CHAPTeR - II

CHAPTER- II

Socio-Econonic Profile of Orissa

After having a broad discussion on the

historical oack-ground of Orissa Politics, it is

essential to tocus on the socio-econom1c condi­

tions or the state. It is reasonably implied

that the socio-economic conditions would not only

affect the political culture and developments

but also exercise change in the political set-up.

Any attempt to study the political change in the

state will not leave asiae considerations of the

socio-economic developments in the state. There­

fore, in this Chapter we will deal with different

notable dimensions or socio-economic aevelopments

in the state which have deep impact on the political

change in representation.

Socio-economic profile of Orissa.

The State of Orissa, at present a full- ·

tledged constituent unit ot the Union of India •

It has passed through different successive periods

to became a state.Every period was culminated with

notable signiricance and evidence. These periods

determine the trends to evaluate the consequences

01 the development of Orissa.

32

Geographically, Orissa is regarded as a

state or the Eastern Hegion of India. It's cultural

atrini ty is much identical with Northern India and

Sourthern India. ~outh Orissa is culturally homo-

genous with ~outhern India ana coastal Orissa has

its aft ini ty with the northern India or the Hindi

belt of India. It becomes increasingly clear that

despite the cultural ditrerences among the people,

the trenas of social development remain un-inturrepted.

In 1959, f .G.Bailey observed "Orissa is not a unity.

It is not yet a simple complex society but an aggre-

gate or many simple societies imperfectly linked into

what may be a linguistic and cultural whole but hardly

a so cia 1 vAl o 1 e • 1

F.G.Bailey, ~olitics ana Social change, Orissa in 1959 ( Bombay, Oxford University

~ress, 1963) ~.219

Orissa , as a Province in British India

originated on 1st April,19~6. When it comprised

the districts of Cuttack, furi , Balasore, Kpraput

.Snd sambalpur. It was the first province of the

British India ioentified by the British Government

on linguistic bdsis. After Inaependence of India

on 15th August, 1947 , twenty tour states 'merged

with the British India •2

On 1st August, 1949, the

changes in administration were iaentiriea under

the state merger (Governor's l--rovin ce) Order, 1949 I

which expanded the ared of the state. " The terri-

tories which immediately before the commencement

or the consti~ution were either comprised in the

province of Orissa or were being administered as if

they formed part of that province~

Orissa is situated between 17°48 and 22°34 of

the llvrth latitude anc between 81°27 and 87°27 east

or Green~1ch. It is surrounded by Ranchi ana Singh-

bhuwb d:.r..strict of Bihar to the north, Midnapur aistri€t

of ~~est oengal tu the nurth -east, Ra1garh, Raipur and

Bas ter dl. s ~ric ts u f 1vla uh ya 1-'radesh to the v~e s t and

SriKaKulam, V1.sakhapatnam and East Gvdavari dl.stricts

vf Aodnra .k-'raaesh to the Souxt.h wn11e the Bay of

bengal runs alu11g the en tire eastern ooundary with a

coast line of 480 kilometres. The state has an area of

155,8420 square Kilowet.res.

2 lud1a uecame lndependent on 15th August,1947 from the Br1 tJ.sh. thraldom.

3 t.,;onstitution ot" .india.Schedule 1(LucKnow c.as..:;ern tivOA. Cvu.pauy 1983) F-.156

34

The terri tory of Orissa is geographically categorised

into mur districts regions which rovers thirteen districts of

the state. 4 Each region has got a. distinctive characteriStics

of its own.

First, the Eastern plateau comprises the district of

M'ayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Sundargarh and the Palalahara Sub-Division

of the Dhenkana1 District. The plateau is intersected by hill

ranges. ~econdly, the central river basin rovers Bolangir,

Sundargarh and Dhenkdna1. The region is agriculturally fertile

and washed by the important rivers Mahanadi and Tel. Thirdly,

the Eastern Hill region lies to the south-west of the central

river basin about 248 kilometre in south-~.>est and north-east.

