Chapters 6,7,8 Health. Chapter 6, Section 1 The Integrated Body

Chapters 6,7,8Chapters 6,7,8

HealthHealth

Chapter 6, Section 1Chapter 6, Section 1

The Integrated BodyThe Integrated Body

The Integrated BodyThe Integrated Body

• No body system can function all alone without help from other body systems

• The process of the body’s striving to maintain constant internal conditions is called homeostasis.– Homeostasis- staying the same

DefinitionsDefinitions

• Body systems- groups of related organs that work together to perform major body functions

• Cells- the smallest units in which independent life can exist

• Genes- the unit of cell’s inheritance, which directs the making of equipment to do the cell’s work


• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)- the genetic material of cells which serve as a blueprint for making all of the proteins a cell needs to make exact copies of itself

Benefits of NutritionBenefits of Nutrition



• Nutrients– Compounds in food that body requires for

proper growth

• Nutrient Deficiencies– Too little of one or more nutrients in the diet

• Malnutrition– The results in the body of poor nutrition– Example

• Undernutrition or Overnutrition


• Undernutrition– Too little food energy or too few nutrients to

prevent disease or promote growth

• Overnutrition– Too much food energy or excess nutrients to

the degree of causing disease or increasing the risk of disease

Dietary Guidelines for AmericansDietary Guidelines for Americans

• 1. Eat a variety of foods• 2. Balance the food you eat with physical

activity• 3. Choose a diet with plenty of grain

products, vegetables, and fruits• 4. Choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat,

and cholesterol• 5. Choose a diet moderate in sugars, salts

and, sodium

How to Choose Nutritious How to Choose Nutritious FoodsFoods



• Carbohydrates– A class of nutrients made of sugars, these

nutrients include sugar, starch, and fiber

• Fat– A class of nutrients that does not mix with

water– Made mostly of fatty acid


• Protein– A class of nutrients that builds body tissues

and supplies energy– Made of amino acids

• Vitamins– Essential nutrients that do not yield energy,

but that are required for growth and proper functioning of the body


• Minerals– Elements of the earth needed in the diet,

which perform many functions in body tissue

Food Guide PyramidFood Guide Pyramid

• 6 serving of Bread etc

• 3 servings of vegetables

• 2 servings of fruits

• 2 servings of milk etc

• 2 servings of meat

Energy from FoodEnergy from Food


Providing energyProviding energy

• Carbohydrates, fats and proteins provide energy that body can use– Carbohydrates provides the body with sugar

glucose• Nervous system can only use glucose for energy

to fuel their activities

Providing EnergyProviding Energy

• Fat provides energy from fatty acid– This powers the muscles enclosed the heart

use this type of fuel

• Protein is used primarily to build body tissue– However, it can be broken down into amino

acids and used as energy– Only used in extreme cases such as

starvation or extreme stress


• Calories– Units used to measure energy

• Calories indicate how much energy in a food can be used by the body or stored in body fat

• Glycogen– The form in which the liver and muscles store

glucose

• Hypothalamus– A brain regulatory center

CaloriesCalories

• Calories do not always relate directly back to the amount of fat in a product

• A more accurate statement would be how much energy is in a food

• If you consume more calories than you need, than those unused calories are stored as fat

Storing Glucose as GlycogenStoring Glucose as Glycogen

• The body stores extra energy in two fuels– Glucose and fat

• The glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen– The body supply is low that’s why you have to

keep eating– The hypothalamus sends out the hungry

message when the blood glucose level is too low

Storing Fuels as Body FatStoring Fuels as Body Fat

• If more glucose or protein is available after storage in the liver, the liver changes it to fat.

