Chapter Two

Focus: To what extent do external and internal forces

shape nationalism?

Convening the Estates General May, 1789

Last time it was called into session was 1614!

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy

2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

The Suggested Voting Pattern:

Voting by Estates11

1

Louis XVI insisted that the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.

3rd Estate

The Third Estate had been granted "double representation"—that is, twice as many delegates as each of the other estates—but at the opening session on May 5, 1789 they were informed that all voting would be "by estates" not "by head", so their double representation was to be meaningless in terms of power. They refused this and proceeded to meet separately.

3rd Estate

They refused this and proceeded to meet separately.from June 13 to June 17 they were gradually joined by some of the nobles and the majority of the clergy and other people such as the peasants.

National Assembly

After some debate over the name, on June 17 this body declared itself the National Assembly: an assembly not of the Estates but composed of "the People". They invited the other orders to join them.They were the representatives of the people, the nation.

"The National Assembly, considering that it has been summoned to establish the constitution of the kingdom. . . decrees that all members of this assembly shall immediately take a solemn oath not to separate. . . until the constitution of the kingdom is established on firm foundations. . ."  June 20, 1789

What was the significance of the Tennis Court Oath on the revolution?

Believing that their newly formed National Assembly was to be disbanded, the deputies met at a nearby tennis court when they were locked out of their usual meeting hall at Versailles. They believed that this was an attempt by Louis XVI to end their demands for reform (vote by head, not block).

What was the significance of the Tennis Court Oath on the revolution?

Refusing to be held down by their King any longer, the deputies did not break up. Instead they moved their meeting to a nearby indoor tennis court. They vowed never to separate until a written constitution was established for France.They were joined by many members from the Clergy and Nobility.

What was the significance of the Tennis Court Oath on the revolution?

This was a revolutionary act and an declaration that political authority was obtained from the people and their representatives rather than from royal declarations. Voting by head rather than estateThe Tennis Court Oath is often considered the moment of the political birth of the French Revolution and a new social order.

Taxes would be paid proportionate to income, and privileges of exemption which the nobility had enjoyed would be removed: Equality of the people.

The Assembly abolished serfdom and slavery.

“The Tennis Court Oath”by Jacques Louis David

June 20, 1789

Oath of the Tennis Court

The Third Estate swore the "Tennis Court Oath”: not to disband until a constitution had been drawn up.

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

The Number of Representatives

in the Estates General: Vote by Head!300

300

648

Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789

A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly.

Storming of the BastilleMobs roam in search of weapons and ammunition to defend themselves.They storm the Bastille, a prison, where they think they may be stored. To them, the Bastille is a symbol of … ?

The Fall of the BastilleThey thought innocent people were imprisoned because of opposition to the King.18 died.73 wounded.7 guards killed.It held 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen].

The Fall of the Bastille

The 14th of July is celebrated as Independence Day in France even today.

What was the significance of the destruction of the Bastille?

3 pts: factor (1), nationalism explanation (2)The storming of the Bastille marked a turning point—It was an act of defiance, a symbolic destruction of the Old Regime and the beginnings of a full-scale revolution. Factor: Political; Social, Historical

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

The national Assembly defined a set of individual and collective rights of all the people.

What was so significant about this document?

Gave all people of the nation a set of rights.Nullified the divine right (God-appointed right) of kings to rule, which was the age-old basis of French government.

The Women March on Versailles

The French were having a major food supply and affordability problem and few had bread to put on their table. Rage built among the people, until finally women took a stand on October 5,1789.

What was the significance of the Woman's March on

Versailles? Explanation: Women of the marketplaces of Paris

demanded lower bread prices and more food to feed families. Rumors were that Royals were hoarding grain.

Thousands marched to the palace (under the eye of the King’s national guard soldiers).

They broke into the palace, took stores of food, and brought the royal family back to Paris where they could keep watch on them.

What was the significance of the Woman's March on

Versailles?The power of the people brought the Royals from Versailles to Paris. The people were now issuing orders that the King had to follow.The people’s respect and loyalty to the Crown was reduced.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy - June 1790

Priests and bishops were now elected and paid by the State, and had to swear an oath of allegiance to France, rather than the Pope. Confiscated the Church's French land holdings.