The region comprises of the districts of Phulbani, Ganjam,and

Koraput. Lastly, the coastal belt comprises of the district of

Balasore, Cuttack ,Puri and a portion of Ganj am. This region

has extensive alluvial tracts in between the bills of the

west and the salty tracts of the ea.st.

Orissa is drained by three important rivers namely

the Mahanadi, the Brahmani and the Vaitarani. The rich alluvial

beds of these rivers on two sides have innumerable villages

with extensive fields.

4. The thirteen districts are : Cuttack, Puri, Balasore, Ganjam, Koraput, Bolan~ir, Sundargarh, Sambalpur, Keonjhar, Kalahdndi, Phulbani, Ulenkanal and Mayurbhanja.

35

\

The study of population is an important aspect to

measure the socio-economic growth of India. In every ten

years population census are being conducted by the Govern­

ment of India. The last census was conducted in 1981. The

demographic particulars are available on the basis of the

census. According to the 1981 census the population of

Orissa was 264 lakhs • 5 Thereafter, it is estimated by

the beginning of 1989 which has gone Upto 299 lakhs that

6 constitute 3.85 per cent of the population of India. The

sex ratioR which is defined as the number of females per

thousand males is 981 compared to 934 for India. The popula­

tion of children (below 15 years of age) is nearly 39.63 per

cent of the total population against the national level of

39.54 per cent. The level of urbanisation is only 11.8 per

cent which is 23.3 per cent at the all India level .The

state has a comparatively low density of population with

169 persons per square Kms of area against the corresponding

figure of 216 at the national level. The average density of

population of the coastal region is 317 whereas it is only

143 in the hill region. This indicate a great deal of

difference between the t~ regions in respect of their

density of population.

5 Census of India, Series 16, Orissa.

6 Economic Survey 1988-89, Government of Orissa, Planning & Co-ordination Department, Orissa, Bhubaneswar P. 5

36

The Table One indicates the detail data about the

area and population of the districts in Orissa.

Name of the Districts

1. Balasore

2. Bolangir

3. Cuttack

4. Dhenkanal

5. Ganjam

6. Kalahandi

7. Keonjhar

8e Koraput

9 • Mayurbhan j

10. Phulbani

11. Puri

12. Sambalpur

13. Sundargarh

ORISSA

Geographical area( in • 000 hectares)

647

883

1, 089

1, 092

1,220

1, 158

831

2,702

1,040

1, 104

1,046

1, 749

979

15,540

Population 1981 census 1988 projected

22,52,808

14,59,113

46,28,800

15,82,787

2 6, 69,899

13,39,192

11,14,622

2 4,84, 005

15,81,873

7,17,280

22,80,976

13,37,871

2,63, 70,271

26,02,858

16,12,239

52, 82,7 54

18,2 0, 968

29,66,819

14,76,161

12, 40, 461

2 8, 45,669

16,92,799

7,92,170

34,07,692

26,43,908

16, 04,449

2,99,88,947

Sample registration Bulletin Newslette, January 1988-

Vol.XIX, No.1 (Register Gen~ral of India, Ninistry of Home Affairs,

New Delhi )

37

The remarkable feature of the population of Orissa

increasingly shows that the state has a higher piDportion

of Scheduled Castes{~C) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) population.

They together constitute 37.1 percent of its total popula­

tion as compared to the country's average of 22.5 per cent.

It is estimated that 90.6 per cent of sc and ST population

of the state live in villages. Despite of poverty, illiteracy

and back-wardness , their role in the political scenario

was inseparable and predominant. It is because , afber in¢e­

pendence they considerably got political recognition in India.

Prior to Independence, caste was a ~termining factor in the

social and political life of the state. The constitution of

India proclaimed the principles of Parl~amentary democracy

and provided fundamental rights to the citizen of the country

7 irrespective of caste, colour , religion, race and n sex.

We have shown the popula. tion of Sc arrl ST in Table ty.o as per

the available data.