• Once a it is changed it will be stored with the other fat cells in the fat tissue

The CarbohydratesThe Carbohydrates



• Why Carbohydrates are important to the body?– The sugar glucose in the blood– The stored form of glucose in the liver and

muscles

• Carbohydrates that are important in the diet are starch, fiber, and sugars


• Starch– A carbohydrates, the main food energy

source for the body

• Fiber– Indigestible substance in foods, made mostly

of carbohydrates

• Sugars– Carbohydrates found both in foods and in the

body


• Constipation– Hard slow stools that are difficult to eliminate,

often a result of too little fiber

• Hemorrhoids– Swollen painful rectal veins

StarchStarch

• The main carbohydrate found in grains and vegetables

• Provides glucose in a form the body uses best

• Studies have shown that schoolchildren who eat a breakfast pay attention longer in school than those who do not

FiberFiber

• Not an energy source

• Provides no calories to the system

• Aids in the digestive system by making stool soft and bulky

• Lack of fiber can lead to constipation and hemorrhoids

SugarsSugars

• All sugars are similar to glucose an be converted into glucose in the body

• The four sugars most important in the body are:– Glucose (the body’s fuel)– Fructose (the sweet sugar of fruits and honey)– Sucrose (table sugar)– Lactose (milk sugar)

SugarsSugars

• Nutritionists recommend that you consume a large number of fruits and vegetables that contain sugars, but they urge you in the same breath to “avoid consuming too much sugar” – WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?

Empty CaloriesEmpty Calories

• Example– An Apple

• 100 calories• Several vitamins and minerals• Some fiber

– Can of Mountain Dew• 150 calories• No other nutrients

FatsFats


FatsFats

• Fats supply fuel for the body

• Fats come in two forms– Saturated and unsaturated– Saturated Fats

• Concerning fats and health, those fats associated strongly with heart and artery diseases, mainly fats from animal sources

• Tend to be solid in room temperature

CholesterolCholesterol

• A type of fat made by the body useful as replacement for saturated fat in a heart-healthy diet– Some cholesterol is made from fats in the

body– Too much cholesterol, though is linked to

heart disease

Unsaturated FatsUnsaturated Fats

• Concerning fats and health, fats less associated with heart and artery diseases

• Main source is vegetable oil– Polyunsaturated fats

• A type of unsaturated fats especially useful as a replacement for saturated fat in a heart-healthy diet

How much fat is enough?How much fat is enough?

• Recommendations for a healthy diet include holding fat to 30% of total calories

• Carbohydrates should be around 60% of calories, with protein completing the final 10%

ProteinProtein


ProteinsProteins

• Known as the bodybuilding nutrient– The material of strong muscles

• Proteins are made of building blocks, the amino acids – A set of 20 different amino acids from protein

build the body• Such as letters form a word, and those words form

a sentence

Essential Amino AcidsEssential Amino Acids

• Amino acids that are needed, but cannot be made by the body– Must be eaten

• An adult loses about a quarter cup of pure protein a day

Where to get proteins?Where to get proteins?

• Proteins can be found in – Beans– Eggs – Milk– Some grains and vegetables

• A vegetarian can get enough protein from these foods without eating a single piece of meat

Vitamins and MineralVitamins and Mineral

Chapter 7 and 8Chapter 7 and 8


• Supplement– A pill, powder, liquid, or the like containing only

nutrients; not a food

• Deficiency– Too little of a nutrient in the body

• Fat-soluble– A chemist’s term meaning “able to dissolve in fat”

• Water-soluble– Able to dissolve in water

Different VitaminsDifferent Vitamins

• Vitamin A– Function:

• healthy eyes, skin, and bones • hormone synthesis

– Sources: • dairy products • dark green leafy vegetables


• Thiamin

• Functions: – energy metabolism – proper nerve and muscle function

• Sources: – pork and organ meats – legumes, nuts and whole grains – enriched cereals


• Vitamin C• Functions:

– antioxidant – helps with wound healing – strengthen resistance to infection

• Sources: – citrus fruits – broccoli – tomatoes – melons


• Vitamin D

• Functions: – strong bones and teeth

• Sources: – fortified milk – eggs – liver – made by the body from sunlight

MineralsMinerals

• Calcium– Most abundant mineral in the body– Mostly stored in bones and teeth– Milk products are the best source– Low calcium level can lead to osteoporosis

MineralsMinerals

• Iron– Present in every living cell– The body’s oxygen carrier– Too little iron can lead too anemia

• Reduced number of red blood cells

– Meats, fish, poultry, and beans are rich sources of iron

MineralsMinerals

• Electrolytes– Minerals that carry electrical charges that help

maintain the body's fluid balance– Consist of three minerals (sodium, chloride

and potassium)

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Chapters 6,7,8 Health. Chapter 6, Section 1 The Integrated Body