Chapter1 What is Chemistry

Chemistry

Leveled Book, Chemistry, Level J/K© 1997-2012 n2y, Inc.Unique Learning System®

Written by Travis Schaeffer and Kathy StauglerIllustrated by Travis Schaeffer

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: What is Chemistry? ............................... pg 1

Chapter 2: What is the World Made of? .................pg 15

Chapter 3: What is a State of Matter? ...................pg 28

Chapter 4: Names and Symbols in Chemistry .......pg 45

Chapter 5: Reactions..............................................pg 63

Chapter 6: How is Chemistry Useful? ....................pg 79

4Be

Beryllium

20Ca

Calcium

12M

Magnesium

40Zr

Zirconium

39Y

Yttrium

38Sr

Strontium

37Rb

Rubidium

41Nb

Niobium

42Mo

Molybdenum

43Tc

Technetium

44Ru

Ruthenium

45Rh

Rhodium

56Ba

Barium

88Ra

Radium

Leveled Book, Chemistry, Level F/G© 1997-2012 n2y, Inc.Unique Learning System®

Leveled Book, What is Chemistry?, Level J/K

Level J/K

© 1997-2012 n2y, Inc.Unique Learning System®

Chapter 1:What is Chemistry?

1

Simon is taking a chemistry class. But

what is chemistry? Chemistry is a study

about the “stuff”

things are made of.

A chemist is a

scientist who studies

the “stuff” things are

made of. Scientists don’t call it “stuff.”

The scientifi c name for “stuff” is substance.

A chemist asks questions about different

substances. A chemist does experiments

with different substances.

2

Simon is ready to be a chemist. He puts

on a white lab coat. The lab coat will help

keep substances off his clothes. Simon has

lab goggles too. He will wear the goggles

when he does an experiment so he will not

get substances in his eyes. These are good

rules for his chemistry class.

3

Chemists ask many questions. What is

this substance? Simon has two cups on his

table. Simon looks at the substances in the

cups. One cup has water in it. The other cup

has lemonade mix in it. Simon knows these

substances. But sometimes a chemist does

not know the substance. The chemist will ask

more questions.

4

What are the properties of the substance?

Properties describe the substance. What

does it look like? How does it feel? Does it

smell? Simon can use his senses to describe

the properties of the substance. Sometimes

a chemist will do an experiment to learn more

about the properties of a substance. What

does the substance do?

5

6 An experiment:

• Get two cups.

• Fill one cup

with water.

• Put lemonade mix in the other cup.

• What are the properties of the

substances in the cups?

How does it look?

How does it smell?

How does it feel?

Some substances are made of just

one thing. Some substances are made of

more than one thing.

Something that is made

of different things is

called a mixture. Simon

looks at the lemonade

mix. He thinks this is a

mixture. Simon asks a

question: What is this substance made of?

The lemonade mix is a powder made from

lemon juice and sugar.

7

A chemist wants to know if a substance

can change into a new substance. A chemist

wants to know if a substance can change

when it is heated or cooled. A chemist wants

to know if substances can change when

they are mixed together. These changes are

called a reaction.

8

Simon asks a question: What will happen

if I mix the water and the lemonade mix?

Simon puts three spoons of the lemonade mix

in the cup of water. Did it change? Simon

uses the spoon to stir the lemonade mix in the

water. Did it change?

9

10

An experiment:

• Put three spoons of lemonade mix

into a cup of water.

• Observe any change.

• Stir the mix in the water with

a spoon.

• Observe any change.

Chemists ask many questions about

substances. Chemists do many experiments

with substances. When chemists ask

questions and do experiments, they come up

with new ideas that help us. Chemistry is an

important science in our lives.

11

12

Roy Plunkett was a chemist. He mixed substances and discovered Tefl on. When Tefl on is used on a frying pan, food does not stick to the pan.

Matches have a mixture of substances on the end of a stick. When the substances are rubbed on a rough surface, they make a fi re.

+AA

BATTERY

Alessandro Volta made a mixture to put inside a metal case. This made electricity in what we call a battery.