7 Constitution of India. Part III deals with Fundamental Rights.

Table Tw:>

Sl. District % of scheduled Percentage of No. caste popula- scheduled tribes

tion 1981 census population 1981 census

. 1. Balasore 17.94 6.84

2. Bolangir 15.64 19.22

3. Cut tack 17 0 67 3.13

4. Dhenkanal 15.83 12 .2 6

5. Ganjam 15.02 9. 48

6. Kalahandi 15.76 31.28

7. Keonjhar 11.16 44.82

8. Koraput 14.06 55.22

9 • Mayurbhanj 6.58 57.67

10. Phulabani 18.55 38.94

11. Puri 12 .93 3. 4 5

12. Sarnbalpur 15.35 27.21

13. ~undargarh 8. 52 51.26

ORIS.::iA. 14.66 22.43

The Statistical ~urvey of Orissa, 1988.

39

Orissa is a state where the largest number of

people are Hindus. Their number was approximately 95.42

percent followed by Muslims 1.60 per cent and the Christi­

ans are 1.82 per cent and others respectively. Linguisti­

cally speaking Orissa is a homogenous state in the sense

that rrost of its inhabitants speak Oriya, their In:>ther

tongue. As large as 85 per cent of the population are

oriya speaking people in the state. The largest linquistic

minority Telugus here only 2 per cent of the population.

Unlike Uttar Pradesh and Bihar there is so far no communal

and the linguistic tension in the state.

0 ri ssa is known as a back-ward state. After

Independence, the Govenmtent of India has divided every

district into Grdlllapanchay,.its, Tahasils, Blocks, Sub-Divisions

and Towns. The nwnber of these Divisions are indicated in

Table Three.

40

Tab.l,e -III

Sl. Name of No.of l:~o .of No.of No.of No.of Density No. District Gram- Taha- blocks sub- Towns per

panchayat sils Divn. square K.M

1. Balasore 337 10 19 3 6 357

2. Bolangir 2 53 9 20 5 7 163

3. Cut tack 688 23 41 6 9 414

4. Dhenkanal 283 9 16 7 9 146

5. Ganja.m 466 14 29 4 20 311

6. Kalahandi 249 7 18 3 5 113

7. Keonjhar 213 7 13 3 6 134

8. Koraput 514 17 42 6 14 92

9. Hayurbhanj 279 7 26 4 4 151

10. Phulabani 182 6 15 3 3 64

11. Puri 397 12 29 4 9 286

12. S~balpur 368 14 29 7 10 130

13. Sundarg-:t.rh 158 17 17 3 6 138

ORISSA 4,387 142 314 58 108 169

StatiStical Abstract of Indi.:t, 1986 c.s .o., New Delhi.

41

Orissa is educationally one of the back-ward

states of India. ·rhe male and fanale lite racy rates of

the state are respectively 47.10 per cent and 21.12

per cent which compare favourably with correSponding

figures of 46.89 per cent xirlO and 24.82 per cent

for the country. According to the 1981 census the

literacy percentage of Orissa was 34.2 against the all

India average of 36.2 per cent.

One of the stricking features of Orissa is that the

large proportion of population belong to ~c and ST. Their

social and economic depravities are the root cause of the

back-wardness in Orissa. It is examined ~~at no political

parties have taken seriously the issues .relating to the

socio-economic problems of sc and ST. The constitution of

India deSpite of un-reasonable hurdles arxl obstructions

introduced the policy of reservation for the upliftrnent

of :::>c ao:i :::;T in matters of public employment and otre r

8 p ri vi leges. The constitution also reserved seats in the

9 :::;tate Legislative Assemblies and in the LDk Sabha.

8 Op cit .Article 16

9 Op cit Article 330 and 332

42

Since the commencanent of the Constitution

seats are reserved for sc and ST in Orissa Legislative

ASsembly as per the constitutional provisions. 10

Bfforts ha~e been made by the state to raise .the level

in the field of education. Although the percentage of

literacy in the state has registered steady growth in

the last decade. The Table IV presents data on education.

