Chem Composition

8/7/2019 Chem Composition

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CHEMICAL

COMPOSITION OF THE

CELL


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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN THECELL

Chemicals compounds are divided in to 2groups: organic and inorganic

Organic are compounds that contain carbon

Organic compound can be found incarbohydrate( CHO), protein, and lipid.

Inorganic are compound that not carboncompound.


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Importance of water in the cell

Good solvent for many substances

Transport sucrose and minerals in sievetubes in

plant

Give structuretothecell Take part inchemicalreaction


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Stateelements incarbohydrates

It is made up from Hydrogen &

oxygen, carbonGeneral formula is CHO

3 types of carbohydrates are

monosaccharide, disaccharides ,polysaccharides.


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MONOSACHARIDES

It is called as simple sugar

The example are glucose and

galactose.Monosacharides are sweet tastingcrystal substances which are solublein water


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Disaccharide

Are formed from 2 monosacharides withelimination of water

The chemical reaction is known ascondensation

The general formula is________ It is known as double sugar

Dissacharides can be broken down by additionof water. The reaction is known ashydrolysis.


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Tambah air = hidrol

n air= kondensasi


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DISACCARIDES SUBUNITS OCCURANCE

MALTOSE Glucose+

glucose

LACTOSE Glucose +

galactose

SUCROSE Glucose +

fructose


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Polysacharides

Many polysaccharides can be added by seriesa condensation to form macromolecule.

Polysaccarides = polymer, whilemonosacharides = monomer

The large molecules make them less soluble in

water. Example: cellulose, starch, glycogen


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PROTEIN

STATE THE ELEMENT OF PROTEIN

Protein contain hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen

Amino acid are subunit of protein.

STATE THE VARIOUSSTRUCTURE OF PROTEIN Amino acid have 2 functional group: carboxyl

( COOH) and amino group ( NH).

EXPLAIN THE FORMATION OF DIPEPTIDE AND

POLYPEPTIDES


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Long chain of amino acid = polypeptides

It can be broken by hydrolysis with

heat, dillute acid, enzymesThe loss of 3 dimensional structure is

called denaturation.

Denaturation is caused by temperature,Ph, salt concentration


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Explain the meaning of essential and

non essential amino acid

Protein is broken down into subunits byhydrolysis

Human can synthesis 11 amino acid . This is

known as non essential amino acid. Example:proline, glutamic acid

The remaining amino acid cant be synthesisand it is call as essential amino acid. Example:

valine, leucine


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STATE THE ELEMENT OF IN LIPID

It contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in proportion

of oxygen is lower than carbohydrates It is insoluble in water

STATE THE MAIN TYPES OF LIPID

The main types of lipid are fats, oils, waxes,

phopholipid, steroid STATE THE COMPONENTS OF FAT AND OILS

Fats are SOLID at room temperature, whereas oil areliquids

Fat or oils is made up from 3 molecule of fatty acid& 1 glycerol.


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glycerol

1GLYCEROL + 3 FATTY ACID= TRIGLYCERIDES


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These mol. Is known as triglycerides.

Fats = saturated fatty acids, oil=unsaturated fatty acids.

Saturated fatty acid= carbon are bondedto the maximum no. of other atom.

Unsaturated = carbon has double bondsin the form of CH=CH- in thehydrocarbon chain.


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Fatty acid with 1 double bond is called as

monosaturated fatty acid.

Fatty acid with 2 or more double bond=polysaturated fatty acid


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ENZYME

STATE THAT WHAT ENZYMES ARE

Enzymes are proteins which act as biologycatalyst.

They speed up biochemical reaction The substance whose reactivity is increased

is known as substrate. EXPLAIN WHYENZYMES ARE NEEDEDMany biochemical reactions occur in living

cells.Without enzymes these process will be slow.


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LIST THE CHARACTERISTIC OF ENZYMES

a) Enzymes work veryrapidly

1molecule of enzyme.

C

an turn thousand millionsof substrate in to product.

b)Enzymes arenotdestroyed bythereactionthat iscatalyze

It can be reused again.S

mall concentration isneeded to accelerate large reaction

c)Enzymes can work at bothdirection

d)Enzymes areextremely specific It work at particular substrate.1 enzyme catalyze

1 type of reaction. For example; MALTASE WORKAT MALTOSE.


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Enzymes are denatured by high temperature

An enzymes is inactive at very low temperature.

As temperature is increased their activityincreased too until reach optimum temperature.

After optimum temperature, the reaction willdecreased. This is because enzymes are made of

protein, so they denature at high temperature. When it is denature, the bonds are broken, chain

open up and it loss it normal shape and become inactive.


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Enzymes are sensitiveto Ph

Every enzymes has own optimum pH.

Small changes can cause enzyme to denature and maketheir activity become slow.

Alternation of basidic or asidic group can cause changeson the shapes of enzymes.

NAMING OF ENZYMES BASED ON THESUSTRATE

Add suffix ase-to the name of substrate onwhich it acts.

For example. Maltose glucose + glucosemaltase


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Enzymes are made from protein andsynthesized

By ribosome Intracellular enzymes: synthesized by free

ribosome

Extra cellular enzymes: synthesized byribosome attached to RER.


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MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION

Each enzyme have active site.

Substrate will fit to active site of enzyme Hydrogen bond and ionic bond form substrate

and enzyme complex.

Enzymes changes the substrate bysplit or linking

them together. The explanation of enzyme action is called as keyand

lockhypothesis.

This hypothesis explain whyenzymeare specificandanychanges inenzyme shapes will alter theeffectiveness


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Factor affectingenzymes.

Ph

Temperature

Substrateconcentration

Enzymeconcentration


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Ph Enzyme active in narrow range

Optimum pH is the particular pH at which the rateof enzyme is highest.

Differences from optimum Ph cause tertiary shapesof enzymes are broken. Active sites lose it shapes

and enzyme substrate no longer


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Temperature Increase temperature= increase reaction because

more collision between substrate -& enzymecomplex occur.

The rate of reaction will increase up until maximumknown as optimum temperature

After the optimum reaction, the reaction becomedecrease because the bonding between substrateand enzyme are break down.

Complex enzyme substrate cant be formed andenzyme denature.


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SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION

Increase concentration of substrate =increase

reaction because increase the chances of collisionbetween substrate and enzyme.

When all active site have been filled,

The reaction rate become constant.

The enzyme concentration will become limitingfactor


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ENZYME CONCENTRATION

Increase concentration of enzyme will increase

reaction because increase the chances of collisionbetween substrate and enzyme.

The rate of reaction is linear as long as there isno limiting factor.

More active site available, more substrate can beconverted in to product


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SOALAN

Kabohidrat mengandungi ________,

_____, dan________.

__________ ialah monomer bagikarbohidrat.

_________ terbentuk daripada kondensasi 2monosakarida dengan penyingkiran satu

molekul air..


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PROTEIN

Namakan struktur tesebut.


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Chem Composition