1. What is the study of the “stuff” things are made of?

13 Simon is ready to learn more in his chemistry class.

Can you help him remember what he learned today?

2. What is the scientifi c word for the “stuff” things are made of?

3. What is something that is made of more than one substance?

4. What is a mixture that keeps food from sticking on a pan?

5. Why does Simon wear a lab coat?

Answers: 1. Chemistry 2. Substance 3. Mixture 4. Tefl on 5. So he can keep substances off his clothes.

• Biology

• Earth Science

• Chemistry

• Substance

• Water

• Mixture

• Chemist

• Mixture

• Smell

• Tefl on

• Battery

• Matches

• So he does not get substances in his eyes.

• So he can look like a scientist.

• So he can keep substances off his clothes.

14 Learn more: Books in Library2You:

• Candles - describes changes in matter and reactions

• Exploring Solids and Liquids - describes states

of matter

• Floating on Air - looks at elements in the air

• Freeze and Melt - discusses changes that result from

freezing and melting

• Solid, Liquid and Gas Homework - real life look at

states of matter in our home

• What’s It Made of? - introduces atoms

• Coins: Metals from the Earth - describes metals in coins

• Elements of Metal - describes metals and elements

• Tomato Juice - explores changes in states of matter

Internet Resources:

Additional picture periodic tables - http://elements.wlonk.com/

Experiments, games and videos related to chemistry -

http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/chemistry.html

Information and quizzes on chemistry - http://www.chem4kids.com/

Science experiments related to chemistry - http://tlc.howstuffworks.

com/family/science-projects-for-kids-chemical-reactions.htm

noyes

Leveled Book, What is Chemistry?, Level J/K© 1997-2012 n2y, Inc.Unique Learning System®

describe

reaction

rub

chemistry

cup

chemist

water

substance

lemonade mix

mixture frying pan

clothes

Teflon food

senses

change

stick

make

matches fire battery

new

rough

inside properties

goggles eyeslab coat

electricity

experiment

What is Chemistry?

Leveled Book, What is Chemistry?, Level J/K© 1997-2012 n2y, Inc.Unique Learning System®

Glossary

reaction - breaking and forming of bonds

chemistry - the study of substances

chemist - person that studies chemistry

mixture - substances that are combined but do not bond together

properties - ways a substance behaves or reacts

substance - “stuff” the universe is made of

Leveled Book, What is the World Made of?, Level J/K

Level J/K


Chapter 2:What is the World

Made of?

15

Simon’s chemistry class is learning about

what the world is made of. Simon spills salt on

his table. Small specks of salt cover the table.

Everything in the world is made up of many

small specks called atoms. Atoms are in all

substances. Substances can be a solid, liquid

or gas. Atoms are the world’s building blocks.

16

Substances can be made up of one kind of

atom or many kinds of atoms. A substance with

one kind of atom is called an element. There

are 118 different elements. Gold is an element.

It is made up of one kind of atom. There are

billions of atoms in one small piece of gold.

17

Substances stick together in groups of two

or more atoms. These are called molecules.

How do they stick together? Atoms in

molecules make a link between each other.

These links are called bonds. Two oxygen

atoms bond together to make one molecule

of oxygen.

18

Simon will learn how two oxygen atoms

bond together to make a molecule. Simon

has two marshmallows and a toothpick. He

uses a marker to write an “O” on the two

marshmallows. The “O” stands for oxygen.

Simon sticks a

marshmallow on

each end of the

toothpick. The

marshmallows are

the atoms and the toothpick is the bond. This

is what an oxygen molecule looks like.

19

Can one kind of atom bond with a different

kind of atom? Yes, water has two different

kinds of atoms bonded together. Is water

an element? No, water is a compound. A

compound is a substance that is made up

of more than one kind of atom. Water is also

called H2O. A water molecule is made up of

two hydrogen

atoms “H2” and one

oxygen atom “O.”

20

Simon will learn how two different atoms

bond together to make a molecule. Simon

has three marshmallows and two toothpicks.

He writes an “H” on two marshmallows.

He writes an

“O” on one

marshmallow.

