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Characterizing Mineral Dust for Surveillance Purposes
A Multidisciplinary Approach
Characterizing Mineral Dust for Surveillance Purposes
A Multidisciplinary ApproachJohann Engelbrecht
Desert Research Institute (DRI), Reno, Nevada, [email protected]
Weather Impacts Decision Aids (WIDA) WorkshopReno, Nevada - March 13, 2012
Johann EngelbrechtDesert Research Institute (DRI), Reno, Nevada, U.S.A.
Weather Impacts Decision Aids (WIDA) WorkshopReno, Nevada - March 13, 2012
RJ Lee Group
Baghdad, Iraq
Baghdad, Iraq
Shamal (Dust Storm) July 30,
2009
Shamal (Dust Storm) July 30,
2009
IraqIran
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Kuwait
Afghanistan Afghanistan
October 8, 2004October 8, 2004
DOD ProjectsDOD Projects
Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program (EPMSP): 2005 – 2010• Provide USCENTCOM with scientifically founded information on
mineralogical, chemical and physical properties of dust collected within their AOR
• Assess potential human health risks• Assess harmful effect on military equipment
Mobile Aerosol Monitoring System for Department of Defense – In Theater Aerosol Monitoring Initiative (ITAMI): 2011-2014?• Provide continuous measurements of chemical, optical,
morphological properties of airborne dust and other pollutants• Address health issues• Support battlefield operations – optical surveillance & remote sensing
Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program (EPMSP): 2005 – 2010• Provide USCENTCOM with scientifically founded information on
mineralogical, chemical and physical properties of dust collected within their AOR
• Assess potential human health risks• Assess harmful effect on military equipment
Mobile Aerosol Monitoring System for Department of Defense – In Theater Aerosol Monitoring Initiative (ITAMI): 2011-2014?• Provide continuous measurements of chemical, optical,
morphological properties of airborne dust and other pollutants• Address health issues• Support battlefield operations – optical surveillance & remote sensing
DOD/DOE/EPA ProjectsDOD/DOE/EPA Projects
Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP): Ongoing• Measure fugitive dust emissions from U.S. DoD activities
Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP): Ongoing• Measure fugitive dust emissions from U.S. DoD activities
TitleTitle
Content Content
IRAN
SAUDI ARABIA
ETHIOPIA
SUDAN
EGYPT
JORDAN
OMAN
PAKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN
KAZAKHSTAN
KENYA
SOMALIA
YEMEN
TAJIKISTAN
SEYCHELLES
SYRIA
EPMSP - Sampling SitesSite 6. Balad, Iraq Site 7. Baghdad, Iraq Site 8. Tallil IraqSite 9. Tikrit, IraqSite 10. Taji, IraqSite 11. Al Asad, Iraq
Site 4. QatarSite 1. Djibouti
Site 5. United Arab Emirates
Site 2. Bagram, AfghanistanSite 3. Khowst, Afghanistan
Site 12. Northern KuwaitSite 13. Central KuwaitSite 14. Coastal KuwaitSite 15. Southern Kuwait
Sampling plan: 15 Sites , 1 in 6 day, 24 hr, 12 months 2006 - 2007
EPMSP - Aerosol sampling
EPMSP - Aerosol sampling
Three Airmetrics Minivol® filter samplers installed at each of the 15 sampling sites
Three size fractions of ambient aerosols:
<2.5 m aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) <10 m aerodynamic diameter (PM10) Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) Aerosol samples collected on 47
mm: Teflon (2 sampling days/month) Quartz fiber (2 sampling days/month) Nuclepore membrane (1 sampling day/month Sampling for one year, on a 1 in 6
day sampling schedule during 2006/7, providing 3136 filters for chemical, mineralogical, and individual particle analysis
Analysis of Teflon & quartz fiber filtersAnalysis of Teflon & quartz fiber filters
Gravimetry X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF),
(40 major, minor & trace elements: Na to U) Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS),
(trace elements: As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, V, Zn) Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry
(ICP-OES),
(water soluble Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) Ion Chromatography (IC),
(water soluble Cl-, NO3-, PO4
3-, SO4=, NH4
+)
Thermal Optical Transmission (TOT),
(elemental & organic carbon)
Individual Particle Analysis of Nuclepore Filters
Individual Particle Analysis of Nuclepore Filters
Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM) (approximately 250 images & EDS spectra)
Computer Controlled Scanning Electron Microscopy (CCSEM) individual particle chemistry & morphology (approximately 250 filters, 1000 particles/filter & 28 chemical species)
SEM, Secondary Electron Images & EDS Spectra
SEM, Secondary Electron Images & EDS Spectra
Quartz particles, with coating of clay minerals,
possibly montmorillonite/illite, and
needles of palygorskite
Rhombohedral calcite crystal with few small rods of possibly palygorkite attached
Tikrit, Iraq
Tikrit, Iraq2µm
6µm
Mineralogy by X-ray Diffraction (XRD)Coastal Kuwait
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Degrees 2Q
Co
un
ts p
er s
eco
nd
CalciteQuartz
Quartz
38 mm sieved
0
2000
4000
6000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Degrees 2Q
Co
un
ts p
er s
eco
nd
Quartz
Calcite
PM2.5
2.5 mm
HaliteCalciteClay (Kaolinite)ChloriteMica
Feldspar
Quartz
Halite
Calcite
Clay (Kaolinite)
Chlorite
MicaFeldsparQuartz
TSP
PM2.
5
Resuspension Chamber
Sample InletSample Outlet
InputCoupler
OutputCoupler
Piezoelectric Transducer
Microphone and Surrounds
RESONATOR SECTION
COUPLINGSECTION
COUPLINGSECTION
Photodetector
Cosine-Weighted Sensor. Scattering
Measurement. Fiber-coupled
to PMT.