10 The pattern of seats reserved for SC and .;jT in Lok Sabha from Orissa •

.Lok Sabha total no.of seats -21

seats reserved for SC 3

Seats reserved for ST 5

For Orissa Legislative ASsanoly Total nos .of sectts -147

Seats reserved for ~c 22

.::>edts rt:!served for ST 34

Gover:nnent of India 1976 (New Delhi, 1976) P.106

43

TabJ,e -IV

--Sl. No .of Educational 1981 census Enrolment No, Institutions

1. P rimaryjJunior 1986-87 3B, 79 3 3.7 Basic :x:hool

2. Middlej.Senior 1986-87 8,732 2.8 Basic SchoolS

3. High an:i Higher 1986-87 3.991 4.5 Secondary

4. InterjJunior 1986-87 173 2.4 Colleges

5. Arts,Science and 1986-87 154 1.5 Commerce College

6. Teachers Trdining, 1986-87 34 2.2 College

7. Engineering arrl 1986-87 5 1.1 Technology College

8. Medical Colleges 1986-87 3 2.5 (M.B.B.S.)only

9. Poli tichnic 1986-87 4 0.3 Institute

10. Teacher Training 1986-87 68 7.5 Schools

11. Technical, I rrlu- 1986-87 19 1.6 s trial Arts & Crafts .::.chool

12. Universities 1986-87 5 1.9

Source- Directoraee of Educdtional Institutions, Orissa, Bhubare swar, 1988

The educ:1tional level in Orissa iS not upto the mark. in

comparison to other states. Keeping in tune with the situation,

.::itaee Government have set-up a very high level roillllittee to

raise the educational conditions.

44'

After having a diScussion on the oocia1 and

googr-iphical conditions , it is necessary to focus on the

eronomic~ con:litions of the state. Orissa is no doubt

equipped with natural resources. At the same time , men

power in the state is very cheap. In the rural areas,

people obtained the material wealth and develop their

ecoromic conditions from natural resources. ~riculture

bein~ the major source of income of the people in Orissa.

In order to secure and utilise the natural resources,

people in Orissa have ronstd.ntly .improved their tools ari.l.

other requirements prim:irily from agriculture. The perfor­

mance in the agricultural sector is the crucial determinant

of the growth of state's eronomy. The rontribution of agri­

culture to the state domestic product iS a.l:out 60 per cent

...tnd this sector provides productive enployme nt to as many

as 75 per cent of the total work force. 11 Despite the

growth achieved in the field of agricultural and Industrial

production arrl development of social and physical infrastru­

cture etc. through sustained efforts particularly during

the 6th and 7th plan, the change in basic structure of Stdte

economy has been marginal and the economy still remains

12 predominu.ntly agricul turel.

11 Economic Sur~ey of Orissa- 1988-89 P-16

12 Op cit P .2

45

The state accounts for about 8 per cent and 4.43 per cent

.respectively of the total rice and food grains production

of the country.

It iS perfectly clear that Orissa is primarily

inhabited by the rural people. ~~ere approximately 80 per

cent of the total population live in rural areas. It is

observed that the spread of education and scientific

knowledge among the people have evolved a new culture.The

people a.re much conscious to develop their social interactions

in various ways. They have developed much rrore interests in

accepting the modem way of life. At the same time, the new

culture bringing the all-round development of the people

and creating a new intelligentsia devoted to the course of

development and amelioration in the state. In the process,

the new inte11ig entsia are themselves separdted from the

rural people. It is examined th3t the larger the percentage

of rural populdtion the greater the extent of economic

bdck-wardness. A developed rural economy contributes for

the development of urban areas and vice-versa. There were

nearly 39 towns in 19 51 and 108 towns in 1988 in Orissa. 13

It is because the new SOcio-economic policies ao:i the

programmes of the Government opened up unlimited possibili­

ties for the socio-economic growth of the people.