Simon sticks one

toothpick in each

“H” marshmallow. He sticks the other ends of

the toothpicks into the “O” marshmallow. This

is what a water molecule looks like.

21

Compounds are made when substances

mix together during a chemical reaction. The

reaction happens when two or more atoms

bump together. A

part of one atom is

sent into another

atom. The two

substances mix

together. It changes

the atoms and makes them bond together.

This is how a compound is made.

22

When two substances are mixed together,

will it always cause a chemical reaction? No,

substances can mix together without bonding.

This is called a

mixture. Simon

spills pepper over

the salt on his table.

He mixes the two

different substances

together. Salt and pepper do not bond or

stick together. Simon has made a mixture!

23

Our world is made of many kinds of

mixtures. The air is a mixture. It is a mixture

of gases. The ground is a mixture. It is a

mixture of soil, rocks and plants. Simon fi lls a

glass of water. He puts salt in the water. Sea

water is a mixture of salt and water. Simon

has made another mixture!

24

An experiment:

• Shake some salt on a plate.

• Shake some pepper on the salt.

• Mix it up.

• Does the salt and pepper

stick together?

• What do we call this?

25

1. What links two atoms together?

Simon is ready to learn more in his chemistry class.


2. What is made up of more than one kind of atom?

3. What is water made up of?

4. What is NOT a mixture?

5. What is it called when atoms collide and bond together?

Answers: 1. Bond 2. Compound 3. Hydrogen and oxygen 4. Gold 5. Chemical reaction

• Mixture

• Bond

• Glue

• Compound

• Gold

• Element

• Carbon and oxygen

• Oxygen and nitrogen

• Hydrogen and oxygen

• Air

• Gold

• Soil

• Chemical reaction

• Mixture

• Periodic Table2

5 6 7 8 9 10

14 15 16 17

33 34 35 36

53 53 54

86

18

He

Ne

Ar

Kr

Xe

Rn

F

Cl

Br

I

O

S

Se

Te

N

P

As

C

Si

B

26




of matter










Internet Resources:







noyes

Leveled Book, What is the World Made of?, Level J/K© 1997-2012 n2y, Inc.Unique Learning System®

salt

water

atom

compound

substance

hydrogen

pepper gas

molecule

air ground

rock plant

part

oxygen marshmallowgold

kindworld

element

toothpick

mixture

make

spill

together

bond

soilreaction

What is the World Made of?

Leveled Book, What is a State of Matter?, Level J/K

Level J/K


Chapter 3:What is a State

of Matter?

28

Simon’s chemistry class is learning about

the different states of matter. Substances

can be in one of three different states: solid,

liquid or gas. We can tell if a substance

is a solid, liquid or gas by its physical and

chemical properties. What is the difference

between physical and chemical properties?

29

solid

liquid

gas

Physical properties are ways we can

describe a substance. We can use our fi ve

senses to describe the physical properties.

We can tell what

a substance

looks like, smells

like, tastes like,

feels like or

even sounds

like. Simon tests the physical properties of

a substance with his senses. He will use his

eyes, nose, tongue, hands and ears.

30

Simon uses his eyes. He sees a plastic

bottle. Simon uses his hands. He moves

the bottle and feels something moving inside.

Simon uses his ears. He opens the bottle

and hears a fi zz. Simon uses his nose. He

smells lemons and

limes. Simon uses

his tongue and takes

a sip. He tastes

something sweet. It

is a liquid! It is lemon

and lime soda!

31

Chemical properties are ways we can

describe what a

substance can

do. Substances

can react with

other substances.

Temperature can

also cause a reaction in a substance.

Creating a chemical reaction is the only way

to test for chemical properties in a substance.

Simon will test the chemical properties of

baking soda and vinegar.

32

Baking soda is a solid. Vinegar is a

liquid. Simon puts a spoonful of baking soda

in a jar. Simon pours

some vinegar in the jar.

The two substances

mix together. Simon

sees bubbles. When

the solid (baking soda) was mixed with the

liquid (vinegar), it changed into a gas (the

bubbles). The chemical properties of these

two substances caused a chemical reaction.

