Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
CHAPTER-l
Noun Phrase
Every system is determined by its constituent elements and the network of relationships
among them. Each element of the system is related to one another, or at least one other
element is related toit."There can not be an isolated element in a system. 1" as
c.t V ~ .cd c.p , ~ ill If. -l 1I ~ <-~I Rid CP7 1 2
This whole sentence consists of three groups further divided into subgroups based on the
main constituents of the subgroups and so on. Therefore, breaking the sentence we get
various subgroups of phrases or other way round joining various subgroups (Phrases) we
construct a system or sentence. 2 Here we'are examining these subgroups, consisting of noun,
pronoun, adjective etc.
From the above observation we conclude that the smaller unit of the sentence is phrase and
conglomerate of phrases are sentence
S = HiFl 3IP'l llITCU. ~
NP (Sub)+NP(obj.)+VP (CV)
Therefore: Sentence
t Clause
t Ph.f.ase
Word
t Morpheme
1 Milner, Vladimir: (1970) Theory of Hindi Syntax .. p-14 2 Verma. Prof. Dcvendm: (1978} ~hasha Vigyan Ki Bhumika p. 253
Hindi NP
Suraj Bhan Singh writes, '<the phrase is a unit which occurs at a filler position of a determined
grammatical or lexical slot; and can only exist in a sentence".3 After minutely observing the
sentence, we find that it is constructed with certain words or groups of words functioning as
subject, object, verb, prepositional phrase (postposition in Hindi) etc. These positions are
known as "slot". And the words or cluster of words which fill these slots, or which are
capable enough to fill these slots are called phrase. Therefore a phrase can be a single word or
a cluster of words.
MSCPi
2 "lu M ;,';'/.>/
3 ~u Clq~
{t<t5 2
<b(~ ~qQ 2
q~l M ;;'<'(~l
J[ 3lll!cJll 3
3l1ur ~l <l5~. ~qQ ~. 2
In the sentence (I) i"f{~<PI is one phrase, ¥5 is the second and ::H17!iJ[[ is the third phrase,
which have been used at the slots of subject, adverb of time. and verb respectively. In other
sentences, the phrases have undergone some expansion. In the second and third sentences
m7 ~{ and Jtll q~I M$ct>l respectively are two expanded phrases functioning as
subject and t:P&( ~~U5 dj. and 3lfur ·~r ct;>(!l ~(ur <If are functioning as adverbs. In
brief, whatever word joins the minimum component of phrase, will be assimilated as part of
that phrase.
The above phrases have developed from M$ct>l and ~ It is worth observing that the
other words determining, modifying or qualifying them have joined to them either at left or
right. So, the logical conclusion of the above discussion is that ¥O and cl$Ci5l are head or
nucleus nouns. Now whatever discussion will follow will be about this noun phrase with one
head, multiple head or with other determiners modifies and qualifiers. As for the function of
3 Singh, Suraj Bhan. (1985) Hindi Ka Vakyatmak Vyakaran. p.40
3
NP, Yamuna Kachru gives a formal functional definition; 'lhe NP function as subject, object.
direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object complement, or object of
postposition in Hindi." 4
NP in Arabic
The Arabic grammarians right from Saibawaih to Sarraj have discussed the single word as
noun, pronoun, verb etc. and a cluster of words as compound, sentence, and discourse. But
under the influence of transformational-generative syntax, the term NP has become quite well
established in modern linguistic terminology. Now the question is how to define an NP. But
more definition will not be enough to understand the notion of this concept. So here we
question about its function. According to Jonathan Owens, 'lhe function of an NP is to define
the distributional· coherency of a group of items which characteristically occur together.',s
Thus we observe in the following sentences how these items function.
L~I~ e:.r.U'J~· "3 2.. ,-
2 ~\L~L> <.5.l J,L
3 . ---3'-/ -r- -...-. ~\~\~\L~J ~~\Lf.\ LJ.l- .
Thus "the prime justffication for recogni:mg the unit of noun phrase is thus distributional.,,6
Let us examine the sentences in detail through the following strings.
(1)
Adv. PrP ~--!U~lb-.---------
Fut. (]L NP ~ ~A h{ .~
Det. HN / '\.. J \ c.:J:\ Det. HN
JI ~ 4 Kachru, Yamuna, (1980) Aspect of Hindi Grammar, p. 19. 5 Owens Jonathan: (1988) An Introduction of Medieval Arabic Grammatical Theory. p.148
(2)
(3)
It proves that
S
VP
A- Su.
F~ ~ I cJ~ ~ HN/ ~t L:Y.\ C>
S
4
Adv. PrP
~ c.P.
~: /\ L3 Pssd. Pssr.
L,~ /\ Det. HN
J\ ~
vpC\ r;:----siui5b------AdV.
F~ ~Jp ~p
0~ ~ ~ c.P. N/ ~od . /\
CP Xci ;~t jl /J ~ A:::ni
Det. HN JI (~ ~\
Det. HN
J\ ~
is head to the NP invariably in all the above sentence. Like Hindi NP
Arabic NP too function in the similar fashion.
The 'head' is that element of a nominal phrase structure, which has the potentiality of
forming a simple phrase by itself. The headword is expounded by a class of unit word that
(, Ihid p. 14R
5
may be labelled nominal. However, this position may be occupied by other classes or
subclasses.
For example:
(l) Pronominals as head
(2) Adjective
;R('.dt dt RfPCif l5Rrr Et
(3) Numerals .-I •
'iTFl Jf. ~ . 3it~· C;?:l- ~~ ~r.-' (u'"~~~.J'~\.o
(4) Determiners C.).,~~
<'t Nrc:Fl Et
(5) Adverbs
3rr<Jr m-Jf.Clu: ~
It is the characteristic of Hindi and Arabic Noun Head (NH) that it may be preceeded by a
closed-system of word classes called determiners. However some Arabic determiners also
follow the head. The NH may operate as subject, object, and complement in sentence. It is the
preference of the head to select number, gender, and case (and article too in Arabic) in NP.
The head can also be proper noun as well as non-proper (or common) noun.
Nlf~(; f~f;ll:d7 l~ ~u, J.f>\.....v (Proper)
J.JJ..!>L.> G...G\' (non-proper) .. , .
Again non-proper can be categorized in countable and uncountable as:
r ~\~~I (countable)
~6~t (uncountable)
We can show the categorisation of nominal in the following systemic network.
6
Noun Head
Maculine Feminine
Proper Aninktc Non-lmimate
A .l mmatc
Lexical Features
Proper
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Human Masci.
Human Fern.
Animate Animal MascI.
Animate Animal Fern.
Non-Animate Masci.
Non-Animate Fern
(.ominon
Count
I. Animate human Masci.
Sin~lar Plural
tft·u (Dog)
{'''t cdl (Bitch)
illMcP
Common I Count.
Uncount
AbstJact Noh-abstract
Animate
[Non-animate \ rHuman Lanimal Abstract
Non-Abstract
0\4>~ (J-PG
~.a.;,~
~ ~
.~'.'Llj\
~~
~.> ., ~
2. Animate human Fam. iFfft!;Ml tc> J,--1 3. Animate non-human Masci. ~M
.:. /~
4. Animate non-human Fern. CJ[l?1 ~~
5. Non-animate abstract Masci. C'PTJ=[ j-J: 6. Non-animate abstract Fern. qTa rl1s- (M.sc.L. iYi A'Yabic.j 7. Non-animate non"-abstract MascI. d{C[5lGl
~ .. ' 8. Non-animate non-abstract Fern. enft a..sL.u
7
Uncountable
9. Uncountable abstract Masci.
10·· Uncountable abstract Fern
11. Uncountable non-abstract Masci.
12. Uncountable non-abstract Fern.
Pronominal: This is also a subclass of nominals In Hindi and Arabic and function like
nominals and have the potentiality of being followed by postposition (in Arabic preceeded by
proposition) and determiners in a syntactic structure. Some basic characteristics of
Pronominals are as follow (1) Pronominals may not be modified in Hindi but it may be
modified in Arabic. 7 They carry the system of number. (3) The pronouns in Arabic carry the
system of number and gender, but in Hindi, only possessive pronoun inflects for gender.
Hindi Pronominals have been divided into the following categories.
1. Personal Pronominal
2. Demonstrative Pronominal
3. Relative Pronominal
4 Interrogative Pronominal
5. Indefinite Pronominal
1. PenonalJTonom;na~
Sngl. PI.
First Person Ji: vJ[
Second Person CJ, (Non-Polite) g;<Fl (~) (Non-Polite)
31Fl (Polite) 311<[ (fflul) (Polite)
Third Person clc (Remote) d
".u.; (Proximate) oil
7 Guru, Kamta Prasad: (2052) Hindi Vyakaran. p.66.
8
2. Demonstrative: Pronouns of the third person of Personal Pronominals are also !mown
and used as demonstrative. 8
. 3. Relative Pronoun: ur~ It inflect for case only
Nom un Oblique & other
C Sngl. ftir'H
PI. ftirc.t
They serve as clause linking Pronominals. They can refer to the text or situation
4. Interrogatives Pronominals
Human:
Non-human
Other forms: Rljooil (measure),~, ctftGr~r.
Only compound interrogatives one declinable for number gender and case.
Indefinite Pronominals: Human: Cl5h! Non-human: ~r.
There is only one pronominal group in Arabic i.e. personal Pronominal divided into
two categories-attached pronoun and separate pronoun.'> Separate Pronoun~ (in Nom.)
Sngl.
First Person
Second Person ... \ M5C.l· : ~.':~~ ~\ ~\ ~~~. ->! c: ~ MACl· \J' l:).0 F"".
Third Person
(b) AttacRed pronouns: They always remain attached either to a noun, verb, or
preposition, So, they are either in accusative or genitive case.
lj. c~ C;;:uJ.~ f.~ Cl~LJ,ll ~.l.,lcaJ There is one important point to note ;:. that only separate pronominal can function as
head.
8 Ibid. p.75 ') AI-Ghcclani. AI-Shaikh Mustafa: (11)71) Jamc AI-Duroos. Al-Arabiyah. I: p.116
9
2. Demonstrative pronoun~
Relative Pronouns J These are called nouns in Arabic .
3.
4. Interrogative Pronoun~
Indefinite Pronouns J These are particles Q 1 > 0 .
5.
Demonstratives: Proximate
(All are uninflected) Remote
Relative u-.J\ e;:...JlYo \..ili \ G~\ ~y 0l..L\\
(Except duels all are uninflected)
J ~~ U \ ~ \j..zt:>
J ~ ~ L:J t l..r:> lS..i.a>
. ~ lJJ ... \ _ 9>.1;\"; ~.>
~,\ 2:LL ~.
Interrogatives: - Animate: ~
Unanimate: L Indefinite:
The number of IntetTogative and indefinite particles are in abundance but all ,of them
can not form head with a following noun.
Classification of N P
Hindi grammarians has classified the NP on two bases: functional and structure. There is
another head driven classification, as well. 10
Head-based Category:
Stmctural Category: -
Noun Phrase
Pronominal Phrase
Adjectival Phrase
Attributive
Co-ordinative =
Appositional
Axis Relator
=
~ BtR cprq§f
8fRI[ q§f ~f!TlGft te&&fl
ER<if
I" Kapoor. Dr. Badrinath: (1992) Hindi Vyakaran Ki Saral Paddhati. p.17.
10
Functional Category: - Subject Phrase, object Phrase, complement/predicate phrase,
adjectival phrase
All modern Hindi grammanans, however, included the head-based categories under one
single phrase i.e. N.P
Yamuna Kachru, on the basis of English, classified the NP into simple and complex. Simple
phrase consists of a noun, or a noun and a determiner while the complex one can have more
than one head and more than one determiner.
As for the classification of Arabic NP it is also based on English Classification. No
grammarian suggests any classification. However, we should examine the following
compounds mentioned by AI-Gheelani 11 and try to compare them with the Hindi NP.
1 Construct Compound
2. Descriptive Compound
3. Co-ordinative Compound
4. Mixed Compound
5. Ordinative Compound
1 ~~\ ~L:)" Poss.+ Poss.
2. ~J..?L:->l~ N+Adj.
3. ~ \-, L,-> LUI N+Conj.+N
4. -'~L-~ N+N
5. ~~ Ordi.+N
The compounds have enough basic nature of constructions, which have-been categories by
general linguists as phrase. The above classification is purely based on structure. Here we do
not need to make more classification of Arabic NP on functional basis because they will be
similar to that of Hindi.
11
NP Components:
An NP may consist of a single head or a head with a number of preceeding and following
words functioning as determiners, modifiers and qualifiers.
1.
.2.
3.
4.
5.
(1)
(2)
~{5
~
~.(c
~.(v
r:.r;?:aC15 ~~~
?:I.q-8
-8Cl.H
~
~~~ Y,fffcp
~ciT;~ y,'?:aC15 art
)\ Det. HN
o ~
NP
/\
(3) NP
NP (4)
Dc .
Po. P.
~ P. Po. r.lCl R
II AI-Gcclani. AI-Shaikh Mustafa: (1971). I: p.116
I Adj. ~~
HN ~
H.N. ~
(5)
Dc .
NP
Dcl. I
Dcg. I
Po. P.
~ P. Po. ?'lQ it
I Adj. ~
12
Qual. (ReI. Clause)
~ R~
Sub. Ad\'. VP
~ ~ V~rb HN Po. v:d.Ml ;it at
Thus we classify the words joining the head under three categories: detenniners, modifiers,
and qualifiers.
Hindi determiners: 12 Possessive Pronominals
Lexical Possessive (N+Cl5T)
Infinitive+q:>[1 Adve:rb+<l5l
Demonstrati vesfI nterrogati ve pronominal/indefi nite pronomi nalll i miter/ emphatics
Modifiers:- Ordinatives including indefinite quantifiers and Adjectives.
Qualifiers: All those modifying components occurring after the head.
Hindi detenniner either preceed the head or follow it, but modifiers always preceed the it.
HN
~/cit?T, ~/c.ptt ~
"{[['Q ~
aTf~.F15 R a-r{b-cp/<1in NRff
N.Cl 3'['CBI R
Det. Mod. Head
i·"
/
13
Qualifiers always follow the head noun
cl ~ ~<D uri cl{cit <PM "ijii] c!1
Qual.
As for the Arabic, a number of structural classes are included in the NP in Afabic theory.
Jonathan Owens recognizes seven structure classes. 13
(a) Topic - Comment (HN+HN)
(b) Noun - Modifier (HN+Adj.)
(c) Noun - Possessor (HN+Mod.)
(d) Noun - Condition (HN+Mod.)
(e) Verbal Noun ... its complements (l-IN-I-Mod. )
(t) Active/Passive Participle - Complement (HN+Mod)
(g) Noun (Specified) - Specifier. (HN+Q)
Arabic grammarians too recognize the terms determiners, modifiers and qualifiers succeeding
or preceding the HN.
I,et us accept the fact that all Hindi determiners are not determiners in Arabic. Likewise is the
case with modifiers and qualifiers. There are also marked differences in places of. their
occurrence in sentence. Al1 Hindi limiters except a few preceed the noun while they follow
them in 'Arabic. Likewise, modifiers e_g. adjectives, and participles preceed. The HN in Hindi
while it is opposite in Arabic All these points will come for detailed discussion and analysis
in the chapter which has been arranged as follows.
O('1\'rminrr Phrasr;
Demonstrative Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns, Indefinite Pronouns
Limiters, Emphatics
J 2 Sinha, B.K. : (1986) Constrictive Analysis of Hindi and English Nominal Phrase. p. 108 J3 OWens, Jonathan (1988) p. 150 -
14
Modifier Phrase:
Ordinatives: cardinal numbers, ordinal numbers distributives, aggregative numerals,
collective number proportionals, fractions, approximatives, partitives, adjectives, participles.
Construct Case,
Pre-head noun
Qualifier Phrase
Functions of NP:
Subject, Predicate, Object, Noun complement.
Determiner Phrases
Demonstrative Pronouns
This is among the definite determiners in Hindi and exhibits many irregularities in their form
of declension. Hindi demonstratives have lost its gender except in some dialects of
Rajputana. 14 But Arabic demonstratives retain their gender and number.
1.1.1 Both Arabic and Hindi have two demonstratives with their various forms, denoting
remote and proximate diactic references, both semantic as well as psychologicaJ. 1s
Proximate ".J6, ~ Masci. J..uJ-h:> 0\~ I..l.a>
~?":'l , 3R' Fern. J'j)ja> (;>l-lD ~ Remote C/.o, ci, MascI. ~\ ~b ~~
~!H, • 'Jat Fern . L 51- t1f;\ ~\; ~.