What was the significance Civil Constitution of the Clergy? June 1790

Reduced the power of the Church making it subordinate (secondary) to the French government and French nation.The church lands belonged to the nation-state

What was the significance flight to Varennes?

Louis XVI and his family attempted to escape to Austria to join the émigrés (nobles in exile) under the cover of night.They didn’t make it

What was the significance of the flight to Varennes?

Represented a turning point: hostility & lack of support for the monarchy as an institution, as well as towards Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette as individuals. The monarchy became prisoners of the people and many called for a republic: the elimination of a King.

What was the significance of the Constitution of 1791?

First written constitution; set up a constitutional (limited) monarchy which put a limit on the king’s powers. Which meant: The king and the people shared power.

Adoption of French slogan: “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.”

Liberty represents freedom, a word that has many meanings; firstly it can stand for being able to make one’s own decisions freely and having the opportunity to be able to express one’s own beliefs without fear.To be physically and/or legally free is different, and involves being free from confinement servitude or forced labor (slavery).

Adoption of French slogan: “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.”

Equality can stand for being equal in law and so to maintain a sameness of rules, status, rights, respect, opportunities and privileges, that must be applied to all. (well, all men at this point)

Adoption of French slogan: “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.”

Fraternity is a word associated with the idea of community and brotherhood, which is a body of people that share a common interest or purpose.

Adoption of national anthem: La Marseillaise

"La Marseillaise" is a song written on April 25, 1792. Its original name was "Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin" ("War Song for the Army of the Rhine") Became the national anthem July 14, 1795.

What evidence can you find in the French national anthem that indicates (a) the French had switched from loyalty to the king to loyalty to the nation-state?

French Anthem LyricsArise children of the fatherland The day of glory has arrived Against us stands tyrannyThe bloody flag is raised Do you hear in the countryside The roar of these savage soldiersThey come right into our armsTo cut the throats of your sons Your country To arms citizens Form your battalions Let us March, march Let impure blood water our fields

Adoption of national anthem: La Marseillaise

Nationalism explanation: The national anthem provides the people with a song that unifies them.

Jacobins

Led by Robespierre, the Jacobins were a very radical group who believed in the need to remove all social class distinctions. They sought to limit the powers of the king and were also in favour of a new republican constitution that did not include a monarch. Got more extreme as the Revolution progressed.

Sat to the LEFT of the King in discussionsinstituted the Reign of Terror Under Robespierre, who came to dominate the government, the Terror was used not only against counterrevolutionaries (people who opposed the Revolution), but also against former allies of the Jacobins

Girondins

Like the Jacobins they were revolutionaries but were more moderate than the Jacobins and wanted a constitutional monarchy (the King could be part of France but would have limited powers set out by the Constitution).They were the controlling power in the middle phase of the Revolution.They were seen by many radicals as wanting to stop the Revolution and lost some support of the people to the Jacobins.

The action: French declare war against Austria.

Happened becauseConcentrate citizen’s attention on a foreignthreat rather on the turmoil at home.

Happened because Spread revolutionary ideas across Europe.

Consequence United the French population against an externalthreat.

Brunswick Manifesto July 25 1792

The Brunswick Manifesto was a proclamation issued by the Duke of Brunswick, commander of Austrian and Prussian armies, to the population of Paris The Brunswick Manifesto promised that if the French royal family was not harmed, then French civilians would not be harmed. It was a measure intended to intimidate Paris, but rather helped further spur the increasingly radical French Revolution.

The Brunswick manifesto

Happened becauseMonarchs from Austria and Prussia formed an armyto prevent the death of the French monarchy; toprevent the actions of the French from spreading

Happened becauseAustria and Prussia wanted to intimidate the French people into submission and save thelives of the monarchy.

ConsequenceCreated an atmosphere

of anger and fear; revolutionaries use thisto rally French nationalism

Royal family imprisoned; Louis and Marie executed.