33

Simon tests chemical properties of other

substances. He fi lls a jar with water. Simon

puts a spoonful of

sugar in the water.

Simon stirs the

mixture. The sugar

dissappears! When

the sugar is mixed with water it dissolves.

Simon puts a spoonful of oil in the water.

Simon stirs the mixture. The oil fl oats on top

of the water! When oil is mixed with water it

does not dissolve. The chemical properties of

the sugar and oil are different!

34

All matter is made up of molecules.

Molecules are always moving. How do

molecules move? Simon puts ten marbles in

a jar lid to help understand the movement of

molecules. The marbles are the molecules

and the lid is the substance.

35

Simon puts the ten marbles close together

in the lid. He slowly shakes the lid back and

forth. The marbles move very little. This is

how molecules move in a solid.

36

SOLID

37

Simon takes out three marbles from the

lid. Simon shakes the lid. The marbles are

moving more. This is how molecules move

in a liquid.

LIQUID

38

Simon takes out three more marbles.

Simon shakes the lid. The marbles are

moving a lot. This is how molecules move

in a gas.

GAS

Temperature can change

the way molecules move in

a solid, liquid or gas. Cold

molecules have little energy

and are close together. They make a solid.

Warm molecules have more energy and move

around. They make a liquid. Hot molecules

have a lot of energy and

move far apart. They

make a gas. Temperature

can change substances

from one state of matter into another.

39

How does temperature change the state

of matter? Simon experiments with water

and temperature. He fi lls an ice cube tray

with water. He puts the tray in the freezer.

The cold temperature freezes the water

into ice. The molecules lose energy and

they move close together. The liquid water

changes into solid ice cubes.

40

41

Simon puts the ice cubes in a pan. He

sets the pan in the kitchen. The warm room

temperature melts the ice back into water.

The molecules have more energy and start

moving around. The solid turns back into

a liquid.

42

Simon puts the pan on the stove. He turns

on the heat. The hot temperature boils the

water. The molecules have a lot of energy

and move far away. The liquid changes into a

gas. Simon sees the steam coming from the

boiling water. The steam is a gas.

1. What happens when oil is mixed with water?



2. What happens when sugar is mixed with water?

3. What happens when a solid melts?

4. What happens when a liquid freezes?

5. What happens when a liquid boils?

Answers: 1. Floats 2. Dissolves 3. It changes into a liquid. 4. It changes into a solid. 5. It changes into a gas.

• Floats

• Sinks

• Dissolves

• Floats

• Sinks

• Dissolves

• It changes into a gas.

• It changes into a liquid.

• It changes into a solid.







43




of matter










Internet Resources:







noyes

Leveled Book, What is a State of Matter?, Level J/K© 1997-2012 n2y, Inc.Unique Learning System®

reaction

dissolve

move

change

melt

matter / substance

senses

solid

sugar

molecule

gas

oil marble

lid energy

water

physical properties

chemical properties

temperature

liquidmix

float

shake

freeze

boil

little

a lot

close

hot

more

warm

far apart

cold

What is a State of Matter?


Glossary

dissolve - to mix into a liquid to form a solution

chemical properties - describes the reactions that change the substance

states of matter - solid, liquid and gas

physical properties - describes the way a substance behaves

solid - fi rm or hard substance

liquid - free fl owing substance that takes the shape of its container

gas - airlike substance that expands freely


Glossary

freezes - liquid changes into a solid

melts - solid changes into a liquid

boils - liquid changes into a gas

Leveled Book, What is the World Made of?, Level J/K© 1997-2012 n2y, Inc.Unique Learning System®

Glossary

bond - link between atoms in a molecule

molecule - two or more atoms bonded together

atom - smallest building block of an element

element - made up of one type of atom

compound - substance made up of two or more elements

mixture - substances mixed together but do not bond

4Be

Beryllium

20Ca

Calcium

12M

Magnesium

40Zr

Zirconium

39Y

Yttrium

38Sr

Strontium

37Rb

Rubidium

41Nb

Niobium

42Mo

Molybdenum

43Tc

Technetium

44Ru

Ruthenium

45Rh

Rhodium

56Ba

Barium

88Ra

Radium

Leveled Book, Names and Symbols in Chemistry, Level J/K

Level J/K


Chapter 4:Names and Symbols

in Chemistry

45

There are many different substances.