13 India -1981 PP. 2-5

46

The climate coooitions of Orissa has major effect

on the ::>ocio-economic level. The coastal 0 rissa is ~stly

effected by flood and western Orissa is by drought. These

two natural calamities always put to high bankruptcy. The

climate of Orissa is characttriSed by high temperature and . 13

medium to high rainfall. The minimum annual temperature

is 33°C rising to 38°C in April and May falling to a.tout

27°c in January. The minimum annual rainfall of the state

varies from 1400 rrm to 1600 mn. About 80 per cent of the

precipitation is received during June to ;;)eptanber mainly

from the .SOuth-West rconsoon.

In view of the special problems of the state, the

.State of Orissa deserves special attention to sup9ort

higher growth rate as compared to many other states.

Sustained efforts have been made through development

plans to bring about a tangible ~vement in agricu1 tura1

and industrial production in the state by giving special

emphasi::. on socio-economic development of tribal areas

and rural poor under poverty alleviation schems implemented

through .UMJAS and I 'I'D As etc •14

13 lnaia - 1981 PP. 2-5

14 Ibdi - PP.225-229

47

Agriculture

Agriculture being the paramount profession of the

people. Rice is the main crop and it is grown extensively

all over the state. The area under rice was 40.43 in 1988.

Area under pulses account for 20 percent of the total

cropped area. Mung accounts for atout 3 5 per cent and

Biri aoout 27 per cent of the total area under pulses. A

special rice production progrctnUne is in operation in 63

selected blocks of the state. The ,national Oil Seed Deve-

lopment Programne \-OUld continue to be implemented in

1988-89 with greater emphasis for prodUction of foundation

seeds. 15

Forest

The total a~a under forest is 55.785 sq.kms which iS

atout 35.8 per cent of the total geographical area of the

state. Category-wise 48.7 per cent of the forests are reserved

forests, 24.7 per cent are demarcated protected forests and

26.4 per cent are undemarcated forests. The·main forest

produce comprises timber, bamboo, kendu leaf and other major

and minor forest products. We have shown the area which is

covered by forest area, cul tiv'able area and irrigated area

in Table -V

15 o:Jtate Economy in Figures - 1988 PP- 41-49

AO ~v

Table -v

Sl. District Unit% of % of cu1 ti- % of net No. forest area vable area irrigated

1986-87 1986-87 area to net ares sho~

1. Balasore 4.0 76.4 31.2

2. ciolangir 23.7 61.0 23.1

3. Cut tack 14.4 70.6 43.7

4. Dhenkana1 44.3 44.3 19.1

5. Ganjarn 48.3 40.3 54.3

6. Kalahdndi 41.2 52.8 10.9

7. Keonjhar 35.4 46.6 15.7

8. Koraput 33.3 39 .o 11.8

9. Mayurbhanj a 46.4 43.9 17.8

10. Phulabani 56.4 32.5 21.5

11. Puri 29.8 50.8 51.7

12. ;;)ambalpur 36.5 45.3 29.0

13. Sundargarh 39.3 39.7 15.1

ORISSA 3 5.9 43.3 28.5

Source - ECJnomic survy 1988-89

49

The Table -VI shows the revenue derived from

forest product during 1985-86 to 1987-88.

ITEMS (1)

Timber

Bomboo

Minor forest products

Kendu leaf

Others

Total

Table No. VII

Revenue from Forest

1985-86 ( 2)

2055.00

430.00

377.00

1300.00

681.00

4830.00

1986-87 (3)

1916.00

3 35 .oo

400. oo

157 o. 00

773.00

4994.00

1987-88 ( 4)

2 500 .oo

500.00

450.00

1705,00

857 .oo

6012.00

1988-89 ( 5)

2 550 .oo

500.00

519 .oo

1750.00

897.00

6216.00

Source: From 1985-86 and 1986-87 Forest Depar~nt and

for 1987-88 and 1988-89 (Revenue and Receipts)

Finance Department.