Kellogg mentions another demonstrative. correlative. but Guru does not recognise it a
demonstrative. 16
11 Kellogg, H.S.: (1990) Grammar of Hindi Language p. 168. 15 AI-Hashemi, AI-Sayyid Ahmad: (1353 AH) AI-Qawaed, AI-Asasiyah Li AI-Lughah AI-Arabiyah Hasba Manhaj Ibn Malik. p.91. 1(, Guru. Kamla Prashad:(2052ic) p.72
i
J
IS
1.1.2. In Hindi. there is not separate third person personal pronoun. remote demonstrative
pronouns are used for this purpose, "Whether <'ll5 and <Il.">, ct are..} personal or
demonstratives, it can only be ascertained from only the situation or context. ,,17 , (1) -l(J{ (1i" fi"lfll.ofl It / gn nh'<!"N J7 Ukfl tt
(2) <'.lq ~ ~cpl ~ of'tq Cf51 ~ /
(1) ~W\j~(~)'~\1> (1;
(2) LY~ u-o-0~\ ~
In (I) Go has been used for third person singular personal pronoun while in (2) it has
been used as demonstrative in attributive sense.
The Medieval Arabic Linguist and grammarian, Saibwaih also recognised a third kind
of Arabic demonstrative but Ibn Hisham and many other medieval grammarians
prefer only two kinds. However, AI-Hashemi, and Amin Ali AI-Sayyid Writes that
the third kind of d<::monstrative is used for intermediate reference. II{
] .1.3. Demonstrative pronouns agree with the succeeding nouns in number and case but not
in gender.
(3) <'l"(;.~ <ftt<l'>~ (fd{ [ii("c:-:l'l t./
"2l15 af[-c'f5?TG!l Prrarc:R ~I
(4) 458 itliH.Cf5 CPl ~"""N ~ ~/
pdf q lcl<l'>l 4>Z ~M ~? ~/
(5) 45~ ~rPCta qjf f&t en Z mt I
pal o>nR1n<'1l cp} ~enufit /
Arabic demonstratives change their number and gender according to the number and
gender of the following noun. Since they are under the category of indeclinable. so.
they retain their original forml9
17 Sharma, Aryendra: Basic Hindi Grammar. p.47. 18 AI-Sayyid. Amin Ali: (1971) Fi lIm AI-Nahw. P.133 1~ AI-G1~~lani. AI-Shaikh MUSilafa: (1971). p.125.
16
(3) LJr::-<'\ (...:>GJ\\JJs> N ~\4-~\sJ\~,j,e
0,",·
(4) -6~ ~.,.l' ~~.J.,. Gen.
(5) 'iS~.>~~~.r~~ ~P Acc . . ~\~\- II
J~;; ~\ 1.1.4. Here let us examine the following Arabic Phrase
Demo+Noun.
(6)
Attributive
I Dem.
I l~ ~.;
NP
oJ
Art.
J\ N.
~-'
Arabic head noun (HN) is always definite (Def.) with " 0'" In this structure
demonstrative pronoun is considered among one of the categories of definite
determiners. Therefore, the succeeding noun comes with definite article agreeing with
it in number and gender?O NP
(7) "21£5 ~~CPl
(8) QV ttrscrrq 0 N.
~ <'U>
(! ~lf <..If'
A very important implication of this formulation is that a Hindi noun occurring with 21
article has always some degree of definiteness. "Specially it is more definite than a
noun occurring with any of the determiners. ,,22
1.1.5. Singular or plural demonstratives are used for deictic, anaphoric and cataphoric
references. So, far, we have mentioned phrases denoting deictic reference. For deictic
cO AI-Hashemi. AI Savvid Ahmad. (1353 A.H.). p. 95 :'1 Zero ..
22 Singh. M.K: (11)71) The Struct.ure of the Noun Phrdse in English and Hindi. p. n.
17
reference, demonstratives are compulsorily used, but for anaphoric it is used
optionally.
(9) -#tcit a'lT<ff rFl5 ~&."[CP mtlcfl, (eft) ~&tct> ~ 2ft
(9) 0\j.uV~~(~~' r~\~~··.J,l::f -.. ~:\\
Cataphoric has an obligatory remote demonstrative apart from an obligatory relative
and it is thus distinct from both deictic and anaphoric. It does not at ail take
. 2] proXImate
(10) a C1(CJl <fft ~?:Hl ctfl R&I~a[ <p~a ~ ...... . (11 ) -U ctld l urt cgcffq~ eta g ...... .
In this case, in Arabic both demonstrative as well as relative pronouns are obligatory
(10) ..... L.Y?~ \ GJ.J.J: ~ L..t..D \ crU h.!!.~hl
(II) .' ... u-fi Y l.:..> ~ L..?:' jj \ LJ""\.J\ J' ~~
If we see closely the above Hindi and Arabic examples (10) and (11), both of them
propose the relative clause to the embedding noun phrase which yields clause; like
(12) cd &dcJl url ~Rl Tl~ <'lC1 g. iit~ lint g I
Rel.CI.
(12) UI~I.v/l~U~.~Jj' ~\ .. ~~
1.1.6. The following example is also of the same category
(13) J/~ f?ldl i.fl d al~'d g ..... .
Here the demonstrative of cataphoric reference put emphasis on the following noun.
In such case Ara.bic used pronoun of separation which is compulsorily from third
person personal pronoun. 24
(11)
2J Thid. p.79 :~·I Badcca. Or. Rameel Yagoob:( 1<)1<1<) Mausoah AI-Nahw wa Al~Sarf or AI-Acraab. p . .J27
18
I. 1.7. A particular characteristic of Arabic demonstrative is its treatment of human being
and non-human being differently. Plural demonstrative, J~~and ~J'come only
for human-being while feminine singular (~j.p. ~.) are preferred for non-human
being. 25
(14)
(I5)
( 16)
( 17)
u~~u~..,1\~;\
.r\:-b\ ~\U0\.r~~ ~ .. ~\.
" '-f~~
~.J.::>..J.p> l .. ~ ~.
Hindi demonstratives do not differentiate between humans and non-human beings.
(14) <t 3ilJ5N"-l 1I~5!i[J[t g J
(15) ~ 81::( ~JflGf g J
(16) ~ Cf5<1rt N(TO g J
( 17) ~ !l«I~ art g J
1.1.8. Unlike other number of Arabic demonstratives Plural of remote and Proximate
( {1) ~. ~;\) are common for both the genders. 26
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21 )
~ ~/M$f$4t
ct ~~/N$f?pm
1.1.9. Hindi qualifiers and quantifiers precede the nouns not demonstratives
(20) ~ 3~ 3W'[ilft _h_
(21 ) ct cftcff dli fS <!ii
(20) Dem.+Adj+HN
(21) Dem.+Q+HN
Arabic QuaJifiers and quantifiers are always governed by the dependency rule and
follow the head noun only.
25 Al-Zubaidi:(1974) Kitaab Al-Wadheh Fi Ilm Al-Arabiyah. p.42. 26 Rauf, Mohammad Abdul: (1972) Arabic for English Speaking Student. Cairo p.24l
19
(21) - --' ~ll::J\ 2S..J~\~ i
I . 1 . 10 Sometime iNrr also means ~. 27
(22) iRft crra sTFEt anff g
(23) .r-".l>I~~~
1 .1 .11 The demonstrative pronoun for intermediate reference and remote
demonstrative are used with adverb (~'J~\)
(23) ~?j'\~~?C\j.)?
Such expression is very common in Spoken Hindi
(23) J(a't.-3..:>1 ill> <Iff? iFITtll
1.1 12. A very difficult area of demonstrative is its use in construct phrase. Demonstrative of
the possessed always follows the possessor.
(24)
But the demonstrative of possessor preceedes it
Whether it precedes or succeeds the possessor it always follows the number and
gender of the goveming noun.
(26) ~ .iP..J~\ ~ (27)
(28)
Hindi demonstratives retain its original order agreeing the noun in number and ease.
(24) ~ qff ~ ~~CP
(25) . $~ clsc6 qff ~&t<t> I
(26) ~ qff ~ ~~~
(27) $Gf ~~cpl' cp1 Tj&t~
(28) $~ ~§.cp1 qff ~&tct>
~7 Guru. Kamta Prasad: (2052ic). p.91.
20
1.1.13. Unlike Hindi, in Arabic there is always chance of confusion in case the number and
gender of both the components of the construct phrase are similar.
(29)
(29)
\j..fi>..J~\ ~~
1.1.14. All the above discussion were on attributive use of Hindi and Arabic demonstratives
forming NP after joint a head. Here we discuss the demonstratives as pronouns. In
such case they will remain in nominative filling the place of complete noun phrase. 28
(30) m5 <>nf ~~-R:f<P ~ I
(31) cit ~ ellor if I suA ~~. 0!U"i Adj. H C. v.
art .~~
Here demonstrative has been used as subject thus forming a complete NP.
Arabic demonstrative follows the same rules.
~~~\.S\~ (31 ) suA (30)
, NP NP~ ~ C.,v.
A..lJ 0
G~
1.1 . 15. The remote demonstrative of (31) can also be expressed in Arabic with personal
pronoun of third person.
(31 )
1.1.16. A number of particles like GU, He, tft etc. can also join with Hindi demonstratives
for expressing quality, kind and emphasis. 29
2M Sinha. B.K. :(1986). p.98
21
~.r15+arr pCfGil All of these inflect for gender,
Ql5+arr 3Crcff:f number and case.
?:iT "lo+~U = i'!R[
Ql:'r+~ tffrr
~+lft = -mfl
Qo+lft cuff
There can not be one-to-one equivalent word accurately having the sam,e semantic
value. However, perceiving the semantic nature of these determiners, we can bring
out the following equivalent terms, ~ ~.
~\~~ . .. ../~\~.,; ti
~ expresses similarity:
(33) ."faitH llliifl <(:>7'1>'1 ~
(34) DR cltCJl &itlM-dl etct ~
(35) D-?:ll <V-Mat ;H~ ([IN afl l§
(36) "/(0 a-fl~;J/l <PM Jj~ f:.U. 3lr<>11 ~Il
(37) 3UUf <1M ca!t cp-rz§ T£l5Gf g I
(32) 4..).,;.0 ..J..J,..Jl.lII.".i..Q) ~ i5.J0 (33) ---:''<'~~'l1.J4\ (34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
U~?~_~~_~ o.1.i.o \.).9' ~ \ ~ \ tI
~J\)"~~~1'~\~ f~\~lU.'~' " . :\~
7') Guru, Kamla Prasad: (2051) p.20X.
~l5~LJ ..J ,.,U..\' \ j.,a> ~
,ME>I ~
P 2.'B ~ m\~t... .)
N9
22
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
1.2.1. Possessive pronouns or genitive of third person personal pronouns as termed in Hindi
d fr I b · h' 1 30 are rna e om persona pronouns y puttmg ll, au, q5f at t e termma .
These Hindi Pronominals are under the category of decIinables so change their forms
as per the gender and case. 31
1.2.2. In Arabic there are twelve indeclinable possessive pronouns always succeeding noun,
preposition or verb. 32
/( /,y ~. <..5. \.; • '~, u. ,~, v. ' b ' D· ~'\'. \...D ,lP:> • ~
These pronouns do not have their own independent identity, therefore, they are called
attached pronoun in accusative case.
1.2.3. Hindi possessive pronouns have both attributive as well as predicative use. Firstly we
examine the attributive use which has been described by Vajpayee as distinctive use.H
(38)
(39)
I Po. P. 3\"lCP't Det.
13
NP
~H I ~
Po. P. Det
13
There is a little variation between Arabic and Hindi in the occurrence of attributive .
possessIve pronoun. In Arabic it is called possessor for its inherent nature of
possessIOn.
(38) v-?,~~ (39)
.1" Singh. Suraj Shan: (\ 985) p.45. 31 Guru. (2053) p. 205 .12 AI-Hashemi. AI-Sayyid Ahmad: (11<;1 A.H). p.RI. 11 Ibid. p.76. . .
~r. I
H
~ o
~
I P. I
23
1.2.4. Possessive fall under specific determiners. A very important implication of this
formation is that a noun in Hindi, occurring with 0 has some degree of definiteness.
Specially it is more definite that a noun occurring with any of the intermediate
deterritiners. ,,34
But in Arabic there is no ambiguity of the definiteness of the noun preceding
possessIve pronouns. All grammarians are anonymous on the possessed occumng
without definite article except in some other cases. 3.5
1.2.5. Now let us examine every item in detail. <ih:l (different inflection for gender and
case)
(40) <ih:l ~ ~ (J/ NounlMacI.
(41) <itt] <Ff{ ~UgC[5 g Nom.lFem.
(42) J?-tl £teen ~UR ;Ffg Honorific
(43) ~i (}reT[ iff <Rl tau 1..Tcl5 !!&tCl5 m-tlc!t / Oat.
4?1 is for nominative singular masculine while ~tt comes in nominative and other
case with feminine singular and plural."?l is inflected to ~ for mascl. gender and in
all other cases. ~~ is also used in honorific sense.
There is no change of inflection in Arabic possessive Pronouns.
(40)
(41)
(42)
(43)
1.2.6. ~
(44) ~ ~ "ll1"H (J
(45) gJtdl CU5Gf ~ cil g
34 Sinha, BK.: (1971) p.75 35 AI-Zujaji: (1410 AH) Kitaab AI-Jumal. Fi AI-Nahw. p.144.
Mascl.lNom./Sngl.
Fem.lNom./Sngh.
(46) ~ i;~r <if dZlilJtt5i.ti tt
(47) ~ ~ <Ff3'i ciS g
24
MascI ./Dat./Sngl.
(Honorific)
0JlI~ for nominative case-singular-masculinenoun while tFFfTtl for all eases and
number in feminine. For the rest of the six cases 6<1f1?: is invariable used.
(44)
(45)
(46)
(47)
~~~...J..l-P
L.)~~~I -l-=-~ ~ ~_~\
0/'\ \..:Y'" L.>l:-- \ -is plural form of ~u but often used for singular. The singular of the first
person is to be preferred iry Standard Hindi to the plural used in singular sense". 36 I
1.2.8. The remaining Hindi possessive Pronouns will be used with their inflected form as
per iR'?l and 0JlRl.
Reflexives 3UTlCf5l and 3-r-qarr
1.2.9. These are second person personal pronoun used in honorific sense. 37 But it can also
be used in third person and are common for both singular and plural38
(48) 3ilTf.Cl5l q5Jt~r ?~ tt
(48) C:U>~ ~?
Arabic, though, does not have honorific pronoun, however, the plural of the second
person pronominal is commonly used for this purpose e.g?9
(48) ~~£?
36 Kellogg. H.S.: (1990) p.168. 37 Ibid. p.171 3R Guru, Kamta Prasad: (2052 IC). p.71. 39
25
1.2. 10 3i (I at l is common for all persons. But it tends to inflect for gender and case. "The
genitive of the reflexive pronouns must always be substituted for the genitive of other
pronouns, when the pronoun refers to the subject of the verb."40
(49) -~/<T{ MTfGfi ~ ~[I Fem.IIIl Person
(50) 0Jl 3~ "ER: -:effi I MscI.lI Person
(51 ) ClJ'l 3 epla{ Fr.? Ufl3-lJ I MscllII Person
(52) d 3·Plcit cp"iFfif cit -g I Mscl.lIII PersonIPl.
Arabic possessive or attached pronoun follow the person of the noun it refers to
(49)
(50)
(51)
(52)
~~l;~~ \~:: .. ~~d'~~ ~d\ L-<A>";I ----=-:..... .
~.2.cif 1.2.11. The reflexive genitive 3£qG'fl must always be substituted in Hindi for genitive
singular or plural of all pronouns in all persons, when the genitive in question refers to
grammatical subject, or to the agent in the passive or impersonal construction.
(53) gj'i 3IT[G/1 !I~ ~ crt I
(53) .~W~\ (54) M}d/ 3i ([ al l:uJ <p} <"1 } c! dll!1
(54) ~~J\ J~~h ... -:_~';; (55) ~ 3IT[G{1 CJmfi ihr ~
(55) ctJ.J~ L~
1.2.12.3FFff.7 is also employed, when the reference is the speaker. 41
(56) 8-fr~ l5CFfRl ~w ~
(57) l:.>ll-~\ -~
1.2.13 3rqG'fT as well as other pronominal genitives are idiomatically omitted when the
reference is obvious42
·10 Kellogg. H. S.: (1990). p.181 11 Ibid. p.'OX
26
(57) elf f:lol. orlef! {(
(58) M~l J[f $ TTRl <tor Et
But in standard written Arabic it is compulsorily becomes obvious .
(57)
(58)
.. \\~., (S':':"'. L.) . ~_
1.2.13. It is substantively plural to denote one's own connection
(59) ~T,CF{ 3F1GfT ctit erl<Pr <Ftcf cit
(60) 3FlGil at- ~{7} Harm Et
On such occasion we substitute 3PlGlf with -'''':; ~ u..,.3> (. L-:-' \.slP1' .s \.,j...p \ etc.
(59) f~V~~/~l:JY~i'.9>~..,~~ r
(60) 0~~1/c;,~-.p1/ (5..,..5> if. j1.