Scientists made the Periodic Table to name

some of the substances. The substances on

the Periodic Table are called elements.

46

Rutherfordium Dubnium

THE PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

Hydrogen

Rare Earth Metals

Actinide Metals

Actinide Metals

Hafnium

Metal Baseball Bat Stainless Steel Bowl MagnetNails

Iridium

Ru

Remember, an element is a substance

made of one kind of atom. The elements are

named with symbols.

• Many of them use the fi rst letter of their

name as a symbol. “O” is the symbol

for oxygen.

• Other elements use two letters. One

capital letter and one lowercase letter.

“He” is the symbol for helium.

47

Why do some symbols have numbers?

Numbers are written next to the symbol.

The numbers are smaller and lower than

the letters. The number shows how many

atoms are in one molecule. O2 shows that the

oxygen molecule has two atoms.

48

49

Simon combines the elements carbon

and oxygen.

• “C” is the symbol for carbon and “O” is

the symbol for oxygen.

• He makes a compound called

carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide has one

carbon atom and two

oxygen atoms. “CO2”

is the symbol for

carbon dioxide.

50

How do you name a compound?

Remember, a compound is a substance that

is made up of more than one kind of atom.

Compounds get their names from combining

the names of elements.

Look at the Periodic Table. It has rows

and columns. The rows that go across from

left to right are called

periods. The columns

that go from top to

bottom are called

groups. Each element

has a different name

and symbol. The

Periodic Table uses

colors to organize the elements. There are

118 different elements on the Periodic Table.

51

4Be

Beryllium

20Ca

Calcium

12M

Magnesium

40Zr

Zirconium

39Y

Yttrium

38Sr

Strontium

37Rb

Rubidium

41Nb

Niobium

42Mo

Molybdenum

43Tc

Technetium

44Ru

Ruthenium

45Rh

Rhodium

56Ba

Barium

88Ra

Radium

4Be

Beryllium

20Ca

Calcium

12M

Magnesium

40Zr

Zirconium

39Y

Yttrium

38Sr

Strontium

37Rb

Rubidium

41Nb

Niobium

42Mo

Molybdenum

43Tc

Technetium

44Ru

Ruthenium

45Rh

Rhodium

56Ba

Barium

88Ra

Radium

This Periodic Table shows us some

common elements and objects we connect to

these elements.

52



Hydrogen

Rare Earth Metals

Actinide Metals

Actinide Metals

Hafnium


Iridium

Ru



Hydrogen

Rare Earth Metals

Actinide Metals

Actinide Metals

Hafnium


Iridium

Ru

FluorineNitrogen

Disinfectant

Simon wants to take a closer look at some

of the elements on the Periodic Table. Simon

starts with hydrogen.

• Hydrogen “H” is the fi rst element on the

Periodic Table. Hydrogen is a gas. It is also

the most basic and common element. How is

hydrogen used? Hydrogen is used in power

plants to make electricity!

53

54 Simon looks at a few more elements.

Helium (He) is used to fi ll balloons and

blimps. Helium helps make them fl oat!

Carbon (C) is in diamonds and in the

graphite of pencils.

Lithium (Li) is used in batteries.

Oxygen (O) makes up most of the

Earth’s atmosphere. It is the air

we breathe.

55

Most of the elements on the Periodic Table

are metals. There are many different types of

metals. Some metals are hard and some are

soft. Some metals are melted down to make

other things.

Simon looks at elements that are metals.

Copper (Cu) is used to make wires.

Silver (Ag), gold (Au) and platinum (PT)

are used to make jewelry.

Tin (Sn) is used to make food cans.

Aluminum (Al) is used to make soft

drink cans.

56

57

Simon looks around his classroom.

He sees many things that are made of metal.

