Upload
karenmackbahr
View
224
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
Cellular BiologyChapter 1
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.2
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
Nucleus (single, circular chromosome) Cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsiae
Eukaryotes Complex cellular organization Membrane-bound organelles Well-defined nucleus Higher animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.3
Cellular Functions Movement Conductivity Metabolic absorption Secretion Excretion Respiration Communication
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.4
Eukaryotic Cell Nucleus
Nuclear envelope Nucleolus DNA
DNA replication, repair, and transcription Histone proteins Cell division
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.5
Eukaryotic Cell Nucleus
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.6
Eukaryotic Cell Cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic matrix Cytosol Function Cytoplasmic organelles
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.7
Eukaryotic Cell Cytoplasm
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.8
Eukaryotic Organelles Ribosomes
RNA protein Free ribosomes Attached ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum Site of protein synthesis Smooth vs. rough endoplasmic reticulum
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.9
Eukaryotic Organelles Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.10
Eukaryotic Organelles Golgi complex
Flattened, smooth membranes Secretory vesicles Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are
packaged in the Golgi complex Cisternae
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.11
Eukaryotic Organelles Golgi complex
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.12
Eukaryotic Organelles Golgi complex
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.13
Eukaryotic Organelles Lysosomes
Originate from the Golgi Catalyze proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and
carbohydrates Role in autodigestion
Peroxisomes Contain oxidative enzymes Break substances down into harmless products
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.14
Eukaryotic Organelles Mitochondria
Surrounded by a double lipid–bilayer membrane Participates in oxidative phosphorylation Increased inner membrane surface area provided
by cristae
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.15
Eukaryotic Organelles Mitochondria
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.16
Eukaryotic Organelles Vaults
Cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins, shaped like octagonal barrels
Cellular trucks
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.17
Eukaryotic Organelles Cytoskeleton
“Bones and muscles” of the cell Maintains the cell’s shape and internal
organization Permits movement of substances within the cell
and movement of external projections Microtubules
Centrioles Microfilaments
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.18
Eukaryotic Organelles Cytoskeleton
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.19
Plasma Membrane Controls the composition of a space or
compartment they enclose Structure
Caveolae Lipids
Amphipathic lipids Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol Carbohydrates
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.20
Plasma Membrane
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.21
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Integral, peripheral, transmembrane Functions
Receptors Transport Enzymes Surface markers Adhesion molecules
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.22
Plasma Membrane Plasma membrane protein functions
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.23
Proteolytic Cascades Caspase-mediated apoptosis Blood coagulation cascade Matrix metalloproteinase cascade Complement cascade
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.24
Membrane Fluidity
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.25
Cell-to-Cell Adhesions Extracellular matrix
Production Fibroblasts
Collagen Elastin Fibronectin
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.26
Cell-to-Cell Adhesions Extracellular matrix
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.27
Cell-to-Cell Adhesions Cell junctions
Desmosomes Tight junctions Gap junctions
Gating
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.28
Cell-to-Cell Adhesions Junctional complex
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.29
Cellular Communication Direct linkup Gap junctions Hormonal Neurohormonal Paracrine Autocrine Neurotransmitters
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.30
Cellular Communication
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.31
Signal Transduction Extracellular messengers
Convey instructions to the cell’s interior Transfer, amplify, distribute, and modulate
Channel regulation Second messengers
Two pathways Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) Ca++
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.32
Signal Transduction
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.33
Cellular Metabolism Metabolism
Chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions
Anabolism Energy using
Catabolism Energy releasing
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.34
Adenosine Triphosphate Created from the chemical energy contained
within organic molecules Used in synthesis of organic molecules,
muscle contraction, and active transport
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.35
Cellular Energy Digestion Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm Anaerobic
Citric acid cycle Also called Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle
(TCA) Oxidative phosphorylation
Occurs in the mitochondria
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.36
Cellular Energy
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.37
Membrane Transport Gradient Passive transport
Diffusion Passive mediated transport Filtration Osmosis
Osmolarity vs. osmolality Tonicity
Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.38
Membrane Transport
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.39
Membrane Transport
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.40
Membrane Transport Active transport
Active transport pumps Transport by vesicle formation
Endocytosis Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Potocytosis
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.41
Active Transport
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.42
Membrane Transport
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.43
Electrical Impulses Resting membrane potential Action potential
Depolarization Threshold potential Repolarization Refractory period
Absolute and relative
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.44
Propagation of an Action Potential
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.45
The Cell Cycle Mitosis vs. cytokinesis Chromatin vs. chromosomes Interphase
G1 phase S phase G2 phase
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.46
The Cell Cycle
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.47
The Cell Cycle Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.48
Influences on the Cell Cycle Cellular division rates Growth factors
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.49
Tissue Formation Founder cells Chemotaxis Contact guidance Cellular reproduction
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.50
Tissue Formation
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.51
Types of Tissue Epithelial tissue
Simple vs. stratified Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Pseudostratified Structures
Cilia and microvilli
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.52
Types of Tissue Connective tissue
Ground substance Fibers Loose and dense connective tissue Elastic and reticular connective Cartilage, bone, vascular, and adipose
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.53
Types of Tissue Muscle tissue
Smooth Striated (skeletal) Cardiac