Chapter15 1 Acids and Bases

8/12/2019 Chapter15 1 Acids and Bases

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ACIDS AND BASES

Chapter 15.1 Properties


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Objectives:1. List five general properties of aqueous acids

and bases.2. Name common binary acids and oxyacids,given their chemical formulas.

3. List five acids commonly used in industry andthe laboratory, and give two properties of each.

4. Define acid and base according to Arrheniusstheory of ionization.

5. Explain the differences between strong andweak acids and bases.


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Common acids and basesVinegar acetic acid

Sour milk lactic acidCarbonated beverages phosphoric acidLemons/oranges citric acid

Apples malic acidGrape juice tartaric acidHousehold ammonia ammonia

Lye sodium hydroxideMilk of Magnesia magnesium hydroxideBaking soda sodium bicarbonate


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AcidsProperties of aqueous solutions

Sour tasteDont ever taste an acid in lab!!!!! They are corrosive and destroy body tissue and clothing.Most are poisons.

Change color of acid base indicatorsSome react with active metals to release hydrogen gas, H 2

Ba(s) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(aq) + H2(g)

Acids react with bases to produce salts and water.Neutralized NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Some acids conduct electric current

salt water


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Acid NomenclatureBinary Acids

Acid that contains only two different elementsHydrogen and one of the more electronegative elements

HF, HCl, HBr, and HI

Naming Binary Acids1. Begins with prefix hydro-2. Root of the name of second element3. Ends with suffix ic

HF hydrofluoric acid

HCl hydrochloric acidHBr hydrobromic acidHI hydroiodic acidH2S hydrosulfuric acid


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Naming oxyacidsOxyacid is an acid that is a compound of hydrogen,oxygen, and a third element, usually a nonmetal.

List on page 455 textbook

Four possibilitiesHClO4 perchloric acid 1 extra Oxy.HClO3 chloric acid Chlorate ionHClO2 chlorous acid 1 less Oxy.HClO hypochlorous acid 2 less Oxy.

Number of oxygen's determine name

Acid Nomenclature


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Some common Industrial AcidsSulfuric Acid

Most commonly produced industrial acid in theworld47 million tons made each year in US aloneUses

Petroleum refiningMetallurgyMaking fertilizer

Used in makingMetals, paper, paint, dyes, detergents, car batteries


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Nitric AcidVolatile, unstable liquid rarely used in industry or labsin pure form

Stains proteins yellowSuffocating odor, stains skin, causes serious burnsUses

Explosives

Used to makeRubber, plastics, dyes, pharmaceuticalsPhosphoric Acid

Bulk produced each year is used inManufacturing fertilizers and animal feed

Dilute gives a pleasant , sour taste and is NOT toxicUses

Flavoring agent in soft drinksCleaning agent in dairy products

Used to make

Detergents and ceramics


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Hydrochloric AcidProduced in stomach for digestionIndustrially

pickling iron and steel General cleaning agent, in food processingActivation of oil wellsRecover magnesium from sea water

Acetic AcidConcentrated clear, colorless, pungent smelling liquidFreezing point is 17 CelciusWhite Vinegar contains 4 8% acetic acidUses

Manufacturing plastic

fungicide


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HCl in Food Processing


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BasesProperties of aqueous solutions

Bitter taste - soapDont ever taste an acid in lab!!!!! They are corrosive and destroy body tissue and clothing.Most are poisons.

Change color of acid base indicatorsDilute aqueous solutions of bases feel slipperyAcids react with bases to produce salts and water.

Neutralized NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Some bases conduct electric current

salt water


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Arrhenius Acids and BasesArrhenius Acid

Chemical compound that increases the concentration ofhydrogen ions, H +, in aqueous solutions.In other words, acids ionize in solution, INCREASING thenumber of hydrogen ions present

Arrhenius BaseSubstance that increases the concentration of hydroxideions, OH -, in aqueous solutions.

Remove hydrogen ions forming hydroxides.

Acids and bases are molecular compounds, BUT form electrolytesolutions


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Aqueous solutions of AcidsAcid molecules are polar, will dissolve in

waterProduce hydronium ions, H 3O+ Ionization of HNO 3

HNO3 (l) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)

Strength of AcidsStrong Acid

One that ionizes completely in aqueous solution.Strong electrolyte

H2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+(aq) + HSO4- (aq)


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Aqueous Solutions of BasesBases dissociate

Dissociates completely to yield OH - ionsAlkaline

NaOH (s) Na+(aq) + OH- (aq)

Not all bases are ionicExample: NH 3

NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH

4

+(aq) + OH- (aq)

Weak AcidWeak electrolyte, doesnt ionize completely

HCN (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+(aq) + CN- (aq)

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Chapter15 1 Acids and Bases