He makes a list:

• Paper clip

• Folding chair

• Cooking pan

• Stapler

• Scissors

• Spoon and fork

Look around your classroom. Make

a list of things that are made with metal.

Can you guess what kind of metal it is

made from?

58

M E T A L S

59

Elements on the Periodic Table that are

not a metal are called non-metals. There

are fewer non-metals than metals, but

the world is made up of more non-metals.

Some non-metals are used in plastic,

rubber and glass. They help make things

like credit cards, tires and windows.

Scientists look at ways to combine

elements to make things we can use.

• A penny is made of zinc and copper.

• The salt we put on our food is made

from sodium and chlorine.

When elements are combined they can make

many things that we use every day.

60

1. What are the rows called on the Periodic Table?



2. What are the columns called on the Periodic Table?

3. What is something made from a metal?

4. What is something made from a non-metal?

5. What element is used to make a balloon fl oat?

Answers: 1. Periods 2. Groups 3. Cooking pan 4. Glass window 5. Helium

• Groups

• Molecule

• Periods

• Periods

• Groups

• Compound

• Cooking pan

• Tire

• Credit card

• Soft drink can

• Glass window

• Gold ring

• Oxygen

• Carbon

• Helium

61




of matter










Internet Resources:







noyes

Leveled Book, Names and Symbols in Chemistry, Level J/K© 1997-2012 n2y, Inc.Unique Learning System®

element

color

atom

hydrogen

symbol

gas

silver platinum

compound

2

gold tin

non-metal plastic credit card

glass window

lithium

carbon carbon dioxide

molecule

rubber tire

oxygenPeriodic Table

number

column / group

copper

substance

helium

row / period

metal

cooking panaluminum

2

5 6 7 8 9 10

14 15 16 17

33 34 35 36

53 53 54

86

18

He

Ne

Ar

Kr

Xe

Rn

F

Cl

Br

I

O

S

Se

Te

N

P

As

C

Si

B

Names and Symbols in Chemistry4Be

Beryllium

20Ca

Calcium

12M

Magnesium

40Zr

Zirconium

39Y

Yttrium

38Sr

Strontium

37Rb

Rubidium

41Nb

Niobium

42Mo

Molybdenum

43Tc

Technetium

44Ru

Ruthenium

45Rh

Rhodium

56Ba

Barium

88Ra

Radium

Leveled Book, Names and Symbols in Chemistry, Level J/K© 1997-2012 n2y, Inc.Unique Learning System®

Glossary

groups - columns of the Periodic Table

Periodic Table - a chart of elements

periods - rows of the Periodic Table

carbon dioxide - carbon and oxygen compound2

metal - element that conducts electricity

non-metal - element that has no metal-like properties

2

5 6 7 8 9 10

14 15 16 17

33 34 35 36

53 53 54

86

18

He

Ne

Ar

Kr

Xe

Rn

F

Cl

Br

I

O

S

Se

Te

N

P

As

C

Si

B

Leveled Book, Reactions, Level J/K

Level J/K


Chapter 5:Reactions

63

In chemistry class, Simon has learned

about atoms and molecules. He has learned

how substances are made of atoms and

molecules. Simon has learned that elements

are made of one

kind of atom. The

Periodic Table gives

names to these

elements. Today,

Simon will learn how substances can change

into a new substance. This is called a

chemical change.

64

Some changes to substances do not make

a new substance. Sometimes a substance

just changes the state of matter. Sometimes

a substance just changes in size or shape.

This is called a physical change.

65

PHYSICAL CHANGES

Simon looks at some physical changes in

his chemistry lab:

• Simon watched ice melt in a pan.

The ice (a solid) changed into water

(a liquid).

• Simon saw a glass bowl break into

many pieces. The one piece of glass is

now changed into many pieces of glass.

• Simon put slices of peaches into a

blender. The peach became soft

and mushy.

In these physical changes, there is no change

in the chemical part of the substance.

66

67 A chemical change is caused by a

chemical reaction. What is a reaction? A

reaction is what happens when two things

mix together. With

a chemical reaction,

the atoms of two

substances mix

together. The

substances react and form a new substance.

