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Arab-Israeli Conflict• Arab Nationalism vs. Jewish Nationalism
Palestinian nationalism grew with general Arab nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
Nationalism in Europe
stimulated ideas for a Jewish
nation.
1897: Theodore Herzl founded the
World Zionist Organization
(WZO)
Zionism: the movement to
create a Jewish nation in Palestine
Theodore Herzl
The Zionists encouraged
Jewish settlement in
Palestine
The Zionist threat helped
define them as separate
nationalists
Despite much Arab opposition, most of the land was purchased
from Arab owners
Palestine: British mandate after
WWI
1917: The Balfour
Declaration (page 587- last
paragraph)
Hatred and distrust grew
between Arabs and Jews under British control
The 1936-1939 Arab Palestinian
Revolt was a turning point.
Haganah, a defense force,
was formed against Arab
violence.
By 1936 it had 40,000
troops
England, caught between Arabs
and Jews, restricted
immigration.
The Holocaust united Jews (esp. the U.S.)
for the idea of a Jewish state and
WWII weakened the British.
1946: Irgun bombed the King David Hotel, the British military headquarters.
90 people were killed
The British decided to leave
and turn over the problem to
the U.N.
The U.N. Partition Plan 1947
Palestine divided between the Jews and the Arabs; Jerusalem
internationalized
The Jews accepted the
partition.
1948: David Ben-Gurion
announced Israel’s
independence
The Arabs rejected the partition.
Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and
Iraq attacked.
War for Israeli Independence
1948 Israel defeated Arabs
Three More Wars• War in the Sinai (1956) - Raids and reprisals between the
Arabs and Israel, and Egypt's seizure of the Suez Canal, led to Israel's invasion of the Sinai Peninsula. Israel withdrew in 1957 after its access to the Persian Gulf was guaranteed by the United Nations.
• Six Day War (1967 War): Israel captured Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, the West Bank, the Old City of Jerusalem (which Israel later annexed), and Gaza. The war ended by a U.N.-arranged cease-fire. The United States called on the Israelis to withdraw from occupied territories but did not specify how much land it should give up.
• Yom Kippur War (1973) - Egypt and Syria launched a joint attack on Israel on the Jewish holy day, Yom Kippur, to regain lost territory. Caught off-guard, Israel took several days to mobilize, suffering heavy casualties, but it forced the opposition back. Establishes Israel as the dominant military power in the region
Ben-Gurion became Israel’s
first prime minister.
Israel became a multi-party
parliamentary democracy.
1958-1960 Arafat founded Fatah: The Palestinian
National Liberation Movement
1964: Palestinian Liberation
Organization (PLO) is founded.
1970
1974
2004: Arafat Died
Mahmoud Abbas became the next leader
of the PLO
Camp David Accords 1979
• U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. Egypt and Israel signed the first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab nation. It formally ended the state of war that had existed between them for 30 years. In return for Egypt's recognition of Israel's right to exist, Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula. The two nations also formally established diplomatic relations.
Oslo Accords 1993• Secret negotiations between Israel and the PLO
resulted in a treaty that included mutual recognition, limited self-rule for Palestinians
Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin agreed to work towards a Palestinian state
Identifications
• OPEC
• Refugee
• Intifada
• Occupied territories
• Camp David Accords
• Oslo Accords
• Nationalism
• Shatt-al-Arab
Arafat and Rabin were awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize
“Road Map” to Peace 2003
• A plan developed by the European Union, Russia, UN, and United States and presented to the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli government. A three phase peace process that culminates with the creation of a Palestinian state.
2005: Israel began removing
all Jewish settlers from the occupied
territories (Gaza)
In 2006 Fatah lost elections for the PA to the Islamic fundamentalist party Hamas
Abbas dismissed the Hamas
government and currently rules by
decree
Remaining Issues to Peace
• Control of Jerusalem• Palestinian Statehood (Borders)• Palestinian Refugees Right to
return• Jewish Settlements in the West
Bank • Terrorism