LASER 1
LASER 2
LASER 3
Fiber 1
Fiber 3
Fiber 2Culmination
Fiber
Three Wavelength Photoacoustic (Absorption) Instrument with Nephelometer (Scattering) Sensor
Nephelometer & PhotoacousticNephelometer & Photoacoustic
y = 14.44x + 31.856R2 = 0.9965
-20000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
-2000 0 2000 4000 6000
Babs 405 nm
Bs
ca
40
5 n
m
wo = 1/(1+1/m)
Slope = m = 14.44w
o = 0.935
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
10000013:4
0:0
1
13:4
1:2
4
13:4
2:5
0
13:4
4:1
7
13:4
5:4
3
13:4
7:0
7
13:4
8:3
4
13:5
0:0
0
13:5
1:2
4
13:5
2:5
4
13:5
4:1
8
13:5
5:4
1
13:5
7:1
1
13:5
8:3
5
14:0
0:0
1
14:0
1:2
8
14:0
2:5
2
14:0
4:1
6
14:0
5:4
3
Time
Scatt
eri
ng
/ A
bso
rpti
on
(M
m-1
), 7
80
nm
, 405n
m
Bsca 780nm
Bsca 405nm
Babs 405nm
Babs 780nm
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
13
:40
:01
13
:41
:25
13
:42
:52
13
:44
:21
13
:45
:48
13
:47
:14
13
:48
:44
13
:50
:09
13
:51
:34
13
:53
:05
13
:54
:30
13
:55
:55
13
:57
:26
13
:58
:51
14
:00
:19
14
:01
:47
14
:03
:12
14
:04
:38
Time
Ab
so
rpti
on
(M
m-1
),7
80
nm
, 4
05
nm
Babs 405nm
Babs 780nm
Single Scattering Albedo
Lanzarote, Vega de Femes
y = 366.86x + 852.88R² = 0.9917
-20000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
-100 0 100 200 300
Bs
ca 8
70
nm
Babs 870 nm
wo = 1/(1+1/m)Slope = m = 366.86
wo = 0.9975
Single Scattering Albedo vs % Fe2O3 (Hematite)
PM2.5
y = -0.0046x + 0.9923R² = 0.9766
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Sin
gle
Sc
att
eri
ng
Alb
ed
o, w
o, 4
05
nm
Percentage Fe2O3
y = -0.0002x + 0.9992R² = 0.934
0.991
0.992
0.993
0.994
0.995
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.999
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Sin
gle
Sc
att
eri
ng
Alb
ed
o, w
o, 8
70
nm
Percentage Fe2O3
Mineralogy by Optical Microscopy
200 m
50 m
Dust Sample from Mali -BamakoOpaque oxide particles together and transparent quartz grains with reddish coatings of iron oxides (polarized light microscopy)
Transparent quartz grains with reddish parches of iron oxides on surfaces(polarized light microscopy)
SEM, Secondary Electron ImageCoastal Kuwait
SEM, Secondary Electron ImageCoastal Kuwait
The large (approx. 80 m) particle in the center of the field (upper left, magnified upper right) is quartz, as identified by the EDS spectrum (lower figure) of silicon
SEM, Secondary Electron ImageCoastal Kuwait
SEM, Secondary Electron ImageCoastal Kuwait
EDS analysis (lower part of figure) of the grain coating (“desert varnish”) points to a magnesium-aluminium silicate with some iron, possibly a clay & hematite mixture (analysed in small white square)
Soils map of Iraq & sampling sitesSoils map of Iraq & sampling sites
Al Asad
Balad
Tikrit
Tallil
Taji
Baghdad
Euphrates River
Tigris River
Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of PM10 Chemical Results from Baghdad, Iraq
Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of PM10 Chemical Results from Baghdad, Iraq
Conclusion
The character of airborne mineral dust can best be understood from measurements of their mineralogical, chemical, and physical properties by multiple analytical techniques
Thanks,Questions or Comments?
Thanks,Questions or Comments?
Publications & Reports
• Engelbrecht et al. (2009). Characterizing mineral dusts and other aerosols from the Middle East – Part 1: Ambient sampling. Inhalation Toxicology, 21:4, 297-326
• Engelbrecht et al. (2009). Characterizing mineral dusts and other aerosols from the Middle East – Part 2: Grab samples and re-suspensions. Inhalation Toxicology, 21:4, 327- 336
• National Research Council of the National Acadamies, (2010). Review of the Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program Report, The National Acadamies Press, Washington D.C., 85 pp.
• Moosmüller, H., J. P. Engelbrecht, M. Skiba, G. Frey, R. K. Chakrabarty, and W. P. Arnott (2011). Single Scattering Albedo of Fine Mineral Dust Aerosols Controlled by Iron Concentration. J. Geophys. Res., submitted.
Publications & Reports
• Engelbrecht et al. (2009). Characterizing mineral dusts and other aerosols from the Middle East – Part 1: Ambient sampling. Inhalation Toxicology, 21:4, 297-326
• Engelbrecht et al. (2009). Characterizing mineral dusts and other aerosols from the Middle East – Part 2: Grab samples and re-suspensions. Inhalation Toxicology, 21:4, 327- 336
• National Research Council of the National Acadamies, (2010). Review of the Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program Report, The National Acadamies Press, Washington D.C., 85 pp.
• Moosmüller, H., J. P. Engelbrecht, M. Skiba, G. Frey, R. K. Chakrabarty, and W. P. Arnott (2011). Single Scattering Albedo of Fine Mineral Dust Aerosols Controlled by Iron Concentration. J. Geophys. Res., submitted.