1.2.15 All possessive pronominals are also used productively with any following noun. Here
it functions as a complete phrase S
(61 ) ~--rQ.5 3'<':lcp~ Et
(62) 'P(>fJ-f ~ll ~
~ Sub. Com.
\
(63) 'ER: 31. QGtz Et ~ ~ /'-....... Cop.V.
/ "'- I it Det H NP
o ~~~
Arabic possessive pronouns, as mentioned earlier, are attached pronoun having no
identity independent of any noun, verb, or preposition. In the above case "
possession will prcceed it, as
(61)
(62)
(63)
cU~8J\
0~1 lJ~\
S
~p NP ~
/'-....... Pred. C. v. / "'- Pr.P. 0
Det ':~~ j\ ~\.:j Pr. H (P)
J 0
" of
1.2.16. All Hindi possessives behave as adjectives and inflect for gender and case of the head
noun e.g. dkr J{.C1.5lGt, <itfl 9I&tC1.5 as discussed in 1.2.5.
,12 Ibid. p.439
27
1.2.17. Reflexives are also used productively and inflect as per the above rule
(64) cit ilf.15Cf 3i{l[cPl ~
(65) -.r} MCl 3I.Tftff g
(64) ~~~\,~ (65) \..:J Jy;.J\ oj.m
1.2.18 These are detenniners but sometimes they also function as predetennines. 43 It simply
means that they can also precede determiners-demonstratives, limiters indefinite
NP intensifiers, etc.
PDcl~ I t. ~""H
Distin. I I I Dem. ~
;itt! ~
In Arabic, since possessive is attached to the noun not pronoun so it will be Written as
dealt in 1.1.12. A A Det.
Nr Pos~. ~m
~L l..S ~~
(66) ~l5~~L
1.2.19. If a qualifier-quantifier or adjective comes in the NP the position of possessive also
shifts as in the above: Det.+Q+N. It shows that Hindi determiners do not have fixed
place in the sentence:.44
(67) ike. ~ err ~nR cit it
Det. Q. H.
Note: Here detenniner is separated from head by a qualifier.
(68) ~J.1\~~~I~ Indefinite Pronouns
43 Bahri Uiiawal Singh and Jagannathan, Y.R.: (1973) Introductory Course in Hind: p.l 06. ~'llbid. p.IO?
28
Indefinite pronouns in Hindi also function as determiner. These are ~Cf.Ci, ~c:, ~,
~r?lj RdJ.,T:1I, ER, TIter etc .. 45 However, some of these pronouns like Ret, ?:lZ7:l and
Nil[,.F11 has been classified by Guru as indefinite qualifiers. 46
Its Arabic equivalent are: ~ L ~\.. y. t:::? e.fc.
Semantically, all of these have intensifying qualities. They intensify nouns and numbers.
1.3. I. In Hindi -l-Q~i, and ~1J,r; follow the nouns in word order, and do not decline for
number, gender and case.
(68) v.<1'{ Fm' 3'[{lGf[ cp[<T{ Cl5«U tr
(69) cpr~!YfJ3 em ~ ddZd at?
The Arabic particles are used both ·as emphatics and
NPh
HN~P. I I
7I<Fl Rl"cr gi1f "Ri~
intensifiers. But there are
variations in their order of occurrence. For emphasis they precede the head noun but,
at intensifier's position, they follow the head and
pronoun.
(68) ~(~ Cl. .. :.0(~ (69) ~L. ·22 ~~ \.>U
take appropriate possessive
NP.
70.ndP (~ ~-+ Po',f
~\
The emphatic particles Eft and aft can also follow the Hindi intensifiers without
modifying their shape.
( 6 8) ?1<Fl ?::<i"t Eft /?.TcFf ~ Eft
(69) 9ft ~ rft/QJ3 -&
But their Arabic equivalent expressions remain unaltered for lack of separate
emphatic particles.
45 D11mshits, Zalman: (1985). p.6. 46 G~ru, Kamt.a Prasad.(2052 Ie) p. IOJ
29
1.3.2. Rest of the intensifying pronoun precede the head noun. Ret, RHI and R~fQI gtve
the meaning of totality and detennine all kinds of head noun. 47
Ret :- It also declines for number. When used in singular it denotes 'unity' and in
plural as .cll#{}' c:(>} represents plurality.
(70) cpi:!f Bet ~'fA .it? ER 3flUat
(71) #!cit Rsfl cpt I Ret <Pt ~ ulCriltf?Gt TR tattlf."f~a ftl5crr ~ I
In Arabic both cY and ~ give similar meaning and can precede as well as
follow the head noun as possessed; and when they follow it function as ~
(70)
(71 )
(70)
(71 )
c2J,\ ~\;J.U'lly.A;..J...I.PJJ\~~
0..:>~~ ~~ r'~~p..::>~
~0\~l;.-W'~y.l\;j.4>j)\~~
u ~~ ~ ~~ ~<.2..>Y.::u.';
8.1-ll : It is declinable for gender and case and signify totality of count and non-count
head nouns.
(72) ~7Hr :8:al~' "cfi~ ~
(73) RIft "t[{)ran¥ ~ emf
-'
~\ and
(72)
(73)
Y give .. such meaning of totality rL r:,?\[~I/.jsr~l/cW\y e~l/oJs---~\/~\Js~
.clJt..-r.[{: - It signifies totality and whole and decline both for gender and case.
(74) ?:lilJ.TU I#{l~d '?i~it it cfl~a ~
(75) SPjrfl U[a[ffl ~~ crra <Pt fJl Z Gt en it
(74)
•
(75) \
J5 + Def Head
DefHead+ J5 + pronoun
·11 Kel\og H.S. (1990). p.202
30
uRi, l5~: - It has distributive meaning and also signifies repetition without declining
for number and gender.
(76) uJ;!... 6-l/ uta t~af ~(i'f urldl f-
(77) ?IvT lR -Pc:at / TIfa cU~/?l c;lcft ~
Here also we use with a little variation
y +Ind. Sngl. Noun
(76) "r-~~~~'0\~~~~
(77) \>.;\ysLA:>p\ j~
NP
Det.~
NP
HN ~cq
:Det. HN
Y r~ The emphatic particle can also follow these indefinite determiners. However such
elements are absent in Arabic.
Emphatics
The Hindi grammarians recognise only two particles emphasising noun, adjective or action.
These are lU and 8// 4R But Kellogg mentions t as well under this category.49
Ibn Hisham recogmzes two kinds of emphatics in Arabic: lexical and semantic. Under.
semantic category there ate seven emphatic particles. 50 .
--\ ~.-\---4~~.1YL~'~ 4.A> \..& , L:::..-~ • if -.
Since Arabic emphatics other than ~ and ~ do not fall under the emphatics of Hindi,
they will be dealt later under intensifiers of quantity.
1.4.1. tfl: - It has an exclusive meantng. Hindi emphatics follow the noun without
modifying the terminal syllable.
(78) /?"nJi £fl
(79) /?.>J{J-f t.fI
(80) ~ Eft
48 Sinha. B.K: (1986). p.92 49 Kcllog. H.S. (1990). p.176 '0 Ibn l-lisham: III: p.12R
3'l~~7 qINCP ~
<i:·lclO[ urrell t}
cU17f <fXjzaz ~
NP
H~ I
N Det.
I Emp.
tft
31
In nature Arabic emphatic particles are also similar to Hindi ones following the noun
without modifying the former. "B~t these particles have
appropriate pronoun according to the preceding noun."~l
to be attached NP
'H I
~t. Emp.
with an
(78)
(79)
(80)
~~'~rl~~ 0......10\ 0\ ~jJ ~ LL::-, .. "., - N ~
\~ H J\.:jll\~~J~\ \-L.::.-- .. .. ~
) .4.2. When l11 or if are added to the pronouns. they show major irregularities.
g;<FC+m =.~' <It +1fl = <illfl
Pos.P
Arabic emphatics remain unchanged except in plural where they are transformed into
plural. But they retain the case of the now.
(80) .gtft Ci'~l iP(H qer&, 21
(8 1 ) ~. ~i'tcirr <'P7 <ilcit ClX!i it I uti ? if ihill
(81) L>-'--"\ ~~~\~.s~
(82) cr-o~IJ'-?~'f.D~~L 1.4) Arahic emphasis is also achieved hy using
phrase. 52
(83)
(83)
~ like possessed in a construct
1.4.4. In Arabic personal pronoun is also emphasised by ~ and ~ . Similar is the
case in Hindi
(84) ~ 3TT:f~ lq
(85) A' eJ7 .!~e'r -l E~c:t I ~ (84) L~~\ ;.\~\
-----~--- ---(85) Lv~~lr
'1 Ihid. pUR '2 Wright. W. (1983) A Grammar of Arabic Language 111. P.282
32
But, if an bound pronoun of the verb is emphasised a distinct pronoun is compulsorily
written before the emphatic particles53 "Distinct pronouns are termed qualifiers when
they occur after a bound one. 54
(86) ~.~L\A (87) ~i~~ '~.;~ (86) iii if! ~6l ~val ~
(87) CfCl{ mol if! un3~V~ UITMt I
This rul<;: does not apply when the verb comes with an attached pronoun or there
occurs a prepositional phrase consisting of a pronoun.
(88) r::'" -.,j' ~.Y~ (89) ~I ~.~II"V-
(88) J'{ cit 3ag' Eft Rff<Fi~a ~l
(89) J't :rdff/ i.t> Cll?:/ ,..} ~i7 I
aft has Arabic equivalent ~\. While tfl has an exclusive meaning aft has an
additive meaning55 It is also added with noun or pronoun without affecting !lny
change, modification or inflection in the terminal syllable.
CU5+aft = c£c"afl c.u:;+aft = ~afl
vdt+a[f = (FFfafl g;iFl+afl == CfiIlafl
Both afl and ~I follow the substantives.
(88)
(89)
(88)
(89) O~\0\~~~y~
1.4.6. Both tfl and aft also emphasise the verb, limiters, and quantifiers.
(Num.)
53 Ibn Hisham: (1979) III: p.335 ~~ Owens. Jonathan: (1989) E.ar1y Arabic Grammatical Theory: Heterogeneity and standardisation. p.62 55 Mishra & Fairbanks: (1968 ) Spoken and Written Hindi. p. 66.
(9J)rlrr:1 (-f}"l tf! 3{ll!
(92 ) q'l'f7 c>itvr aft 3-ITU
(93) 3iPI 'Qel tIl anT!
33
(Noun.)
(Can not emphasise the number)
(Verb)
(94) ~Q&t q'ti:l ~li:JI tft 3{W (Limiter)
Arabic does not have adequate equivalent for the topmost
Phrase.
(90)
(91 )
(92)
(93)
(94)
JloJ ~YI->lDl..,
~~J~J~J~ l..eJ\JL:. ~J"~ ... ~ .
LY.A>15;} / ~jj·l:.>I~. ~~IJ~-'~f4>
Let us not hide the fact that scarcely there is equivalent Arabic expression for first and
fourth phrase.
1.4.7. Ibn Hisham and other grammarians recognise another class of emphatic called lexical
emphatic. "It is repetition of previous word.,,56
(97) J l;../j-f l;../-1.f l...--J J ll.
(97) 3-Tlihi~7 o--/Ja r (t t I .3ii-b f.,fJ rl1c-# - ".ft;:;7 f.. /
The hidden/pronoun of the verb is also written for showing.
(98) l1 ~ r
(99) ~\~,..:)
(98) <if tft ~ g3iT
(90) 3H q tfI dIU
Limiters:
All Hindi grammarians recognise a category of words functioning as limiters. But Dimshits's
classification is more elaborate. He mentions two kinds of limiters. 57
)t, Jbn Hisham: (J979) lJJ p.336 57 Dimshits. Zalman: (1985). p.
34
1. Emphatic Limiters
al, cfl, Hll, c(c:p, etc.
2. Attractive Limiters
st~, c/>qM, ~, ~,etc.
M.K Verma writes, "In Hindi noun phrase we also find elements like, If/, aft and at
(with some differences in their privileges of occurance) which seem to function as a kind of
emphatic element. ,,~8 However he does not mention about the second kind of limiters rather
he deals it under sub-class of intermediate predeterminers.
In Arabic some particles and adverbs are used for the same propose i.e.(l) .k...;.P ,?,~& ~ \
andJ):>.~,.k;.#· ~~ etc. All of these particles are adverbial or quasi-adverbial in
nature. 59
Emphatic Limiter:
1.5.1. Hindi emphatic limiters (EI) and Attractive limiter (AI) aft necessarily occure after
the noun (N) or noun Phrase (NP) and the rest can both precede as well follow it. But
some Arabic limiters like .Ie.;.:.,~ <' Y and J...,..1 can take both the position in
NP while
~ can only precedes it and ~\ succ··'eds it.
HN+Lim. +------------------ (100) ~.lllJt tfl ~UH J?' ~t5((( f,
Lim.+HN+Lim. (101) ~ ~?lr<Fl tft ~riR·------
(100)·- - - d<~1 ~ I~ ~r~ ( 101) ~'\I' ~ \ .:
----~J-I> Gc:.~ r~.::>~
1.5.2 (102) ~ ctldt tfl (»fgg? BUU
(l 03) YSf.'CcP aft emf tt (102) --k;..9 ..:>jjy lL.0.ll'l :>l\JI~:;jJ.: k '! ~ .rL:-. ( 103) ->! j:!> \...e:;> \ ~ \.::Ii\
',H Verma, M.K.: (1971). p.H'i
35
All these limiters have the potential to emphasise one single head noun or a complete
NP.
1. HN+LIM.
2. Mod.+LIM.+HN
3. Mod.+HN+Lim.
C7;J<P{ ifl 3{1 ~J {
cfldt tff C'f;?<p{ 3ll~l
cftar· C1§?CJ51 gl 3'l77n
1.5.3. tft has an exclusive (restrictive) implication which is completely absent m some
other expression where it is truly emphasizer.
(I 04 ) cihft fflV[ ou ~ it
( 1 05) cftart rft fflV[ on ~ it
(104) i ~~~ . u ~--" -- '--._,-,,,6)~ --- ---~ --_. __ .. -- . ..
1.5.4. For aCl5 we use Arabic limiter
(106) '?,iFf cliP llFH (tn.-fl' ~3fT
(l07) qlOU'? cR' l<llUf ClCJ5 arrfl it
Attractive Limiter:
1.5.5. All such limiters precede the HN.
( I 09) d"f'l:i crt ~ eta 6
(108)(~/~\':""'\ -v::J-e:.JI <3J?Y.. (109) uLj\.p<-::?~~
(110)
'>'J Haywood IN. andNahmad. M.H.: (l9KS) A New Ambic Gmmmarofthe Written Langu<lge. pA27
36
1.5.6. The emphatic limiters tfI, aft etc. can also follow these limiters
(II 1) cj}-cRfl fir MP lfl Cf5l#I <it g,
(112) . <F[[:f cit Ntar lfl <tc! g,
(113) ~ m;: RM tfI 3{Q§[ ~,
Though we do not trace any such expression in Arabic but certain emphatic particles
can be used.
(111 ) ~.;,~\ ~ v?:O J-.6l\ ~J.f> ~ (112) UL.J,-?~b~~
(113) ~~~-LJ.1\~':>K (114) ~ ~m<Ff. aft ~ 30T 8ct>dl t1"
(I I 5) <I'lIT UCl5 q'f;q[ aft rn 30T HCl5dr ~
(116)
(I 14)
(lIS)
( 116)
fuq§ cst ~tCJl sfl cpzqff 6fcJl,
Lv,\r~~~u\~
~ \ ls'..AP .:>~ ol..:s: 8 \ ~
Le(\L;>~~~
1.5. 7. We also recogmse some other compound limiters and subgroup of Hindi pre-
determiners; as,
cHef, .C[5CI'l R ct>"CI'l., <rrrrc:r R <rrrrc:r, mIRc[;>? etc. which can also take
emphatic particles like lfl and aft.60 These limiters do not have predetermined
places.
In Arabic we use ~,j.91)\c.P, fi<.p, ~: .. Ap,~~ ('.-fc·
Except .~
other limiters can not accept any emphatic particle.
(117) pH ~UGail <R' cpCJt R Cl><1'l. ~ fficJI <I'll"? al[!
(118) ill In'TfC;Z-R-<Rucsrcft'Q ftar ~CJU
(I 17) ~->\1\ \jaYJ(X'~IAr~cY~l L¥~-~-Ao
(118) r\\~~l¥~Lv
W Sinlul. U.K.: (191((') p.lOl'
37
Modifier Phrase
Ordinatives
1.6.1 .. Hindi ordinatives functioning as head, adjective, subject, complement etc. signify
complete number; as, ordinal and cardinal-indefinite numbers, fractions, proportions,
approximations, denominations etc. Kamta Prasad Guru :and S.H. Kellogg have
classified it into the foHowing categories.61
(a) Definite Number (b) Indefinite Number (c) Quaulifier
I ~ ~ ~ ~ .=t ~ ~
Cardinal Ordinal Distributive Aggregative Collective Fraction Partitivcs
But Zalman Dimshits and B.K. Singh do not recogmse indefinite number as
ordinafives. They have classified it under indefinite pronominals. Dealing the
indefinite numbers Guru also mentions; "sometime the indefinite number are also
used as nouns.,,62 It is the nature of pronoun only to replace a noun.
