temperature, the faster the particles move.



1. TEMPERATURE: The greater the temperature the _________ the reaction time.

greater

temperature

reac

tion

rate

slow

fast



2. SURFACE AREA: is the amount of an object that is exposed to the environment. The smaller the particles in a sample the greater the surface area



2. Surface Area: The greater the surface area the _________ the reaction time.

greater

Surface area

reac

tion

rate

slow

fast



3. CONCENTRATION: refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent. The more stuff dissolved in a given volume of solvent the more concentrated the solution



3. Concentration: The greater the concentration the _________ the reaction time.

faster

Concentration

reac

tion

rate

slow

fast



4. The ADDITION OF A CATALYST: Catalysts are substances that

___________ a reaction rate. Watch the hydrogen peroxide demonstration to show how yeast acts as a catalyst.

increase



4. The ADDITION OF A INHIBITOR:

An inhibitor will decrease a reaction rate!

Do Now: Free Write!

Is it possible to produce (make heat) with out adding something that is already hot (like the sun, or the oven) … If so, how?

Lab Today!!! Please read directions quietly, and have you homework out on your desk!

Lab today

Chemical Reactions! Lets read the directions together!

Don’t forget to wear your goggles at all times!

Do Now: Tell me what you think!

Let’s take a quick break from chemistry… Instead check out my awesome new lava lamp!!!! Make some observations… Why are the colors separated? Why do they move? Can you figure out the science

behind the funky lamp? Write your answer down on a clean sheet of paper!

Mixtures Review!!!

Mixtures Review!!!

1. MIXTURE:

When two or more substances are joined (combined) physicallynot chemically

Mixtures Review!!!

2. State two ways that mixtures are different from compounds.

a) The substances in a mixture _____________________ Retain their properties

Mixtures Review!!!

2. State two ways that mixtures are different from compounds.

b) Mixtures can be _________ by physical means such as: ________, ___________, ________ and __________________.

separated

filtering evaporationmagnet

Density differences

Mixtures Review!!!

3. What are the two types of mixtures?

a) Heterogeneous:

A solution that looks different throughout. Example: Chef Salad

Mixtures Review!!!

3. What are the two types of mixtures?

a) Homogeneous:

A solution that looks same throughout. Example: a glass of lemonade

Mixtures Review!!!

4. Dissolving: The process in which particles spread _______ in a mixture. evenly

Mixtures Review!!!

5. Solution: a ____________ mixture in which one substance called a ______ is _____________ in another substance called a ______. _______ is often called the _________ solvent because it can dissolve many things

homogeneous

Water

solute

universal

dissolved

solvent

Mixtures Review!!!

6. Dilute: A solution with a _______ amount of solute

7. Concentrated: A solution with a ______ amount of solute

small

large

Mixtures Review!!!

8. Unsaturated: a solution that contains ____ solute than it can hold at a given temperature.

9. Saturated: a solution that contains ____ the solute it can hold at a given temperature.

less

all

Mixtures Review!!!

10. Supersaturated: A _________ solution that contains _____ solute than it normally does at room temperature.

saturated more

Factors that affect solubility!

a. TEMPERATURE:Higher temperatures Higher Solubility


b. SURFACE AREA:Greater surface area Higher solubility


c. STIRRING:Stirring will increase the reaction rate.


d. PRESSURE:An increase in pressure can increase the amount of gas that can dissolve in a liquid

Do Now: Use this Cartoon to make a Acid Vs Bases Chart

Acids and Bases:Two Types of Solutions

1. INDICATOR: A substance that detects the presence of an acid or a base


Common Indicators to detect the presence of an acid or base:

a._______________________pH paper (numerical scale)



b. ______________________Litmus paper (red/blue color change)



c. _______________________

The juice ofRed Cabbage

Characteristics of Acids and Bases:

pH paper (numerical scale)

The juice of Red Cabbage

Acids BasesDonates ______________

to a solutionDonates _______________

to a solution

May taste ____ May taste ________

Turns Litmus ____ Turns Litmus _________

Has a pH value _______ 7 Has a pH value _________ 7

Turns Cabbage juice _____ Turns cabbage juice _____________

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Usually feels _______

Hydrogen (H+)

bitter

red blue

below above

RedGreen/blue

Slippery

sour

Hydroxide ion (OH-)


2. pH Scale: a. A scale used for

measuring the _________ of an acid or a base.

b. It is a numeric scale from _____________

strength

0-14


2. pH Scale: c. Any value less than

___ represents an _____. The lower the value, the ________ the acid.

7acid

stronger


2. pH Scale: d. Any value more than __

represents a ______. The higher the number, the _________ the base.

7base

stronger


2. pH Scale: e. A substance

with a value of 7 is called _______.neutral



3. Neutralization Reaction: The reaction of an acid and a base

to produce two neutral products:

_________ and _________Salt

NaOH + HCL NaCl + H2O

water(SALT)(ACID)(BASE) (WATER

)

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Chem packet 3