Happened because

Happened because

Consequence

French fight foreign wars

Happened becauseThe French wanted to spread their revolutionary ideas of natural rights, equality, and a republic

Happened becauseLeaders thought people would devote attentionto foreign threat rather than on problems at home.A diversion.

ConsequenceFrench revolutionary wars spread Enlightenmentideas and nationalism; monarchy of neighboring countries feel threatened,

Reign of terror kills thousands

Happened because Marat called for the deaths of thousands

Happened because

Consequence People begin to feel the revolution has gone too far

Robespierre’s death

Happened because He tried to install a new religion

Happened because Refused to reveal his new list of traitors

Consequence His colleagues jumped him before he could maybe say their names

We’ve used this before…Nationalism is a political and/or social philosophy in which the welfare of the nation is considered most important. Nationalism is basically a collective state of mind or consciousness in which people believe their primary duty and loyalty is to the nation. Often nationalism implies national superiority and glorifies various national virtues (our country is the best at…). Thus love of nation may be overemphasized; concern with national self-interest to the exclusion of the rights of other nations may lead to international conflict.

French revolutionary leaders started to become very nationalistic and raised the first truly national army ever in Europe. Soldiers in these patriotic armies believed that they were fighting for France's freedom from oppression. The immense enthusiasm that nationalism created in the people of France was a great power. When the government used this energy to mobilize people throughout the country against its enemies it created a whole new form of warfare that was devastating. The French Revolution is very important from an historical point of view because of the rise in Nationalism.

How did the French Revolution demonstrate to the powers of Europe the importance and strength of nationalism?

Definition: During the 1800s Liberalism was a philosophy that supported guarantees of individual freedom, political change, and social reform. It was a belief in more personal freedom and a development towards a fairer sharing of wealth and power within society. It challenged the status quo and opposed the Old Regime.

It was widely believed by revolutionary leaders of France that this was a revolution of all mankind to liberate the people of Europe from the oppression of absolute power. The revolutionary armies spread ideas of the enlightenment wherever they traveled. They abolished feudal practices in France's territories. This spread in liberalism affected even the countries France had not conquered. The people of these countries were very impressed that the most established monarchy in Europe could be overthrown by a revolution.

Question: What effect could liberalism have had on the rest of Europe, and how would European leaders and monarchs have reacted to the ideals of French Revolution and the Reign of Terror?

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

A French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the history of Europe. His campaigns are studied at military academies all over the world and he is widely regarded as one of history's greatest commanders. Read page 56 of Exploring Nationalism

The Rise of Napoleon, pages 42-48

Each of the following was the result of Napoleon’s efforts. How did each contribute to French nationalism?

Fishbone Map

Using the fishbone graphic organizer and information about…Napoleonic CodeLyceesFinanceTolerance

Fishbone Map

Factors and events that helped shape French nationalismunder the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte

Social Factors Political Factors

Economic Factors

Napoleonic (Civic) CodeThe Napoleonic Code – also known as the French Civil Code, established under Napoleon in 1804. The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified"My true glory is not to have won 40 battles...Waterloo will erase the memory of so many victories. ... But...what will live forever, is my Civil [Napoleonic] Code."

Lycees: Reforms in EducationSocial

education was more available to the middle class - beginnings of mass education schools for boys age 10 to 16 to produce citizens capable of filling positions in his bureaucracy and military[He didn't see the need to educate girls, since they could learn everything they needed from their mothers. They were not to be active citizens.]

Bank of France Financial

Improved the financial stability of FranceCentralized the financial administration of banking into one body. (Other banks existed but the Bank of France controlled/regulated the nation’s finances and money supply.)Government became more efficient.

Religious Toleration

Building a just, tolerant and equitable society

Placing his family members on the throne of foreign nation-states

Political

Many of the territories occupied by Napoleon (or his relatives) during his Empire began to feel a new sense of nationalism. During the occupation, Napoleon destroyed and disallowed many nation's individual cultures, and the people of these nations greatly resented this. As a result, Napoleon's conquests spurred a new nationalism in the occupied nations, particularly in Germany and Italy, at a level that had never previously existed.