Cardinal Number
1.6.2. Cardinal numbers of Hindi are derived from Sanskrit through Pali. Guru calls its as
complete number while Dimshits describes it as serial number. But Yamuna Kachru
considers it, as merely a numeral objective.
On the basis of its composition cardinal numbers have been classified into three
. 63 categones ..
61 Guru. Kamta Prasad: (2052 Ie) Kellogg, H.S.: (1990). p.142 62 Ibid. p. I 00 (,~ Dimshits Zalman: (1985). p.51.
Normal
Complex
Compound
38
(a) Normal: all those numbers formed of root fall in this category. They are from
1 to 9 and all tens under 90, as well as 100, 100000, 10000000
(b) Complex: These are formed of two roots. They are all numbers from 11 to 18,
21 to 28, 311:0 38 --- 81 to 89 and 91 to 99.
All number preceding tens like 3c>nft·~, .v'-'ffl~, 3atcf(M1~ --- (except CI[<tr-8l
and ~dGf.1C[dtd) are not complex cardinals. They are formed by adding a prefix 3ar
In tens, like etc.
3Gt+T-lftat8 3C'ifQI~ 3Cif is a Sanskrit prefix which means "one less".
(c) Compound:
All such numbers .are formed of two separate numerals, whether normal or complex.
All numbers, after hundred are in this category: 3Cfu/18, dotctl8. .3otrll '-'l ---
,3ar'lr? are al so compound
( d) Therefore:
Kind Numerals
a. Normal l..!CP, crt, cftat ~, 6OC"R --- ~, ~
b. Complex CJ~, ~
GlC/.z-Bl, Pcff. GlZ Gl d c. Compound .3Cfu/18, 3otcf1'8, do-ctl~
L7Q;i ~ l..!CP, L7C[S (5O[l~ ctlGl etc.
39
Unlike Arabic cardinals Hindi cardinals have no place for any copulative conjunction.
Big numbers like -sr, t5Un~, NI~ are always used singular with preceding
d· I 64 car lOa s as~
(e) The function similar to other adjectives but remain unaffected from the
inflection of the following noun.
Genitive
. (120) cfI:ar d"lr?1.?II cit C4.ZCJZQ51 ft:m: I Agentive
Accusative ~~ Mod. (ttdf H\'I. PI.
C"l~cpf
Pssd. N ~.
1.6.3. Arabic ordinatives function as noun as well as adjective. They too approximately.
function in the sentence in similar manner as mentioned in (1.6.1.) Arabic
grammarians classify ordinatives into cardinal and ordinal. 65 They two also recognize
fractions and partitives but they are either noun or adverb in nature.
Cardinal Numbers
(f) It has also been classified on structural basis into four categories: Single, compound
group often and copulated.
Single: All numbers from one to ten.
Compound: All number from eleven to nineteen
Group often: All tens 20,30,40, --- 100,1000 etc.
Copulated: All numbers from twenty on to ninety-nine because of the existence ,of a
copulative conjunction 9.
Therefore:
M Guru. Kamta Prasad: (2052 Ie). p.95.
40
Kind Numbers
Single .J..O\.5 • i. • .: .. >l: .. ; \. ~.lL~ .. ----_." r'~ Compound ~..).!>I , ~L:.::\ - -- - --- ~~~i Group often L>-'~ -_ .. _ .. ~ rl-
'IS • L..,.)\ • (:J~. uA Q f-~.
Copulated l:.>.p \ l:J I .. . ~.J.9.., '/."'..1 ., ~ ,L;..)~.,~ .. J <.
1.6.4. All Arabic cardinal numbers are under inflected category and accept signs of gender
and case. They function mostly as noun, not as adjective, and accept all cases. They
also precede noun like that of Hindi.
Num+N • .J • ___
Gen. (119) .=:>l}.,\ ~~\.::j
Nom. (120) J'~J" ~).u.:J\.;.;.......\
Ace. (121)uP~~...JIu----:;..l..rJ1 v-~
NP
Pssd.
Nu~N ~3 >1l_.1
Let us discuss in details the tricky and difficult part of the cardinal number on
functional basis.
(a) .)..913 / L...>c..:1 are hardly used with nouns, They follow the noun and function
as adjectives, 66 and express the idea of unity and duality more str6ngly.67
6J.91-,~y/ .JJ>\..,~cl ~~
ub\ t.:.>L:.....-V eft ib "[ ftl21.l
G\..:.J\ult:.f eft 'j<?--ctc6
uL'\' and uL..:.:;\inflect for accusative and genitive case as ~\and ~~ ~ J (
(b) From a.j.u.: to ~ noun will be at odd with the gender of its number (3) (1 0)
and in genitive cases similar to construct phrase in resemblance. 68 The noun will
be plural.
65 Yaqoob. Ramel Badeea: (1988). p.443. 66 Ibn Hisham: (1979) IV: p.443. 67 Wright. w.: (1983) I: p.206. AN Ihn Hisham: (1979) IV p7.'i1
( 122)
(123)
(124)
41
~\.., ~ e-"'"'
~~_/I
L:'.Jw>\-p
Only case signs fatha, dhamma, and kasra are put on the number to show the
case.
(c) The cardinal number from 11 to 99. Take the nouns numbered in accusative
singular As for the gender of those cardinals (exc~pt 11-12, 21-22---91-92) which
indicate the units in these compounds, (from 3 to 9) vary in gender according to the
rule laid down in (b). All these numbers between II to 19 are indeclinable and do not
inflect for case. But others are declinable.
.Mscl.
Fern.
Mscl.
Fern.
Mscl.
Fern.
All case~
Nom.
Acc.
Gen.
(125)
(126)
(127)
(128)
All tens between 20 to 90 are communion for both the gender and decline for case.
(129) ~/\~~ L»R/u~~ \~/
(130) L~/'CJJ u~
(d) 100, 1000, million, billion etc. are common for both the genders and govern
numbered noun in genitive case
( 131)
, (132)
'-i-0L,J1 / ~~~\
These tens from 10.0 onwards also have their plural forms:
-~ ,- L..:JI~) L-P})\ ~~ ~~~ uA~ ~J .. ~ l) L..o - ~ L.:'-> L..,
42
Ibn Hisham says "number from 3 to 10 are added to them, but it has no effect on 100
as far as number is concerned,,69
(133) ..J 9 LJl.l T aj 10 '-'-----
(e) Arabic cardinal numbers also function as adjective. Then it come after the
noun and follow it in case and article but not in gender.
(134) Nom.
(135) Gen
Acc.
~ ~ ~1L.\ e ~ :;1J.I 4J~.u..:e Ad'
J " ~'}XJI :;lJJlJ \ ~ L ~ 1)3 \;'11-,_1 ~ LJ &:- / ~., \ /.0.u; L:-u )
. .v .. ./ Ad.J' AlA!
(f) In the phrase where number precedes the noun, the definite article can only be
added to the noun only not the number because in word-order it is on the place of
possessed which does not ac~ept definite article. 70
(136)
When the numbers are compound or copulated, the "article should be added to the
unit number. 7]
( 137)
(138)
Gv---,>~~I .,.,/
~ \.:J u~ -' .iJ~lliJJ
Let us examine in details some common uses of cardinal numbers in Arabic and
Hindi.
1.6.4. Both Hindi and Arabic numerals are used substantively (subject and predicat~and
attributively.
Attributive: (139) c;;;dGGU Jf Tjfq cmvr ~ (140) QR ~{>rr cp[ oaM&ldt ~&clZ CJi litoll
(139). LY"'W\~~..:>LJr ~~l..
69 Ibid: p.252. 70 AI-Zujaji: (1410 A.H.) p.128.
Substantive:
43
( 141 ) tff'Cl m 3ft~ CRT flI-mff
(142) c:-8 iJ5[!P7 artff lJ
(141) u"?Te:- ~ ,~ --' ~Ic-:>L.. (142) ~~I
(Subject)
(143) ~~[d{Gff cp7 H~ ~ g 3tt~ ----- (Predicate)
(144) l5iH. C:R g (143) u-,~."d~))\~-u
(144)
1.6.5. There are a lot of Arabic examples for omission of compulsory numbered nouns.
1.6.6. Hindi numbers are also repeated for showing approximation or doubt.
(146) .ft" e:;8-li~6 r~GfI cue: ~::"CJll
(147) c:-t-am ~ qlt:; 3tZtcPR ~ft
Hindi repetitive cardinals do not accept copulative conjunction but it is compulsorily
mentioned in Arabic
(146)
( 147)
t..~~~--,\~~~L ,-/
~.R:j\~L~~\&
1.6.7. They can also accept a number of determiners like <t>hf,.ucf5 etc72
(148) <1?tt Q'ClZR CJ.?t Y:d (149) ciR UCf.5 (!floc W ~
In Arabic,we use J \y, !)~ ,
(148) Lo~~J\p~
(149)u.,-J~~\PJ~
71 Ibn Hisham: (1979) IV: p.255. 72 Kellogg. H.S.: (1990) p.151 73 Wright. W.: (1983) I: p.325
-
44
1 68 Hindi simple or complex cardinal numerals can also be join to each other by
postposition for emphasis as well as comparison
Emphasis
In Arabic we use emphatic particle
(150) u~~~j~./~ y. e·
( 151) P ,-;---,lU>~~.>
Compassion: -
(152) cflGt;lt' il c:J C:lit #to anIl dllCildi I
(153) r.H J?' if f.~: cflilfU. cJ diU
ph"lls~
etc.
Here we replace~' ,t} with Arabic prepositional ~ l:.>-- .
(152) ~~\~.L.>- ~':l.B\L,,~\.u
(153) ~ll~L.>-~' . -~-- ~----
1.6.9 We also express year by cardinal numbers. Dimshits write "generally cardinal number
denoting year as well as number below ten thousand are converted into hundred. ,,74
(154) 1998 dGd{]8. Nt 3tdlCild
(155) 9500 f(-cTITGf-a Nt
(154)
(155)
L.).~_, ~\.J > ~}L.~>~' ~ /' . 'IS' l.. v-~ -' L,..1J '\ ~
Ordinal Number
1.6.10. Ordinal numerals are a subclass of the numerals. Ordinals are words used to express
the order in which an item stands in a given sequence. These are used as adjectives 75
7<1 Dimshits, Zalman: (19K'i) p.'i4
J-,J)\
(18\ ~81 \~\
~~I. ~~,
The ordinals in both the languages have been classified according to their structure.
110M land J .::; \ are only suppletives.
Hindi (a) Regular: - elf is added to the cardinals
qzqclr, B.ZdClZ, a:rroci[, GHCff, ----- etc.
(b) Irregular: -
Arabic: 76 (a) On the shape of J...& \..; from 2 to 10.
(b) After ten only unit number will change its shape
(c) Tens retain their original shape in ordinal as well
1.6.11 Ordinals of both the languages follow the noun and are declinable so they inflect for
number and gender.
(156) 3lIur ~ Rlde}' f~Gt ~~ ~'M-dll
(157) cfiRil Cllrsl R {}~r<Fl fRO lJf.Zl!dZZ
75 Ibid. p.97 76 Ibn Hisham: (1979) IV: p.262-261
Mscl.lDat.
Fem.lAg.
Ord. I
A AdJ. HN
~ I Case R:<.Tt
r
46 .
A ~ A
Det. H
JI Oat.
J' OrdNum
t:L~ 1.6.12. In Hindi we also omit the noun and mention the ordinals as predicate.
(I 58) <itu Btl t {itrrcJl ;it. ~ I (Vfactt Cfiit (8 )
(158) ~tJl(u...eJ0li UJ~c.?J
1. 6. 13. It can also be used as subj ect or topic.
(159) lfl5Cftl <it~7 ~lt ~ 3ih ~ ~
(159) ~~~8\.., Jol JJ.lJ I
1.6.14. The numbered nouns are also deleted when it has already been mention in the
. d' 77 prevIOus sentence or Iscourse.
(161 )
(160)
. (161)·
cflRi1 3rt? dt:dt dotcll ~
J \"~..i ~G\"':f ~0~J) l - C..-> l~~ ~ -1 J ~
U\J~ ~~\~ .:JWt,
I .6.15. Ordinals are also used for expressing date and time·
(162) ~l.J\~U\li~»\L1\~..)\
(163) ,; ~ UI As UI ci r:Y,l k_:_.J~;-0.JJ \ G:.L; l-
In Hindi only cardinal numerals are used.
(162) <If 48 qd( ~cl urr~l
( 163) cil 3'llUf ~q{? f.9: ~ 3ill
1.6.16. ~, the inflected form of~, or HCiq2T<F[ also come as adverb. In Arabic we
" just use 1,) .> I .
( 164) ~TJt qf;!~ '~'I,f..M urlTTJU
(165) qoet Hfl?a dt q~<IlP1, qJi tp!$l
(164) ~Jl.\L3>1~(1~~
47
Distributive Numerals (Repetitive):
1.6.17. Distributive in both the languages are very regular despite some major variations in
the form. In Hindi same cardinal numeral is repeated as (!Q5-IFc:f5, c:"!-~}, cffCff;cflCff
etc. and sometimes 'c15~c~' and '<it' also follow them. In Arabic too same numeral is
repeated, and cardinals shape is changed on the patterns of J....-.:o-.. and J L...:. as;.> lo I '~'-y0>
and ~lL< I. ~~J.; - etc. ~..u..~ _~~" 1(.9 ~J.PL •. ~'~1 ~de.
(166) 3f.l~~ Jf UQ5-[Tc[5 Bltatcp at qi[~l ~ ~ ~ mm ~ (166) ui-o(L;~}!-~bu~~)'~ r:'J.£)Y'.i.;> 6 I (.;;I~~'.v.;>~IJ-D->~W\~
In the above Hindi example distributive has been used as adjective and substantive
respectively.
1.6.18. They can also function as adverb
(167) <ilcit cftGf cftGC ~ CITti!i ~ ctit tatd'l"f~d ~
(167) LL:o (Oju.~~U-~ ~~~\ ~>-'.;>
But despite repeating the cardinal numerals, sometimes, we do not get repetitive
meaning. They just show emphasis.
(J 68) #<it 3flor c;t -c:} i.l5d/lor qr,af1 II I
(J69) cJJt d~ ~~(!'[ Jl qq.Zcl ct I (J 68)
(J69)
Aggregative Numerals:
L->::-'-~ ~~,), ---- $
'--.J -' ~ ~ l}..\j - -. _________ . '---f'I.J.-'
1.6.18 "This is made after adding 3ft in the terminal syllable of the cardinal number. ,,78 It
also denote some kind of emphasis. This kind of aggregative denotes definite number.
77 Hurford, James R.: (1995) Grammar: A Student's Guide. p.148 78 Chand. Duni: (1950) Hindi Vyakaran. p.llO.
48
Another ~"2l}' is alsoadded to the cardinals for denoting indefinite numbers79 AU of
them are indeclinable.
(171) cff.y:[+:m = cttm ( 1 72) ~H+p7jf = cfIftm}·
(173) If-dl-?-:1+3d'= Il-rfl-Ht
c:t+3U = crtarr (Irregular)
etc.
We do not find aggregative numeral in Arabic. Therefore we add emphatic particles
D:s. L.:.1:-, ...., \.....-, ~ J" C:::. etc. following the cardinals numerals with appropriate
pronouns as dealt under emphatics. They can also precede the number and denote
definite numbers. l.k-' and tJ.< are irregular while others are regular.
(171) L.oL:.b/lfi>l\6' ~~I~ / \b-U~I/~ue_~1 (172) "'-- -.-. J~~~J'."i5'L.,
(173) r/~l:.J-'~-'~
Arabic language lacks any such device for denoting to denote such indefinite
numerals as r{]fl:l~-lt. We write ·vdi...>-t-! ~~ etc.
1.6.19. The aggregative also function as attributive as well as substantive.
(174) <it?: cfhl '86 Q I cfl g I cif ct.tm eitcJr CI[[q <it wet tr I
(Attributive)
(175) cflRr 3~afI~61 "JTl~ auf[ g
(Substantive)
(l74»)5'~upL.>~.-~...i \.:..l>~ J r - -a.., v.s.·H ~ (175) r- ) r \ • .-J.sc ~ .
uJJ Uy u\.=--bY.~1
1.6.20. If the same, sir is suffixed to~, 6UfR, CffRi'[, ~ etc. it will mean suffix for
I I . 80 P ura , not aggregatlve.