In order to tackle the problem of unanployment self­

employment schemes have been introduced on a massive scale •

.'Jome of the important national progrdiTIITles are IRDP, R.U:GP,

NRi::P etc. These are being intensified in rural areas for

creating massive self and wage employment opportunities while

developing basic infrastructural facilities. The State Govern-

ment also opt:rates its own self~enployment schem:! for the

iixnc.x1t poore 3t of the poor under ERRP. A look at the Employment

Exc."lange show that unenploymen t has been increasing over the

last few years at a disquieting pace. The total number of job

seekers .registen~d with Employment Exchange increased from

4.32 lakhs in 1979 to 7.21 lalths in 1985.

so

It further increased to 9.01 lakhS in 1986. In

June, 1988, the position was 7. 57 lakhs. The number of

educated unemployed was 4.05 lakhs on 30.6.88 which

constitute 53.5 per cent of the total job seekers regi­

stered in employment exchan;JeS among \vomen.

To raise quick growing trees for tackling the

fuel problems, checking soil erosion and thereby preserving

the eco-system have been accepted as a few basic objectives

of social forestry. This has also genera ted massive wage

employment in the rural areas.

Social forestry schemes are implemented under four

main programnes viz- externally aided SIDA prograrrrne (with

Swedish Assistance), National Rural Employment Progrdffime,

Rural !.iindless Employment Guarantee P rogrdffiTle and Rural

Fuel Wood plantation programne. The achievement under the

above schemes under soci . .il forestry are indicated at

Table· VIII.

51

TabJ,e - VIII

Social Forestry

p rograrrune 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 Progressive total from the

(2} (3) inception

( 1) (4) (5}

1. RU:GP 36,073 23,245 N. A. 88,631

2. NREP 13,992 14,671 N .A. 41,179

3. Rural 9,221 6,503 66.08 51,191 Fuel i-bod Plantation

I

4. SIDA assisted social forestry Project

a. VWL 6,559 18,3 46 52,500 18,346

b. Refore- 4, 596 13,737 10,000 13,737 stration

c. Rehabili- 4,065 14,184 6,500 14, 18 4 tat ion

d. F:FRP 305 1, 509 6, 2 50 1, 509

e.11: FF 103,92 3,493 1.040 3,493

5ource - For component 1 to 3 Forest Department ,0 rissa, Bhubaneswar. For Social Forestry, Directorate of Social Forestry Project, Bhubane swar.

52

The State Government has followed a policy for

promoting industrial growth through a multi-pronged approacn.

Infrastructure development has been given high priority with

special emphasis on the development of industries in the

back-ward and no-industry districts. Growth oriented and

dynamic sectors like electronics, gas based industries,plastics,

synthetic fibres, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, electrical

goods and durables have been given a boost. A major objective

of the industrial policy of the state besides augmenting the

rate of growth of the economy, is maximisation of employment

opportunity for the unenployed mdnpower in the state. The

pace of industrial progress has been quickened after the 6th

plan. Before the 6th plan, there were only 57 nurnbe r of large

and medium scale industries. By the end of 1987, 36 more

industries of these categories have been set-up. The employment

in these units has expanded from 41,883 in 1980-81 to 83,349

by the end of December, 1987. 16

Keeping in view the state's advantageous position

with regard to the vast and virtually untapped industrial

resources , many public sector undertakings have been set-up

in Orissa to help and assist in promo,tion of Industrial units

in ;the state.

16 State's Economy in figures- 1988 P.4

53

Industrial progress have been in the process with the

help of important agencies and government companies suCh

as Industrial Development Corporation Limited (IDC),

Industrial Promotion and Investment Corporation of Orissa

Limited (IPICOL), Industrial Infrastructure Development

Corporation (IJ)(X)), Orissa ,:)tate Financial Corporation

{O~FC), Electroruic Development Corporation (EL.CO) .Apart

from these agencies , tourism industry in Orissa has been

serving as an instrument for eoonomic growth. However,

inspi te of various p rograrrrnes 0 rtssa has remained as an

industrially backward province as compared to other states

of India ..