The new substance made from the reaction is

called a product.

Simon has a yellow and a pink highlight

marker. Simon colors a yellow square on his

paper. He sees yellow. Simon colors the pink

marker on top of the yellow. Is the color pink?

No, the color is orange. The yellow and pink

colors changed into orange.

• That is how a chemical change works:

The yellow and pink colors are like

atoms. When they were mixed together

it became a new color (product).

68

yellow pink orange

An experiment:

• With a yellow highlighter, color a yellow

square on white paper.

• Now use a pink highlighter to color over

the yellow square.

• What color do you see? Is it yellow?

Is it pink? What color is it?

• Why did the colors change?

69

What is the difference between a physical

and chemical change to substances. To

learn about the differences, a scientist must

observe and ask questions.

• Simon looks at the ice cube. It melted

into water. But he can freeze it

and it will be an ice cube again.

This reaction is reversible. The reaction

changes the substance into a new substance

and back into the original substance. This is

a physical change.

70

A chemical change is irreversible.

The substance cannot change back into

the original substance.

• Simon has a bag of popcorn. He

knows that before the popcorn popped, it

was a small corn seed. The popcorn will

never be a small seed again. This is an

irreversible change.

71

72

Simon watches a video of a campfi re

burning. Fire is caused by a chemical

reaction. When the wood burns, the atoms in

the wood change into new kinds of molecules.

The reaction gives off a lot of heat and power!

Watch a video of a campfi re:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sj6woqpmlj0

73

What starts a reaction? Energy is

needed to start any reaction. Energy from

electricity and light can start reactions. The

most common way reactions start is from

heat energy. Simon wants to test how heat

can make a chemical reaction. Simon does

an experiment.

74

An experiment:

• Get two cups

• Fill one cup with cold water and one

cup with warm water.

• Drop one antacid tablet in each cup at

the same time.

• Watch and observe. What happened

to the tablets? Which cup dissolved

the tablet faster? Why?

(Heat made the chemical reaction happen faster.)

Reactions happen every day in many

different ways. A reaction is happening inside

Simon’s body right now. A chemical reaction

happens in the body when we breathe in air.

The oxygen from air reacts with chemicals in

the body. This reaction gives off energy that

helps our body work.

75

What other ways do chemical reactions occur?

• We use a chemical reaction to bake

a cake. Heat energy from an oven causes

a reaction between the cake’s ingredients.

Baking powder in the cake batter reacts to

the other ingredients. The baking powder

makes bubbles so the

cake will be fl uffy. When

the cake cools down, it

does not change back to

the gooey cake batter. The heat

caused a chemical reaction. The ingredients

in the batter made a chemical change.

76

1. What kind of change is an ice cube melting?



2. What causes fi re in a campfi re?

3. What do you always need to start a reaction?

4. What type of energy causes a reaction to bake a cake?

5. What type of energy causes a reaction in a plant?

Answers: 1. Physical change 2. Chemical reaction 3. Energy 4. Heat 5. Light

• Chemical change

• Physical change

• Fire

• Chemical reaction

• Physical change

• Photosynthesis

• Water

• Energy

• Sun

• Heat

• Light

• Sun

• Chemical

• Heat

• Light

77




of matter










Internet Resources:







noyes

Leveled Book, Reactions, Level J/K © 1997-2012 n2y, Inc.Unique Learning System®

atom

color

molecule

reversible

substance

irreversible

heat cake

ice

energy ingredients

baking powder

cake batter

fire

product highlighter

chemical change

yellow

pink

orange

fluffy

melt

chemical reaction

mix

bake

gooey

physicalchange

Reactions

Leveled Book, Reactions, Level J/K© 1997-2012 n2y, Inc.Unique Learning System®

Glossary

reversible - a reaction that can change back

chemical change - change in chemical properties of a substance

product - substance formed by a chemical reaction

physical change - change in physical properties of a substance

irreversible - a reaction that cannot change back

energy - power or force

Leveled Book, How is Chemistry Useful?, Level J/K

Level J/K


Chapter 6:How is Chemistry

Useful?