(176) ~Cl5S}' a}CJl ~Tc;, <it d=[~ CJ[[!".3:fR
(177) NC-mT er.}iY[ cicr~ ill am
(176) U~I jV~j)I<.r~t <-:.>L
79 Shanna. Aryendra: (1972) A Basic Grammar of Modem Hindi .. p.69
49
1.6.21. Various kinds of determiners including emphatic and indefinite ones can also precede
or of follow the aggregative numerals.
Emphatic:
(178) lll'<-l}' en Htlf1 3flldl nUll tp} ~~~<ff Pot<I:>cl
(179) 3th <t Elm tft ft:~U3if ;if CTfU/
Ag.+Emp.+HN
In Arabic we do not find particles with aggregatives.
(178) F.\l.J-&~\J~~\~~~\~~
(179) ~ ~ll' c..?1;.J\ J\ ~..;--'
Indefinite pronouns (intensifiers): We find such expression very rarely.
(180) (RMl) <,ai} ("ire), <~-M ~m~ om~-,} /
(181) (Raft) cftait fum2ff 3Q~ ~ /
we have similar expression in Arabic as above.
(180)~~~\<J\U~~~~C/ .' o\1V"W.iJ'/~~\2 (181)· U--,~pyo<> r-c..;~h..~~y~\.U>£GlL~
Collective Numerals:
1.6.22 The terminations 3U and {f are affixed to some of the cardinal numerals to denote
collective numbers.
cfhr+au = cf.tHr
iITflR+t = Cfrfl:S1
Beside the above ~umerals some irregular collectives are also found in texts: as
Hll 1bid. p.(,1)
50
Guru put these numerals under aggregatives81 but Aryendra Sharma and Badrinath
Kapoor and many western linguists call them as collective numerals.
Arabic lacks such numerals. Therefore, except for orl$l and odd! we use merely
cardinal numbers for others as~
L>~ ,u~uL:\, G~...J' r
L:~" Cl....J..)).~. h\...eAr.
1.6.23 They are not used like any other ordinative compulsorily preceding head nouns: They
are independent of such components in most of the cases.
(Substantive)
(182) ~ "3N<ff frlR' crrfl ~6"ll4.l at 38ct5l cunal ~ ~ I ( 183) #-cPSI gun?: :a 3~ cpiF{ ~ I
(182) (uk-1J\l50<Ju:!U;:~ L>!1J1 ~ r ULJ \ ~vV-<i (183) LJ0 SJ \ l:Y" cP \ ~.rU \
1.6.24. Attributive: - They can also be used attributively where they accept cardinal numerals
signifying unit.
(184) 3Iel-H. al l!<J> uITSi cpllcH "ljitlc;l
(185) 31.t~ ~~rilt cff c;{ CJiit 3Hdl milt}
( 184)
(I85)
d--"~~~J ?1L>~\ ~L~\~L-':u '~\ .. \ ~
. -=..:- ~ \ ~.,
1.6.25. "The cardinal numbers are often used as collectives without any change oftorm"!!l
(186) .t-l} 6Uf"lol H 3-{~<p vtcil ~
(187) ~4.ItFl cit 3ITO 3Udl ~ I
I r .J (186) ~i)\ L.>-->(J.;laWI - -(187) ~~\2) ~\)(J~\r~
Proportionals:
81 Guru. Kamta Prasad: (2052 ic) p.99. H2 Kellogg. H.S:(1990)p.163
51
1.6.26. Proportional numerals or proportional adjectives, as defined by Kamta Prasad Guru83
signify the proportions of count as well as non-count nouns, and inflect for number,
gender and case.
To express proportional ~Pff1 is added to the numerals. some of which then assume
slightly different fonns. These differences are only visible from 2 to 4.
(188) 4H<?~Gtl = ~~aH
( 189) cftcfr+i!!,Gfl = ~
(190) QU.+~otl = ~ttc?'l,Gtl
(191) q"fu+~ = ~iff.;l
Arabic us~~and c5 ~ with an appropriate preceding or following cardinal
numerals where they inflect for number, gender and case. They are regular from two
onwards.
(188) bl.~. '-.:-)L~ (l&J)":"~~.J\/ c llle->J-l1 o \.;p1~.J 1/ ~J~k_~~.lJ{
(191') ~~~/ ~L)-)I (1M) ~J-;~1L~/ <":'>iliJc..j..l1 G~\~ / ~\I.,j~j)1 LJ>~)<0..lJ-;/~lliJlul-...lj)1
They are also expressed by past participle of the. second (verb) fonn derived from 'the
cardinal number as; (r"-<'
~
1.6.27. Proportionals generally function as substantives (predicates).
(Substantive)
( 191 ) Jf di}ntt <~ cPi ~-"1 ~itTi eliot cy.ot I ~ (J. CJr~u lJ
(192) ;in S{({f <t~? 3{(d£GafI g~ TllT[ ~1,etf1. 3{~<:[5 ~
(191) , ~ >~_~ .; ~ll:/~~\;:G~~JI <-..::.>\.;..;.0\~)..:>;1
(192) ~~~/~.~J~~~~\ 0-6:;
1.6.28. However, they sometimes occure as attributive as welL
(193) ~ C[5[ ~ ta'R'll? C[5[ ~$'llCl --------
(194) c~~l elf! rl.!..~_ <!!'''....fl Ri<PHI ~. P1.:j~/dt}" <PI ~J?cJ/4/Cft 9l~<P ~ I
Arabic proportionals are always used as substantives.
Xl Guru, Kamla Prasad:( p.'JR
52
(193) .---- L-->'--P\ ;;J"1.8 t::!~\ e-';i ~\
(194) ~\.,...:p\~J\Jbl..~ ... H..J~j ~ .. ;~Y>lliJ\(L
Besides ~ the affix ITV is also added to a few numbers, in similar sense.
They are also used like the previous proportionals.
Fractions:
1.6.29. (a) Fractions or fractional numbers are very irregular:
3f1eIT -1f.s tftcit
Y... orl12116 1 Y4 ~Q7
f?tr.n{ I Y2 ~l<~
q'tGu 2Y2 ~ or rc;rt
+Y2 ~~
Hindi fractional numbers precede all kinds of nouns-count non-count, and mass and
accept cardinal numbers.
e.g. [!Cf5 rft2lTt, c:1 Pc16l{f, etc.
The remaining fractions are regular and accept declension for case
Ordinals + 8fFTf
(b) Arabic fractions except ~ (3Ueu) are very regular and are derived on the -1'-
pattern of ~ from a cardinal number.
-1f.s ~,,\! 11f.s ~..!J.J-9\-,
." I~ ~--' .)..9\..,
% ~~y\~\~ 2Y2 ~J c .. >l':':\
( (y -' \ ~J.H,:) +Y2 ~ . .e_J .:>
53
Fractions are added after the complete number. -Fractions = Cardinal + ~ / Y IJ + Fractions
2 Y4 E.J>uL.i\ RQ[ crt
1 % ~ ~uL' Ti'tcit crt
The second kind of regular Hindi fractions are expressed by the following method.
Fraction = f v-? + Ordinal
1.6.30. Hindi fractional number, like other kinds of ordinatives, are used both as substantives
as well as attributive. They also accept cardinal numbers and other determiners.
Except 3ITen, all are indeclinable.
(195) 3ilefl urGrdt 31Gf:QC;; tr
( 196) [!C15 dt 2.fTt Nfvl GIiJR <if ~ tr
( 197) 3th cftcsr rrtmt vt.fq <if ftmn~ cvm g I
(198) 1!<15 ftil.Ht {~U{l!/l {>m~ ct> ~(iol ;if llC;;iJ ~. I
(199) 3ilur tftat tttit C:Pl~~Cf. <'t~ ot urt[!dll I
(200) .I'f q"tal .c;} Cfut c1"<15 ~ ~l~zz I
(201) citfl ~ Rm cr.ff q~T":Jcfl ~ I
(203) fi'l>"- (Mi. got cit UJ( c6 I;U iJf/<¥~)1l
Arabic fractions when added to the noun make a construct phrase. Therefore, they
will always be as substantives (nouns).
(195)
(1 gc;)
(191)
(19B)
(199)
(200)
(20t)
(203)
(204)
~~lu\L'..J\~
0..>1\ liL:..l..:~,0 ~\~~
~ U~\Cg'L>~(~)~\cjlL~-'
~.-t1\~..l..oju~..J~ "---?~\~
CL.J'i~isJJ>~\~LJlls r~\~~ t:.J Y\,~ WI OJ LJI ~~\ 01 e..JL
~v ) ~ (:iJJ)GJ\~LJ\~ (j;.Jl.k;~ ~\~ ~·:J\~J\~L.J\Li (0~ 0\ ~~\ (.:
L:...-> ~~~->~~ j...,j ~~ 7 ___ ._.__. _ •
54
In Arabic when cardinal numbers are added to the fractions they accept declension in
respect of number and case as mentioned under cardinal numerals.
1.6.3 I. They can also be used as substantives:
(205) 3th 53ilM'-<l?1 ~~ iil 9fRCl q5[ '8.ldc[( 8-([CJ[ l}' I
(204) ~ ~ I lSvW\ ~ ~ (~L¥)..,.J\ (205)
Approximatives: -
1.6.32. Such numbers signify approximate numbers. They are expressed by two methods84.
(a) By putting such adverbs like auI8{CJI, ClS/lq, dC(;>-tiq6( etc. before cardinal
number; as Adv.+NuI11c.
(b) By putting indefinite pronominal ct'ihf before cardinals as; cm--t+ NUI11c
(c) By putting indefinite pronominal [!C'[;i after the cardinals as; Numc.+lT<P o
(d) By putting two cardinals together indicating the limits of approximation.
There are no certain rules for that.
In Arabic we use,J\p, P- l ~~. etc. before the cardinals where J~ .(-
~ . govern the cardinals into genitive case.
uR\SJ.\~ \j [J\~ , ~
~t\~ ~? ~\;i,\~\) ~~'L>~
Kl Dimshits. Zalman: (19X5) p.62
55
1.6.33. These numbers are indeclinables and function as attributives and substantives.
Attributive: -
(206) (ffCJ1S(c}1 G} Clr:{ l[3f <I(?: fQCll Cf.5T itmon t5t am, I
(207) cpffq Nt N1crc "JGfCt; U;l Cit t ~ <it 3UU 21 I
(208) ;i# affq R aft ctihf art UCl5 C4 Pct-ct 3UU 21 I
(209) ct ct}cJ{ c:1 T-lli· f~Citl q~qlct a(,(C( M'tc all! I
(206)
(207)
(208)
Substantive: -
s.~~~l,S\~L.. ~'isL~ ~j 4Li~--1li.
uP~\C1",--......jL1~~\J:?u.a~~
(210) fu~ClraezlM~ ~. ftIezr~ q§f "R~l NatllCal qI?: 9W~ ~
(21 1 ) Cf.5ftq cit 0iJfR BOll Cit '8 <it ~ g I
(212) cphf UCl5 0iJfR CJ/Icc "$ ~ cr:ffi: it I
(213) ell", l!<l.> Qo11.'. P.f/~ cpt?! (lid ~ I
(214) rlhl-f'): m RJi!~l ct> g I
(210) '-.J.m-~.J\J~~~\ U ~\U)\.:D.L
(211) ~\GU~(~~'0~ (212) l..3~\ 0\L.....I..:>-(r)~IL (213) ~ \
~J~. \ ~\ ~ S-~(~~\4.1ll-~ L>;~ (214) \ . \ f--~' e-6-- I
cr- ~~\~t~cJ~(r),
Partitives: -
1.6.34. Guru has described it as indefinite quantifiers or indefinite quantifier
etc. 85
56
adjectives. These are: Cfga, ~, cvhf ~, ~, c[sCF£, MPc;, qift"'l(5
As indefinite quantifiers they an used in plural and function both as attributive and
substantive.
Their equivalent expressions in Arabic are
-6-» . "~..9 e.J c:.
Generally used as adjectives or used before a prepositional phrase, and inflect for
number, gender and case.
1,6.35. Clga is used as attributive and substantive for count and non-count nouns.
(215) tt§Cf c-f.}cJl ~(5 qtff urriff'ill (Attr.)
(216) ~l?1 cp~ ~l ~a tr (Subs./Predicate) .//
(215) u~J~~/j\o~\u-a~~lJ (216)
it and RR are also suffixed to e:rga to denote intensity (multiplicity): qga it
ffldf/qga HR. mull However there will be no variation in Arabic expression.
1.6.36. 3~ (~+lJCl5) is used as synonym of cr.st to denote indefinite number
(Attributive)
(218) 3tt~ 3icffc.15 ?>t'tCJ[t' cit f5'HCf>? ~. Cleft tr
(219) ~~~ 3T<~<p ~ (Subs./Pred.)
(217)
(218)
(219)
85 Guru. Kamta Prasad: (2052ic) p.IOO
57
does not modify mass noun. It precedes or follows the definite or indefinite
noun 86 °
1.6.37. cpt generally signifies kinds.
(220) matt GCl5 -# cvt Ntvif B ~ ~ ~ I (Attri.)
(221) wJ q§t ftp,~l -$ tal 2l g I (Subs./Pred.)
(220) ~->:J.'-\..f\.5-~::')~ ~l...J'" \j,i Y Lf ~ lJ \ ~-- ulH cSo~ \;.
(221) ~C~\~\U'~\
1 ,6.38. ~ besides being indefinite pronominals also denote indefinite numbers. It precedes
both count and non-count nouns.
(222)
(223)
° (224)
(222)
(223)
3UTi ~ ce8 <iota cflftst. <i} I
iit~ f.r~ c15{ff ~f3 tlS'Rtt Tle.rR. I
<it~ ~<F<i~l cp9 N?Pll C[;i80 Eft ---- .
~\u~~\ue-J ... c..S:: J~~ (224) -\~ ~ ~->~,..)~
(Attr.)
(Attf.)
~, (Attr.)
1.6.39. t~lc:r is used in the meaning ofctga both for count and non-count nouns.
1.6.40. Cfj-J{ (and~) are used as cg~ for count and non-count nouns both as substantive
as well as attributives.
1.6.41. 317Pc: and QCfi?B mean "and similarly other." They function as adjective as well as
noun and follow all kinds of singular and plural noun. 87
(225) L~E!.3T1R: arftnl CPt JOWldt ~Tdl it I
(226) "?lJ"f at cpCJ[lur, ttae: ::mf}: 'lit tlcfl I >" -
(225) ~ ~\~aJ\:""\ -' r:=~
(226) ~J~G~\rLl5?1 86 Ahmad, Dr. Basheer: (1998) p.54 87 Guru, Kamta Prasad (2052ic) p.103
° ~
58
The attached genitive pronoun (of C~) changes its number and gender according to
the noun it is referring to.
ADJECTIVES
Adjective is one of the major modifiers of Hindi grammar signifying merit and elements of
the noun. This quality can b(~ in colour, shape, kind, taste, number, nature etc. 88
Guru and other grammarians have classified adjectives in various categories. 89
A. Pronominal adjectives
a. Demonstrative Pronouns
b. Possessive Pronouns
c. Indefinite Pronominals
d. Relative Pronominals
B. Qualitative Adjectives
C. Ordinatives: -
a. Definite number b. Indefinite number c. Quantity
1. Cardinal'
2. Ordinal
3. Fractious
4. Aggregative
5. Distributional
6. Collective
"Besides personal and reflexive pronouns 'all other kinds of pronouns are used as adjective.
When pronouns used separately they function as pronouns and when they occur before a
noun they are adjectives".90 Dimshits is more elaborate in describing the Hindi modifier i.e.
88 Vajpayee, Kishoridas:(1966) p.204 89 Guru. Kamta Prasad: (2052ic) p. 106 9() Ibid: p.89
59
adjective. "Adjective indicate quality and characteristics of the thing. It includes colour,
size, dimension, number, shape, quality, state, place, time and direction".91
Colour ~, TftNr Occupation: &.I.Z Qzti, qftuft
Dimension ~, ~ Place : Q 51 Bl
Material ~, ~ Time: 3n.~, crddfFff. etc.
Direction: ~, ~'Cr<4l
Vajpayee described possessive pronouns as distinctive; though a different thing altogether but
similar to adjective in nature. All of them have left out the present and past participles from
the list of adjectives but they too accept their existence.
Hindi adjectives do not have any regular shape. They are recognised only on their syntactical
functional basis. Bholanath Tiwari writes that the words ending with following suffixes or
terminal syllables are adjectives92
Hindi
Sanskrit
3~
<llCif
=
=
3fTClGfT
~"'l(>f
"~I Dimshits, ZalnulIl: (I ')X:'i) p. ~4
~~~, <ltzGtafi21.
~f€: <ltZ Gt, ~[G'i
eriffQlCff. , lfiYfQ[G'i
=
fl't"Iqi.Pt~, ~Mq"I'>tc~
3'l.C:NJ:'l$, errcr:>$
5'llctGtl, ~61ctGtI
3f{g~(ff , Jtf~"I7"f
v2rl1mr, ;laUaz
taC?Jii1.l, q"1C?JGt I
8td?.GtZCl5, Cic!GtZCl5
~, cfl~al
8l<J1MI, rttl~MI
crlc'il
-ell
ARABIC ADJECTIVES:
60
CR:ClafCTrM"l, ~rM"l
R:~cll, 3tlc;iIfl ~l
It is one of the five Arabic modifies following the noun in position, describing it in quality
and structurally agreeing with it in number, gender, case and article. "It is a modifier which
completes the noun by referring its meaning either inherent or related to it." 93
The classification of Arabic adjective were made long back in medieval age by Sarraj and
Saibwaih. Sarraj recognises five classes though effectively there is another sixth category.
I. Modifiers that describe tangible qualities.
(OlCRil, ({~l ~ ~ 2. Present participle and Past participle forms.
~V, orr~ J.v~. j:L.; 3. Modifiers that neither represent tangible attributes nor have a participle.
(i'f.Rll J-fkl 3ili;J[J j.-. .,.P ~ 0?.--I
4. Modifiers which indicatt an origin or relation.
S{ f ?dl"J , 3/or 41, 3H.<'i c). ~ " ~. 0 J..AA:>
5. The modifiers constructed after adding 3 ~ (possessing).
The above classifications are based on formal and notional criteria. lie also discusses
another class, not a pure modifier, but relative clause and prepositional phrase.
modifying the noun semantically. But Saibwaih distinguishes only three categories of
adjectives. "Know that an item can be described by something that is [referential]
92 Tiwarc. Rholatmth : (I <)7<) p.:'i 7 !J.I Ibn Hisham:(I979) II: p.300
61
identical to it and semantically part of it, like cY~\ ~j \j....a) 94 However, the
classification of Sarraj is more elaborate than Saibwaih.
For the sole purpose of contrastive study, we classify the adjectives -on structural
basis-into two class as i.e. [base] adjectivals, and compound adjectivals. A class of
pseudo-adjectivals also have been recognised by Binod Kumar Sinha which precede
the base and compound adjectives.
Base: MQ~l, dim, ~~~, carr etc.
~ .~J-? ~./e~c
Compound: (!tZ (!t 8.l, 3tZJt CLZ (!tz, 3tZcrlCLZ (!tZ,
i.Yi , irl. CLL (itt
As far as the Arabic adjectives are concerned, most of them fall under base describing
the tangible and non-tangible qualities. It is interesting to note that a word-class of
adjectivals cannot be recognised however it is established by "syntactic
considerations,,95, as shown below.
Base Adiectivals: ,
u-J lp.~jj\~ ~ \ Adj.
~~~~\ N.
Present Participle:
L..Y.;""r\ ~ \6J\ N.
i..l1~hj~\i)\jp ~'s \J:> Adj.
Past Participle:
---,~'Jo~\ ~~ Adj.
/~Y~l N.
R6 Chvcns Jonathan: (1990) p. 67
62
Degree Adiectivals:
~~~~1J\~~1 Adj.
~ jJ \ \.:j-O.->~ I ~..J.I N.
lDfinite:
~~~J.~~\~\)~
BASE ADJECTIV ALS:-
1.7.1. Hindi adjectives have also been subclassified, as per the tenninal syllables, into
inflected and non-inflected. Those with 3U as tenninal syllable have been put under
inflected adjectives due to their nature to inflect for number, gender and case. But the
non-inflected adjectives retain their original forms.96
Inflected 3~, 3ir8t, 3nrl
Non-inflected
(228) ~ &i$c[5[ ~[ Noun/sngl./mscl.
(229) "~~ ~;t: ,. (li( ~:. 1:/ cUlc( Noun/Sngl.lFem
(230) ~ar.~ &t $c[5 3U[! Dat.!PI. IMsGI.
(231) ~. ct$ftv2[f 3m Dat.lPl./F em.
(232) ~<fi;~ &l"S<pl CPt ~i:!lI31J Abl.lPl.lMscl.
(233) ~6-C:~ et$f~:>~}' <p~ i!jiit[3{} Abl./pl./fem.
Majority of Arabic adjectives are under inflected category. They agree with the
preceding noun in number, gender, case and article. "The adjective follows the
noun[modified] in nominative, accusative, genitive [cases], definite and indefinite
[ articles]. ,,97
Gen. Acc. Noun
95 Beeston, AFL: (1970). p.45 96 Dimshits. Zalman:(I9R5) p.47
63
,.. 'I r
(228) J7?..J~~.rV'" ~~h~1 ~~"sl!>IndeflSngl.lMscl.
(229) ~W)~~v- ~\;J~'~ L ~W.,\~~ Def/SngLlMscl.
(230) ~.J~;~~.)V" ~;~--,\~/~ u~.Jlt'\.J~IndefI· IPl.lMscl. " .. .. . .
(231) ~~~v-" ~~~Y ~~~sL:> Indef/S:ing.lMscl. • ;' ~ f .
. (232) '--:~ L-8~ L) \..:..l~l:.J ... l~~loIndeflDual.lFem. , '-:> ~'.t-..r .
(233) ~l ~\ -:·~.r/~L C:J~k.>~'~.r,,-? DeflDual.lFem.
1.7.2. Hindi adjectives precede the noun while Arabic adjective succeeds it. 9!!
NPh = Adj.+N
(234) ~~~ EH
NPa = N+Adj. [(Art.+)n(+art.)+Adj.) A (235)
~ A Del. N
Det. J\ ~ J\ Adj.
Sometimes Arabic adjectives also precedes an indefinite noun. In this case. it is written .t\
in accusative case for its being adverb and not a real adjective.99
As discussed above. all such Hindi adjectives terminating in 3U and 3i'l are under
inflected category. They inflect as per the number. gender and case of ,the noun, "
Adjectives are linked with nouns so that they follow the gender. class and 'case of the
[following] noun,·100
(236) ~"((df ."'HTHI o'Jf~d f.
(237) it 3~ 'dtar ~
(238) <l 3rrrl lff-?al &
(239) TIerr, ~~[<Fl[ 3IR ~ ~ ~~ ~ I
(236)
97 AI-Zujaji, Abu AI-Qasim Abd AI-Rahman Bin Ishaq: (1410 AH). P.13. 98 Ibn Hisham: (1979) II: p.299. 99 AI-Zujaji: (1410 AH) p.2IS.
Sngl.fMscL
SngLlFem.
Pl.fMscl.
Pl.lFem.
64
(237) ~f~\~
(238) (:)-~J~.Jr
(239) ~~""'::"">\"':"'J.J.o~J ~->~
About the Arabic adjective Saibwaih writes:
"They are nouns which completely share the inflection of the noun they modify:,101
Arabic descriptive adjective also follows the noun in number, gender, case and article;
1.7.4. But there is one variation between the adjectives of the two languages, with is article.
It is added to all adjectives invariably modifying the definite or proper nouns.
''Definite noun [with *] is to be modified by a definite adjective and indefinite noun is
to be modified by indefinite adjective, and not else. ,,102
(240) ~~\1~\ --'-' ---' -- Indef.
(241) Oef.
~I {Common in both} Adj
I ~
1.7.5. Adjective of both the languages denote quantity, colour, class, etc. of human, animate
and unanimate things. Such adjectives have also been known by grammarians as
descriptive adjective.
(242) aftNz· MF'l5T{>[
(243) "ij,{>ftml qr~q5
(242) ~ \.;./j J ~\
(243) L)"~\~~IJ ueL-" ~~
100 Vajpayec. Kishoridas: (1966) p.206 101 'ioqoob, Dr. Ramccl Badcea: (1988) p.690.
65
1. 7.6. Some adjectives also express quantity or number.
(244) cp-t MTaZ 3iTU
(245) <g8 tt-8 c:t (244) L_U-L;>.J4. 0\P..}..s b . . (245) a..W..;l.::......,l; ~ I
--.---~-
This can also be expressed by two other methods i.e. by construct and preposjtion
phrases.
(244)
(245)
jL::. ~\ LY'--':;'.-U /
LJ~\cY'~/
1.7.7. Hindi adjectives are also derived from noun, adverb of place, adverb of time, proper
noun, etc.· for showing reference or relation. Dimshits names such adjectives as
referential adjectives. Such Adjectives are also called t-adjectives. 103 Such
adjectives are also very commonly used in Arabic as well. It is formulated from noun
as Gheelani writes, "referential adjectives are made by adding doubled "u" [ya]
preceded by genitive marker for signifyi~g relation of one thing to another.,,104
PLACE [PROPER NOUN]
(246) (frlfl·ufl c-Pll~;l 8&TT ft
(247) uti qafi #Sm 3iQ9[ tt
(246)
(247)
(248) ~ CR:5l ~[
(249) W <7Yl({if ilfp·CJrr ~
(248) ~~~)..L~I
102 Ibid. p. 691 103 Dimshits. Zalman: (1995) p.45 104 AJ-Gheelani.: (1972) II: p.7l
ull qlafi
~+t =
(249)
Adverb of place:
(250)
(250)
(250)
(251 )
~ '8~Cf ( ?:l~.g: g
,;;~ i-/~y.\~_~~ .; ::~~~,~~\
66
=
=
1.8.7. Derivation of such adjectives is very common in Hindi but it is not regular as that of
Arabic.
u:a' -> .. (5 + ---...4> ~
,J,\.D;;: U +JLP
Remedy of such problem can also be found in C'J5l adjective as described by Vajpayee.
(252) c..s.A>-> (li>/~";'\\ (b (253) ~ ii'v-? / ~'lf~ (252) mat q§l 3iUJPlI
(253) fJtc;,cfl cpr CT$l I
1.7.9. In both the languages adjectives signifying colour and defect are common. In Arabic
it is always on the pattern of J-;I.
(254)
(255)
(254)
~~\..J.,.l\ Il; tiFit (f[[N m q§l ~ itt:[l CIft I
Compound Adjective
1. 7.10. The affix "-til "is added to adjectives or nouns to express resemblance with the
necessary idea of a lesser degree of quality. 105 This affix is inflected according to the
number gender and case of the following noun. 106
105 Sharma, Aryendra: (1972) p.59 106 Vajpayee, Kishoradas: (1966) p.219
(256) tff[c>t-HI
(257) gift 81
(258) 3-FPcU.
For resemblance
(256)
(257)
(258)
67
I~M (adj.+~l1)
~
dt-l:ll ?TUfl
Ji... is use in Arabic.
\ ~\\-;-A>~~
/I~~\
1. 7.11. Hl can also be replaced by c:ftRr and sometimes added to the inflected substantives
and pronouns to express likeness.107 It also inflects for gender, number and case.
(259) 'di-a cJtRl ull6i. c/.c?
(260) gJf "iJtRl ~
(261 ) ?IJf t#--HI -lion ~ (259) ~\J-i.o ul~\ N. Qualifier
dtit ~
(260) L~O:l~\
(261) r1Jio~,
1.7.12. "-HI is also attached to cPI or -ll (i.e. genitive substantives or pronouns) fonns for
denoting similarity in quality or possession etc."I08
(262) CIftu ct5l H( toe ---
(263) die) <151 ~l 3I.lctlOf
(264) 3""'8<-[5 ~ EJ.? ----
(265) CFtil -Nt ~?'-dCP ----
(262) ~~Iu~ (263) ,) \...:J \ ~:...) / (264) ~
(265) .. '
cPhl~
N-ct5l+ He
N -<151 + ?:il Mod.
Pos.P HI / -Nt / R
Pos.P He / Nt / R
/~ Po.P. Q
HA CJftu Po.
Cf5[
. NP
~ Pr. CP
~ A Pssd. P<;c;r
HN.
Uy A Del. HN
J\ ~y 107 Ibid. p.216 lOX Shanna. Arycndra:( 1972) p.60
68
C[[(>fT adjectives are also made by suffixing ClTNT / crrN / ~ to the noun-
common, proper etc. It denotes reference, quality, occupation, relation as well as
possession.
(266) flit <"tIM Ml icJ l cJ>U[;.a oM ~ (possession) NP
(267) C1.'lJ:l Gf..:h ~ f3tdZ$ ~ mctt ~ (Reference) c.~ (268) f3t dZ if. ClTNT ri>l.Pclit ~ (Occupation) n~ -f'~ ~
(269) c'lltictZMI ri>l.ftta :Haft 3lIm ~ (possession) ttit Part. ~
In Arabic, we use various nouns for such ClTNT expression and they are~L.oand ..9~
'l .for possession~' for occupation and N+~+:N for simple reference. These words will
come at the position of govemers.
(266) j"~ JU\J-'.:) j,-?~\ (Possession) ~ (267) c! ~ .'\:.S:~'-~ '-.:..:>\-~ I
(268) ~~..J r~~\.>~\e.\-
(Reference!Relatiol1) J lp v'i A (Occupation) ~ bB I I Pssd.
(269) ~~\~~ ~ .... ~-.\\ ~.\...pJ..?) ~..:>
, _' Pssr. r~ ~L.,.:. Ju" . I 10 • N+~ ~ /" if -' ~ ..:> ., \..:..lJ
dc.. ~~ ~~~1 e~(". -tr.JL.-.JI
~'"h:.
(possession)
1. 7.13. Identical in form but of different origin and meaning is the particle, He which is
added, in like manner, to the adjectives to denote intensity or excess. 109
(270) ~ Nt amft ~ ~ Adj.+m+N
(271 ) 2lr-~1 '8Z TITan Fnflm
Arabic particle \~expresses such an intensity. 110
(270) Cu;J\> \pis-~cS/~\ . .. , N+Adj.+ ,~ (271)
1. 7.14. Some adverbs know as pseudo- adjectives, are also prefixed to the adjectives for the
• • 111 I'k _.....n.~ mtenslty as, 1 e i.R.lltil, J({f:.(.<:p, qsr etc.
109 Kellogg,H.S: (1990) p.137 110 Yaqoob: (1988). p.291 III Tiwari. Bholanath: (1966). p.S6
69
(273)
(272)
(273 )
3i~fj dug rrraft ~ tFfCl GfOC3U
, \1oL~~Jr0 \~>..I'0\JUl:~1J
] .7. ] 5. Adjectives are also repeated for intensity. Such adjectives, if inflected also follow the
noun in inflection.
(278) if~-<'ll1 (if~iJl (CUrl
(279) 8lRCf;if ~-~ ~ g
(278) (u~~~\"~JWlJ>.J (..u
(279) \~~~ ~\ ~ J.?~
1.7. 16. Some adjectives are also used both as nouns as well as as pronouns. This is common
both in Hindi and Arabic.
(281 )
(280)
(28 I)
?::f!I r. J.{ II (If ,Ii .W { l!
~~t, -,WJI (p\ ~\~'-J~
(Pronoun)
].7. ] 7. All grammarians are unanimously agreement on the use of adjectival attributively as
well as substantively.lll
(282) urcJTt5 {lo"G~ 6
(283) umfl qff{ Nt tr
It is very common in Arabic to use adjectives in both the places.
~ \ ~ (282) ~u\u'\
(283) \'~"6~l~\ (284) --=--~~~
Pronominal & Ordinatives as adjectives:
112 Tiwari. Bholanath: (1966). p.58. Vajpayee. Kishoridas:(l966) p.228.
70
l. 7.18. Besides these qualita.tive adjectives, there are some other kinds of adjectives like
pronominals and ordinatives, as mentioned in the beginning.
(285) ~ Jtct>Zdf. ~ g (Dem.)
(286) it cor[c"Jl 3rt:f.~ {f (Oem.)
However Arabic demonstrative when precede the head, can not be a modifier.
(285)
(286) ~~J~~\.s~~ _ Oem.
0~.r~~J\o~\ (Oem. Adj.)
1. 7.19. Possessive pronouns as adjectives. It has been already discussed in detail in this
chapter.
(287) J{~ ftlcll ~1P."F75 2}
(288) ~ a-rrt gt~ g
Adj.+N
But possessive pronoun does not make adjective in Arabic
(287) N P == Pssod + P.s!.'J.
1.7.20. Indefinite pronoun as adjective. It has been dealt afore in details.
(387) ce~ .l~u.ud.l <PE#.1 A· g
(289) ~\t3Slli)\~WI
1 .7.21. Relative pronoun as adj ective.
(290) url "&-ctlafi cuff ~ g 3lJttlctfl. H g or} HtJITrcff ."HHII mrl! tl ~ f)r~ tf
Like all other kinds of adject iva Is, Arabic relative pronounna!s also follow the noun
modified in number, gender and case.
(290) ~kr ~ ~~ ~'.::> LS..J1; l;J\
cY-. .)->P yD lll!> 5L:> u.;J \ ~,
71
1.7.22. All kinds of ordinatives in Hindi function as adjectives only. 1 \3 But in Arabic only
ordinal numbers are considered adjectives. 114
Cardinal
(291) cftac ~ ~ffi ~ g
(292) Cfr-q d{~Nr'[J ltcft g I
(291) .::>.1)~~~lli~
(292) ~~_.j loA u-lf However, the number following the noun in position, is called adjective.