79

Our body needs chemistry. Chemistry

keeps our body working. Our body breathes

in oxygen from the air. Blood gives oxygen to

our body. The oxygen reacts with our body.

Feeling pain is a chemical reaction. Fighting

a fl u or cold is a chemical reaction. Eating

food is a chemical reaction. There are many

chemical reactions in our body!

80

The Sun can cause a chemical reaction

with our body. Energy from the Sun can

cause a reaction in the skin. Light energy can

cause skin to tan. Too much light energy can

cause skin to burn. Sunburns are chemical

reactions that turn skin red. Simon goes out

in the Sun for one hour. He gets sunburnt!

81

Simon wants to stop the Sun from reacting

with his skin. Simon swims in the water. He

still gets sunburned! Simon puts on many

layers of clothes. His face still gets sunburnt!

Simon covers his skin with sunscreen. It

stopped the reaction! Sunscreen blocks the

Sun from reacting with skin.

82

83 Food needs chemistry. Cooking

causes chemical reactions. Ingredients

are different substances. Ingredients can

be mixed together

to create new

substances. Heat

from ovens, stoves

and microwaves can

create chemical reactions. Boiling noodles

is a chemical reaction or baking a cake is a

chemical reaction.

84

Food reacts with our bodies. Some foods

are good for your body and some are bad.

Unhealthy foods can

cause a bad reaction

in the body. Unhealthy

foods can make us feel

sick. Healthy foods

react with our body and make us feel good.

People can also be allergic to some food.

Food can cause an allergic reaction in the

body. This can be dangerous!

Plants need chemistry. Plants use

chemistry for photosynthesis. Photsynthesis

is a chemical reaction. It helps plants change

energy into food. This chemical reaction

helps plants grow. Without chemistry, plants

would not be able to survive.

85

Chemistry can be used to change plants

into new substances. Leaves from plants can

be used to make medicine. Medicine can

help the body. When you take medicine, a

chemical reaction

happens in the

body. Medicines

can react in

different ways to

help different problems. The reactions can

help stop pain and sickness.

86

87 Simon looks for more ways chemistry is

used. He buys a banana. It changes many

colors. When a banana is green, it is not

ripe or ready to eat.

When a banana is

yellow, it is ripe and

ready to eat. When

a banana is brown,

it is rotten. Now

it is not good to eat. These changes are

chemical reactions. Gases from the air and

other foods cause these reactions.

88 A tomato releases a gas that reacts with

bananas. Simon does an experiment. You

can do this experiment too.

• Get two paper bags

• Put one banana in a bag. Put one

banana and one tomato in the other bag.

• Close both bags.

• Open bags and observe bananas each

day for a week.

What happened to the bananas?

What color is each banana?

Which banana changed the fastest?

89

Chemistry is happening every minute of

every day. It is happening right now in the

world around us. Explore other ways we use

chemistry.

1. What chemical reaction causes skin to turn red?



2. What blocks the Sun from reacting with the skin?

3. What is a chemical reaction in plants?

4. What is NOT a chemical reaction in cooking?

5. What color is a banana that is ripe?

Answers: 1. Sunburn 2. Sunscreen 3. Photosynthesis 4. Cutting fruit 5. Yellow

• Photosynthesis

• Sunburn

• Swimming

• Sunscreen

• Sunburn

• Water

• Photosynthesis

• Chocolate

• Ingredients

• Boiling noodles

• Baking a cake

• Cutting fruit

• Green

• Yellow

• Brown

90




of matter










Internet Resources:







noyes

How is Chemistry Useful?

Leveled Book, How is Chemistry Useful?, Level J/K© 1997-2012 n2y, Inc.Unique Learning System®

chemistry

food

chemical reaction

cake

plant

sunburn

photosynthesis

banana color

skin

body

Sun

sunscreen

allergic

medicine

cover

block

cook

bake

eat

red

green

ripe

yellow

brown

photosynthesis - process by which plants make food from sunlight

Glossary

medicine - a drug used to stop pain and sickness

Documents

Chapter1 What is Chemistry