(291) ;;')R~JW\ N+Adj.
(292) ~Jw
Ordinal
(293) -rf[QC[t Jt'ftit en ~ ~ ~ ~ (294)
(29)
(294)
Adj.+N
N+Adj.
1.7.23. When more than one adjective is used for a single head, generally it is ordered as;
<Pt -Adj+Dem.+Ordi+Qua1.+H. 115
There is no stich fixed system of word-order In Arabic. however. they come
according to the preference of the user.
113 Kapoor, Badrltlath: (1992). p.52 114 Wright,W: (1983) I: p. 115 Singh, Suraj Bhan: (1985) p.44
H+Pos.P.+Q.+Ordin.+Dem.
72
PARTICIPLES:
1.7.24 There is another verbal group of adjectives with forms, as;
[ :~::::a J v _ue+wala}
These have been divided into present participle and past participle. Kachru classifies
them into three groups, present, past, and adjective participles. 116
(296) ~[cl fill' qff! C:~ -aet crt
(297) ittat 2rcfi W m[Jif <tit ~ ftl&tzt
(298) url~Cf.lcff r~{l[[Ri?lf Cf;J-c?r-c(5 &t1
(Present Part.)
(Past Part.)
(Agentive Part.)
Arabic recognizer only two types of participles-present and past participles-which has
also been called by Beeston as active and passive participles. The third kind of
participles is semantically, one of the kinds of present participle. They have attributive
and predicative applications. They also function like other nonnal modifiers.
(296) ~\..J~\~I.h>1 (297) cf.:WIJ4>~I<.SW\~~\
(298) ~\_~.)\ ..:>~\ ---:.,..; -' \
Present Participle: -
1:7.25. "Present/Active participle (AP) indicates ongomg action or process derived from
transitive and intransitive verbs by adding taa+hua to the root of the verb. 117 Arabic
AP is accurate equivalent for Hindi AP performing the action of adjective, noun, and
verb. From trilateral verb it comes on the pattern of and from the verb other than
trilateral ones is made by minor modifications in their imperfect verb fonn as:
'~~ ~( U is replaced by
place of Farha).
( and the medial letter has been given Kasrah in
73
1.7.25. Both can function attributively as well as predicatively
(299) r/}cfl at M!;:<lfl <l:i~ (jf'cJll3l[
(300) 3frd W C'({cJrr CPt ctW
(299) C\..iu\ ~\.k.J.J1 (300) LY::"'.:>W I J 4> ~ hY I
-----------Predicate
(301) M$ctSl Rtc1i ~ ~ I (302) ffiur
(301 )
(302)
3fTit ~1l! lJ ~ > ~l~\
0~~~J~.)1
V-cil+ ~3l1
V-crr+ g3lt
1. 7.27. Like other adjectivals, present participle also occure with determiners and
modifiers.llg
(303) Det.
(304) Mod.
(I(; -tI NIl U't M'{;ct51
c:t RTc1i fW M$Pcl:>"l.lf
O - r \ .• (3 3) a..---4 w\ \... • ",.)\ ~
(304)0W'J~C-)G\.j\u~l/ ~~W\ b~\
NP
~p ModIDct. ~
CIlJ"/ <it ./ ........... HN Pre.P.
("ft':ltfl Nt~J~'!11
1.7.28. In Arabic It can also function as a simple subject in the sentence.
(305) ~.$" ,-- .. ,AJWI
(306) ~:, LJ../Wl
They are not participle in Hindi.
(305) ftrrIudf ~~ ~ I
(306) . E['[~ C{q["y': qc;C~ ~ I
Past Participle: - It denotes completed action or process. 119
1. 7.29. This the peculiarity of Hindi, that past participle or passive participle can be had from
any kind of base verb whether transitive or intransitive-by adding 3U + g3U as
prefix. But the same does not apply to Arabic. "Past Participle or passive participle
can be formulated from trilateral transitive verb verb on the pattern of ' J~' and
11(, Kachru. Yaurnna: (1980) p.34 1!7 Ibid. p.35 118 Sinha. B.A: (1986) p.123 119 Kachru. Yarnl-Ina: (19RO) .p . .15
74
from other from imperfect verb by compulsorily replacing (S of present . \\1th (' t.....\;:
dhammah and putting fathah on the medialletter,,,12o as; J~and !.; :. Both Hindi
and Arabic present partciple function attributively and predicatively,
unCll g3-ll ~ S3IT~l g3't1
r~ JA ~~ q(prc£[ g3{l etc.
,-
Lf;.v
1,7,30, Passive participle also have the same coreferential function as past participle,
(307) 3-lllfcPl tec;·'1 d~ Lk15 YJ;:cll g--IRPdlq ~ I
(308) ertfr· WI cp1.n;;I cvt CffiR RJrt
(307) ~~~~~ (308) L;" l6aJ~\~W~~
1. 7,31. It can also function as predicate.
(309) [$cfltl ?g.cll ~t ~
(310) ~~ eIll! ~ g
(309)
(310)
~~WJ\
1,712, fn standard Hindi Past participle can also be make from intransitive verh hy the same
method. But as mentioned earlier intransitive Arabic verb does not yield this form.
Arab active participle is used for such Hindi passive participles.
(311 )
(312)
(313)
L~~4A·H.~\ j~2\~\ -~,0~~J.\'-?~e
~U\ jlp~ 1V;;lJ
However, Kachru writes that "some verbs of motion denoting momentary action do
120 Ibn Hisham: (1972)11. p,246
75
not yield past participle modifiers. J2I Like cit{i<!iU, ~c:Gtz (C:}$L g3fl, ~
~3n) etc.
1.7.33. Passive participles are also used after a distinctive or <pI-adjective.
(3 14) "n~ ~l M 3i<uon <pI C(ii'fT~'[1 §3H ~
These expressions can be found in Arabic as well, but it is generally transformed into
verbal form.
(314) A JJ I b L;-~~\ \~
(315) ~LA~j ~~I
1.7.34. Locative and temporal adverbials within the participles are marked with the genitive
postposition.
(316) "~l5 ~[[m cp~[41t!· cpT qau tr
(317) "Iv ~llM clj~/<I/7-l .if ~ntl it
(316) ~\SJ(~J\V\\J.m
(317) ~\{~e~s\~/\\~
I. 7.35: Agentive Participle: - It indicates habitual or potential action. It may express ongoing
or completed action, t.oo, depending upon the context. (V -nhl7l M I)
Such notions are expressed by present participle in Arabic.
Ongoing Action
(318) ili\))u~~~\J\G~'-0\ ~l?)\
(319) G3~.~~\.J\J~1
Completed Action
(320) f6;cf1~.[ra'?c.[~~ <if 8fICJI Ncit cucit ct'?l
(321) 3'[rurrcfl qff <?rm ~ cucit IItZ"-ctl~ ahu
121 Kachru Yamuna. p.36
(320)
(321 )
76
~W'~\~~\l!o.(~b~\ J U-~ ill U-,J.<l) ~\ .:> >J.'.s-Lr.;J'
1.7.36. Agentive participle .or what ether grammarians, like, Kellegg and Kachru have called
as neun .of agency can be made frem any infinitive by adding an affix, ~T. In
Arabic we find its equivalent expressien .only in.present participle.
~GfI + ClIC'l (
= mzeilClZ&tz
1.7.37. This will alse be used a predicate.
(322) cif J£llau lICd ~[C: CfHCit ClTml ~
(323) CI-dl56f i'/:>-&l iii::JlC"lJ?: ~ ClTmT ~ I
(322) cS"-'.v.:>lD6l\
(323) ..J~Jh.~\~c.yDyo
Such participles have seme futuristic nature .of happening .of an action. or work. Se it
can als.o take some approximative verbs. This will be discussed in the secend chapter.
Comparison
. Degrees .of cemparisen are cemmen in Hindi and Arabic. Hewever there are seme
structural variatiens between such adjectives .of beth the languages. The grammarians
recegnize three degrees .of adjectives-nermal, cemparative, and superlative. Nennal
adjectives have already been dealt with se here we will discuss .only the remaining too
degrees.
Comparative Adjectives:
Hindi Cemparative Adjectives: -
78
(326) L>~ u- .';-\?s JPI ~6 (327) G~\~\-.Y~\.S~W,~\
(328) ~~\~~\Lr/\~~
(b) Adjective not fulfilling the above conditions are transformed into electives by
putting their infinitives, in accusative case, after ~r
:.~ ~ I+Infinitive+ <....:..ro +N2+-------~\ .
(329) ~\Lr\~Le;.!>\ ~y.o , . J..l-l> I
(329) ~?l fJt"':l 3i flat 9lrt R ~C[5 ~c1t it
.;, .125 )...»J .
(c) We also find adjectives of third category in which the initial ~ ( i~ ) is
deleted; as ~.~.. v~ .. ~ . They are also used similar to (a)
1.8.1. The above three patterns of comparative adjectives are used interchangeably tor the
Hindi equivalents
(331 )
(332)
(333) ~~'~\l:Y"~\A.J~\~~jW\;v·)\ ----.. -.. -- .. -~--
1.8.2. The adjective of comparison is also used without denoting any comparison in place of
a normal adjective
124 Ibid: p.200 125 Ibid: 200
79
(334) BtrJlClliit SP~ "NiRiec "J1 utliitdl ~ (~ ulliffdl &)
1.8.3. In Hindi such adjectives are also used for emphasis or intensity and occur as predicate
(335) JlIlj[ <-6 (5TMICl ::Jtfucf.5 ~ ~
(336) cp41<Jl C[5l iuc mgrc;r Cl5'CC!U g
(335) r'd r ~\ l.~J'( (336) \')-Y"'? ~\ u,..,)
• In Arabic such intensity and emphasis are also expressed by adverb like .. tt ~ ..,
(335) \'~.>(S';; r~ \ &-' I (336) \";;I>-M/l ~\ 8~
Superlative Adjective: -
1.8.4. Hindi superlatives: - It is expressed by using with adjective, certain· particles as per
the following methods
(a) Hif-R+Adj.+ ----------
(337) ~~1 ftJ:~Cl ~ ~ ~ 'qcfu ~
(b) Adj.+R+Adj.+-----------
(338) GfCJR '$ mm R mm SlcpC!\! cpt~3rt I
(339) ftvH] -tl JU.l Jl Btu.eft ~ en! N g-{l ~lOfl 1U
(c) (~/"CffJI/~ 5t+ Adj. +---) such superlatives
quality and quantity. 126
(340) cpT~n 3f~lou ~o-gi ~ ttl
(341 ) ~m~df cfj'l ll"?dl cr>rfcx:i ~Tlm CIlVTTf ClR.<flT it
(342) ClC if ~ ct tfl 3:rad:tt v:a 2ft
denote abundance of
J
l -'. I "l'S used I'n 1.8.5. Arabic superlatives: - Here the same comparative adjective" u---
various methods.
12(, Guru.Kal11l<1 PnlS.!ld:(20~2ic) p. 21 ~
80
(a) Definite article is added to the comparative adj. jp-flJ\ L ~.JJJ\ ,~\)\ . e..l~\
(337) ~~~, ~ ~~\ l-=>I
(b) (Adj. (.~~l-.}r.N) where adjective comes as possessed and noun is indefinite
(338) .
(339)
(c)
(340)
(342)
singular, and remains masculine in both the gender.
". J
'-~J..l.\lJ~~r~\
~ v::~ J.J.\ u \!;'l:Y') li.
~-,J--L?I/~ ~\ ~~\
(Adj.+N----) where adjective is possessed and noun is definite singular or
plural 0~1/ .;l~\ f' ~1/u\{.4Vu.J,\/"~J1IJ2\ ~~1Y
uL)JY~\f'~\<~
1.8.6. In Arabic for If-l-J[ we use a number of different equivalent expressions.
r~~ cpddl ~ ~J-, I
(341) ~llkJje.J~J>\~r\j~
Construct Phrase
Such phrases are found in both the languages, which has been named by different linguists
and grammarians differently. B.K. Singh described it as rank-shifted possessive while
Kishoridas Vajpayee names it as a simple noun phrase consisting of a distinctive and
modified noun. 127
127 Yajpaycc. Kishoridas: (1%6p..142
81
Hindi Construct Phrase
l.9.1. In Hindi such phrases consist of two nouns joined with a copulative or relative
postposition, cpr / cf, / i:P~ which express relation, possession, origin~ cause, etc.
Kanita Prasad Gum and Dimshits recognise the noun succeeded by postposition
C[S[ / ci? / q§f as a simply noun in genitives case. 128 Vajpayee says these post positions
are linked with the preceding noun forming distinctives which follow the noun in
number, gender, and case. "Distinctive follows the noun (modified noun) and inflects
according to the modified noun.,,129 Ms Sudha writes in supporting the points of
Vajpayee: "The relative pronoun C[S[ is used as an adjective as, 'llJl C[S[ ~~. Since
it is not dependent on a verb so it is not a postposition. Therefore some linguists have
also described it as relative adjective."IJO
Therefore:
(344) Btl?ci cJ51 eJ.?c/1 .3Qun3';> It I
(345) "'lTiFf <PI fl"'l. ~~ It I
(346) aftq. ci? cnt;urr at ~ ?:"CilaZa q§f I Pssr. Pssd..
(Distinctive) ER
~~cr>c
But grammarians like Kamta Prasad Guru, Kellogg, and Dimshits. consider this
structure as compound of three separate elements, N+ Postposition+N. In brief, the
first noun is in genitive case because it is followed by a postposition C[S[ / eli / q§f
which is copulative and relative. Here opinion of Vajpayee seems more logical.
Dealing the same topic John Gumpez writes: ''cpr postposition turns a noun or
pronoun into a marked (or inflected) adjective. ,,131
12M ibid: p.339 129 Sudha: (September, 1966), Bhasha. p.53 ..... no Guru. Kamla Prasad: (2052ic) p.368 ))1 John, Gumpez & Rumery Jain: (.1973) Conversational Hindi Urdu. p. 53
82
Therefore it inflects for the gender, number and case of the following noun. In such
structure second part will be subordinate to the first past.
Arabic Construct Phrase
1.9.2. A simple construct phrase consists of two nouns based on certain rules. This. is a
classic example of a noun governed by noun. About formation of such structure Zujaji
writes, "when you annex a noun for another, you put the possessor in genitive case .
and remove tal1ween (nunation), nun of dual and plural and definite article from the
first noun (possessed). ,,132 Therefore,
(344)
(345)
(346)
•. ' \ .I' ~~\0P.J\
~rG~. 0~\~\O~
(Word-o~der of Hindi and Arabic
phrase is opposite to each other.)
Hindi = Possessor + Possessed or N - CJ51+ N Arabic = Possessed -I- Possessor or N+N-0 AAA
Det. o
H Oat. Prop.N
o r!J
Possessed will remain without any article, despite being definite. while the possessor
may retain the appropriate article-definite or indefinite-but it will be in genitive
case. 133 let us see the following compounds
(347) ~ q§f ~«t<P
(348) L7CJ5 CfS$ cp? lTcP ~«t<P
(349) M$ci3 c:[:J7 UCP ~~ ---------.-------
Def N+Indef N
Indef N+IndefN
Def ~+Indef N
Though all the above phrases can not be equated with the similar one in Arabic.
however, their equivalent expression can be found
J32 Al-Zujaji:(I4IO AH.) p.144 133 Kaplan, Tamar:(l993) p.204
(347)
(348)
(349)
~~\'-,-'\~
..0~~~ "
83
Arab grammarians have classified such phrases into two categories-lexical and
semantic. The former consisting of an adjective, or a participle-active or passive-takes
a definite noun in genitive. Here active participles or passive participle is used instead
of past and present verbs. 134
(350)
(351 )
:::jL/l~\5"
~\,~~~ T[:'( q5[ ~ 'Bt a1 Cl TM.I:
c?Jpll tit q5[ ttrcI g3U
In both the cases, genitive is only a looser, representative construction, instead of the
stricter accusative, and consequently exercises no defining or limiting power upon the
preceding governing word. m In such structures where possessed is a desived noun
forming just unreal or improper annexion definite article " J \.. can be added.
(350) ;JL/\~\i_H
(351) ~\~.>~\
Let us now examine the different varieties of relations, which are expressed by Hindi
phrase consisting ofN+cl>l+N structure.
1.9.3. It denotes possession.
(352) uurt eN d-(t;(>'(
(353) t8i?itlti q§f ~
1.9.4. Relationship
(354) vItm: c6 ftIal
(355) ~ q§f iftcft
1.9.5. It denotes source.
13~ Ibn Hisham: (l979)III: p.89 I.l5 Wright,W: (1983) II. p.199
(356) ST"Cg3:rf'CJ5l 31SST
(357) ,J{e..I,,J{!f~J1.?/r eN ~ug
1.9.6. It often denotes origin or source:
(358) ~N CPl ~e[
(359) cl tll <lS7 rprcCl5
1.9.7. Place:
(360) ~ cjj~6~cndl
(361) Hf!-?d cl~ <-rjcl!,'
1.9.8. It denote quality and kind:
(362) 3ia{-CJ5 Cl«J,d
(363) 3fflaf qft etTa
1.9.9. It denote age:
(364) Q'trl RTM i~7 ,TJ.I
(365) cNI ~IM <.bl 3<tl
84
i~~I4J \..J
jJ _k~ I '--.l L' ~ '.
~.r~, (Kind)
~~ ~\ (This can be expressed only by
N+Adj.)
Adj.+N+Po.+N
This expression is not as simple in Arabic. Here will replace Q51
(366)
(367)
~\u-~\d\~t
~\~'~W\~\
1.9. 10. It may indicate use:
(368) . g,?j:[l~ ct5l "C;C[{
(369) lila! <N luafl
In this situation r J/' can replace Cf5l
(368)
(369)
N+Adj.+Pr.+N
1. 9. I I. Subject of the action denoted by the word it qualities.
(370) CUNCl? cjj ~ q§t 3tlClliJl
85
(371) .nUll !.lcfPI (~lJ[~itl <7>1 <Pl~ul L.--> \; .J L~~- ', . ..lD . .-J. ..V~
1.9.12. Object of an action, direct or indirect.
However in the above the construct phrase will not retain its form in Arabic sentence.
The possessed will become object of the verb.
(1../~~y.P , (372)
(373) uL..JJ)\~~j
1.9.13. It is used for price:
(374) I/rq -.ell[it q§l f~ort
(3 75) ?'It Nlf -;>1. ctfl T),'RriJ5
1.9.14. Time:
1. 9.15. The genitive noun is also used before some adjectives like ?.[leJ.c'.[. MI f',<'P or Ml?l'Cf>
(378) (II Gll </~ "I ~ cJ.c'./
(379) T'./(i1crl (l~ (it U'[<P
In Arabic art.l,. "d·h'l and MI,'.[tt> will mean ditlerent at different place. Generally
a preposition 'f J, \\ is added to the noun foll.P't.;).t'!13' v.7~.Jl9', which inflect for
number, gender, case and article.
(378) ~~J.J;
(379) c..sJ .}l9'
16. Both the components of the phrase can be singular or plural in both the languages.
Sngl. +Sngl ..
(381) ~~3IT cp7 ~
(382) dl~&iZ ctft ?:ldl't'.·.u4:.
(383) <Ffff5N[3IT cp7 ?:ldl't''4Zil.
(380)
(38 I)
(382)
(383)
.' f . • 15J.l1 ~ .s~\~
~~.r1\J<L ~L __ ~\J6~
1.9. 17. Infinitive can also b(~ used after N-<l5T.
(384) oClI cp( Qc>lGfl
(385) qa:[ CPt RtGrr
Parataxis:
86
PI.+Sngl.
Sngl.+PI.
PI.+PI.
1.9. 18. Sometime Hindi postposition Q5[/<i?/cp7 is also deleted and thus a compound word is
formed. 136
(386) ~dl'::tUZq::t, ~y.J\ oJ L-...J
(387) (j[GfHi5l5 , ~WI~L7-(388) ~rvlq"::t oJ~JJI4JL. ':,) (389) C:f5T<ilR 3{e ... ~E#· ~~\LJ1~ (390) ~1~1e..?.[E# >~\u-!.J
Vajpayee says "Parataxis is constructed for the sole reason of avoiding conjunction
d · " ,,1]7 an postposition. .
1.9. I 9. In Hindi v: is also substituted for <l5T as in possessive pronouns. This has already
been discussed separately in details. 138
(392) (j;d(;N.7 irr.-':t
136 Shrinath: (2028 ic) Hindi Karkon Ka Vikas. p.73. I.l7 Vajpaycc, Kishoridas: (1966) p.312. 138 Kellogg, H.S: (1990) p.416.
87
1.9.20. In Arabic there is a class of words like imphatics, partitives, intensifiers etc. which are
used in such phrases and take the place of possessed. t:l9
(392) Emphatic ~\~ cnft iXlPcm (393) Partitive ~L~ Mlerl
(394) Intensifier fW'~ --ar~l
1.9.21. We may also have a sequence of possessives. 140
(395) <itt ftrar "$ ~ ct; BITt Cf:il iii $ct>l ,
(396) 3?:lc6 CJuC( ~ ~ftedt ct; ~ qff T(.Ca(1,
(395) 0'lY.~tll:Y.\J
. (396)
fIUcl
;8~I~
It is interesting to note that Arabic word-order is just opposites to that of Hindi
1. 9.22. In Arabic, adjective of the possessed follows the possessor but in Hindi it preceds it.
"Any modifiers of either the possessed noun or possessor follow both nouns with
definite determiner. ,,141
(397) M~f<~ <p? iift ~~cp
(398) a:rRCl CJff y,nofl HOrerrafl
(397)
(398)
J~.A~ I .J ~ \ '----> ~ L-_"-:""
~.J..lJ\~\~l. ---r ,-This can create ambiguity in cases where both nouns in the construct phrase are of the
same gender and number as modifiers of either noun will then be of the same gender.
number and definiteness.
(399) c"1sct3 ct51 ott! (,kt<P
(400) GU! ~ ctft ~Rtct>
Both the nouns can also be modified by separate adjectives.
139 Ibn Hisharn: (1979) II: p. III 140Sinha, a.K.: (1986) p.112. 141 Ibid. p.205.
88
Here construct phrase ceases to function and an Arabic preposition "~" is added to
the possessor.
(401) .rl;-\i.J\..s~ 4-illl:r~'
(402) ~~·"OJ...u..0I<......>t..G\
l. 9.23. There are certain categories of words in Arabic, which are always used in construct
phrase as possessed. 142
(a) noun of preference
#tvc<Tlf.,-utlj,~Cf5
(b) some adverbs of time and place
(405) (L.\ ~'r\..\ (406) . ~
aJ,\hlI~ ~
(407) ~ ~'Y\~ (408) J~ ~WIJ~
e4c
(c) Partitives, emphatics, and intensifiers.
(409) ~ .~I~ V·
(410) ~. £uL...:...J...:'
(411 ) ~ U~\~
(412) e2. U"'8\~
(413) Y .JJ'Y (414) 4-~ Lrl:J\O"""~
e-k .
~M -$ iiflT't
C:'?.Cllut -$ qh~
Ramel Badeea Yaqoob writes that the above class of words are used compulsorily in
the construct phrase as possessed. 143
142 Badeca, Rameel Yaqoob:(l988) p.96. 143 AI-Saiyyicl Dr. Ibrahim Yusuf: (1984) Al-Qawaid Al-Arabiya Al-Muyassarah. III: p.201.
89
10. .. PRE-HEAD NOUN (Ph. N.)
Though restricted and limited in number and scope, Hindi also has pre-head nouns or noun-
classifiers modifying noun-head. Structurally these can be classified into various categories.
(a) Noun + Noun
(b) Noun + Proper Notin
(c) Proper Noun + Noun
(d) Noun + Proper Noun
(415) CUft-fCl5 ftrE:1~l
(416) 9fUrcnat ~[tFf.
(417) atall Glen
(418) 'C.lTQT cihR?
1.10.1. To Guru and Vajpayee the pre-head nouns in (a), (b), (c) and (d) are modifiers (i.e.
adjective) while other grammarians like Kellogg and Sharma call it as noun. . I
In Arabic there are two kinds of such pre-head nouns-possessives and permutatives
(a) and (c) fall under possessive while (b) and (d) are under appositional.
(415) ~W'C\....-""'.J....oo
(416) (I.J G..ljJl (417)
~~ (418)
--'~ rl 1.10.2. Here let us discuss in some details the permutatives or appo~itionals in Arabic and its
Hindi equivalent expressions "It is a kind of modifier following the preceding noun in
declension". 144
(a) Apposition of the whole for the whole: Here permutatives are exactly
equivalent to the word for which it is sub!\tituted.
f
(419) ~ ~\ .J::lj J~~
(420) ~y1\j~~ \.; :)\.:.,.~_:\ ~
90
(419) g<lt';RI srr! u"tCi <itt "llTR 3-l'mf'
(420) £<FU~ ~T!;{Cl5 ?J"tlf&C; GfCJR: <if arct *' t>
(b) The part is substituted for the whole.
(421 ) ~j~\~\ I'
(422) ~~\-,~
(421 ) efta{ de!? ?illt, .3?:r<P~ streff I <It·cit 3llefl ita ?]:llt
(422) hal .3,y T:l:.,JfI, R? eM I iItot 3"RCl5[ N? 'q.iltl
(c) Possession or quality is substituted for the names I.e. permutatives of
inclusions.
(423) ~~~\~rWI b"~ (424) aJG, ~I ~jJ> .
( 4 23) (trRR a1 aIT,:-o qJf TI~ffir qJf, a"RqJf G{lftc qJf,
or (.<tc
(423) (~-c cit atr?Cf qeft aftta qJf TI~ffir Cf.fi,
(424) <ifcit. dl<ilCJt6ct qJf TI~ffir qJt, 3tict5l ~GG~dl qJt,
or
(d) Permutatives of error which has also be named by Wright as "permutatives of
correct word immediately substituted for it. This is also very common in
Hindi particularly in spoken language, however, its structure differs distinctly
from that of Arabic one.
(425) ~l; L>~lJl ~ ~ (426) ~\,jl:1<L? ~'L (425) Cf>I~Jf (Jf~ JfdMl"1 ft I duff <flcff) .~h-; ll;f]lffl -.if llUI fJ311 I
( 4 26) <ifcit L7Cf.> uhrr (~ CJtd ct Q 'g I auf! auf!) [!Cl5 cgtrr Ncr <if ~,
14-1 AI-Sayyicl Ibrahim Yusufand Mohammad Al-Rifai: (1984) AI-Qawaid AI-Arabiyah AI-Muyassamh. P. 201 145 Wright. W: (1983) p.286
91
1.10.3. Classificatory conjunct also make noun phrases. "It is the asyndic connection of a
substantIve with a preceding substative which it 'more nearly defines."J46 Ibu Sarraj
says that it is a concordant intended to describe the noun it modifies, rather than to
substitute for the noun, which is the role of the substitute. 147
(427)
(428) r ~\ Lr..J.JJ' 4\~,-_::"",./~ (427) 3{[U[ Ji~ 1ll-8. "Jj,ufliil (un) aITtflC:iJ.51 8f.lt «(:1) 3'll~'[[ I
(428) #at 3i~~[5 (urt) ftrtfffCif ~ ~(1ffCl5 (f}-) iJ.5} ~"?nl
However, it can also be expressed in Hindi as in 2(a).
( 4 2 0) a-lTur <ff l III rl Ofltf/c: iJ.51 arrt ilJufllt. a-ll~U
(421) -.Float fa$llat. cj; ~11ffiJ.5 3i~&clZ6 Cl5t itmz
Qualifiers
The qualifiers may be defined as that element of the NP structure which follows the head.
Thus qualifier is positionally defined going by the definition we find the following qualifiers
in Hind.
(a) Emphatics (b) Limiters (c) Relative clause.
The emphatics and limiters have already been dealt with in details in this chapter, so, here we
will study the relative clause only.
1.11 . 1 (422) ~M urT Greft -$ Jj<r~ ~ ~ C[5[ ~
146 Ibid. p.287 147 Ibn Sarraj: AI-Ausool Fi AI-Nahw. (cd. Abu AI-Jinah)o P.46
92
. The second part or complement of the NP in the above examples is a relative clause
consisting of relative pronoun and other elements. In Hindi there is only one relative
pronoun which keep changing its fonn according to the case and it is: urJ. ur~ is
used in nominative case while ftirR and ~ are used in other cases. 148 But in
Arabic there are several relative pronouns, separate for humans and non-humans.' The
are: ~j .. ~\ '- CsI '- <...5.:J1 '- l:r" \.... C2.i-c.,
o .,
l:...}-"> has only one fonn and used for human-being. (a)
(b) cs..JJ\ and its other fonns are both for humans and non-humans. It also
changes its fonn according to the number and gender of the head noun.
(423) qlctct> urt ~ ~ tt ct>lclUl <if TfiPill tt
(424) ~7 url FW ocr mt & ~ crft tToaf it
(423) ~lc!UJ~LS"'~~~~<..5.:J\~~ ,
L5~..J ~6\ v~1 01 ~\..>c...SJ\ ~I (424)
1.11.2 Thus: MascUFern.
Mscl. Fern.
Nom. orl SngU LS..J\ t.SJI
Other cases ftirR DIPI. l:)LJI u\;Jj\ (y..:JI ..
0illl J\).)\
1.11.3. However, the Hindi relative are also placed before the noun.
(425) urt Y;«lCl5 rpl TRP w- of <# ~ at ftfRJtt tt I
(426) ftr-tl U["dU5 ~ cit' 311 ti51 ~ QO C:~ J[lct ~~. ~ I
Sngl.
Dual.
PI.
But Arabic relative pronouns do not change its position and always come after the
., .' noun. - .- .' .
(425) ,L5.>~\4~~L5JJ~y~ (426) L:J~>0~~~~ ~~>,\~\L4\
I ~H Guru. K.anla Pmsad: (2052 Ie). p. 208,
93
1.11.4. Relative pronouns are also used in both the languages as subject and object without ,
any noun.
(427) uit il{trGra CfS'lCfC ~ 'llR{ mac ~ I (428) ~ rprat iRJrr ~ QO ~Qltfl it I
Functions of Np
] . ] 2. ]. "The position in which fonns occur are its functions." 149 Here we will discuss the use
of the NP on these position. As mention in the beginning of this chapter that the NP
functions as subject, object, direct object, indirect object, complement, and object of
the postposition (preposition in Arabic).
(429) {?~[<F{ at i-riFl eN WU5 <if !!fflCl5 fC;~l1'
NP NP NP VP
Sub ObjI Obj of po Obj2
(429) ~\ j NP
Obj ofPr.
~Lf \~ NP NP
Obj2 ObjI
Now we deal these items in a little detail. /"
\~ ~\ NP
Sub
1.12.2. All the NP dealt in this chapter can function as subject without any distinction.
However, the notion of subject in Arabic, is to some extent different. from that of
Hindi. In Hindi, subject obligatorily occurs in the beginning of the sentence but the
same is not true in Arabic. It can follow the verb as well.
This subject can have: two different positions in Arabic.
(430)
(a) (V+Sub.+----)
94
(b) (Sub.+V+----)
The first sentence (a) is verbal sentence where subject occurs after the verb In the
second sentence, (b), subject precedes the verb. There are differences in the two
subjects. Where subject follows the verb, number of the verb remains in s.ingular
number. But in the sentence where subject precedes the verb it governs the verb in
number.
(431) .
(432)
~.-J..J,\ ~\ .:>:D>.lH ~j
.:'L...u ... uJ.\JI ,~..:) '::>\)J~\
Thus Western grammarians have named (431) as subject and (432) as topic for
avoiding ambiguity.
(431) ~ ~ villi
1.12.3. When a personal pronoun is the subject, it may be omitted in Arabic due to the
presence of a copulated subject in the verb.
(433) Y~\e
(434) o~IJk_~ ... I.a>;\ (yWljyn/i!)
", r J
(L)yu.lIJI/\; \/~~\)
Such omissions are not permitted in Hindi.
(433) ~J~ot ~~l~, oln}&fl
(434) J{ <Illff"l"- <iT7dl ~
Topic and Comment:
1.12.4. It is the special characteristic of the Arabic language that a sentence gIves full
meaning without a finite, primary, or copula verb. Gheelani describes this structure as
119 Bloomfield: (1927). p. 27.
95
a sentence consisting of two nouns '~here second part of the sentence (comment)
gives information about the first part (Topic).,,150
(435) ..sl.;JJ J"~\
(435) 3TlC[jT~1 at'tar ttl
Comment can also consist of several items outside the NP.
(436) J \...,J \ t.i j-P.,)I (437) ~..JIJ\~~..J~\
It is similar in Hindi
( 4 3 6) cwftrrr Cl? iii' ~
(437) en ~cl:> ?,<~(!f. un "UrI. ~
Object:
(pr.P)
(VP)
I. 12.5. NP in both the language fuction as object as well as its complement as mentioned in
1. 12.1. and its various kinds and word order will be dealt with in the second chapter
from 2.10.1 to 2. I 0.4.
Pseudo-Subject:
I. 12.6.When direct object of the active voice becomes the subject in passive construction it is
called pseudo-subject. 151
( 438) fuc;:i!1 .~-tfl umfl tt
(438) cJ~~\ \.:,~·d Other items related to the function of the NP will be dealt with in third chapter.
150
1 ~1 At Gheelani : (1972) I: p. 257 .. Zaidi. Shlll11shad: (I'>X')) r 24.