The State of Orissa has vast resources of minerals.

The reserves account for 15.6 per cent of the total minerals

reserve of the country. More than 97 per cent of the total

chromite are reserve of the country in the state. The deposit

of other minerals like Bauxite, Coal, Iron ore , Nickel,

fire-clay, Dolomite, venedium ore constitute 57.47 per cent,

21.48 per cent, 17.78 per cent, 64.83 per cent, 12.03 per

cent, 10.91 per cent and 10.79 per cent respectively of the

total deposits of the country.

54

District-wise production of chromite, coal, iron-ore, manganese-ore, and Dolomi te-1987.

(Quantity in ~h ton & value in Rs. ( Cro re)

------------------------------------------~-----------------------------District Chromi te. Coal _ Imn-ore Hanganese Dolomite a ,v u v w v Q v Q v ------------------------------------------------------------------------Cut tack

Dhenka­nal

Keonjhar

Koraput

Mayur-bhanj

Sam.bal-pur

Sunddr-garh

4.14 41.52 3.9 5 1.68

0.28 2 .43 48.39 7 5.23 56..01 20.24

1. 38 14.43

2.,.06 1.01

38.23 94.56

24.70 16.50

0.17 0.12

3.61 10.40

0.06 0.10

1.41 2.80 9 .58 8.45

------------------------------------------------------------------------ORISSA 5.80 84.38 86.62 1.69.79 fb.72 49.43 5.08 13.31 9.75 8.45

------------------------------------------------------------------------Sourc61- Mineral .;;;tatistics of vrissa- 1987.

Here it can .1:::€ identified that industrial Development in

Orissa has been primarily confined into few districts of Orissa.17

The Industrial scene of Orissa is dominated by the Iron and steel

plant of SAIL at .Rourkela and th~ Bauxite, Alumina-Aluminium Complex

of NAL(X), which iS tbe largest rninerdl .uased industry in the country •

.besides, quite a good number ot oth~::r mineral bdsed irriustries have

also been located in the Stdte.

17 Op cit P.29

55

lt is after Independence a number of Industries

and ractories were established in Orissa. Thereafter,

various political part~es took the issue of Indus triali-

satiou to remove the social ana econum~c disabilities.

" Iudustr~alise ur~ssa has been a popular slogan with

d.L fferent political par ties in ur~s sa. 18

Orissa is ~ un-auubtly an unaer-developed agri­

cultural stateo In the coastal reg~on , people have

their other suurce of incume. In ~uttacK, the handicraft

wurK attract large nuwber of people. The community JJeve-

lupment f'rogram111e ....as introduced in the secund five years

plan, the power was deceotralised at local levels. The

Uis tric t Cull ector was solely respons~ble for the deve-

lvpmental act1v~ ties ~n the District. He was assisted

oy the District Development <.;ommittee and Advisvry tloard

and the nun-off~ cials called the o~s tri ct Develop1nent

AdV.Lsvry Board ( DDAB) was set-up in 1970 including the

M.f's ,M.L.As and the chairman of the ~am1ties. The

Revenue Divisional Coul!Ilissioner was also ass~ s ted him

in all developmental act.Lvities.

The community Development ana National Extension

Service .Progralllme started in 1952 on a large scale and

was innaugurated 1n urissa in uctober in the same year.

18 Editor~al of Samaj dated 23.2.1974

56

The t-rimary motive behind CU and NEs was to J.nvvl ve

the Governlllent Ofricers who are directly invvlved with

welfare activl.ties. The object ....as the transfurmatl.on

vf adminJ.strative service J.nto \\€lfdre and developmental

servJ. ce.

Naba ~rishna Choudhury introduced the Orissa

Anchal Sasan Act in 1956 to decentralise the power which

abolished the estates. In 1957, the tialwant Rdi r.~ehta

ColThni ttee replenl.shed the (.;Qmmuni ty uevelopment !-'rogramme

and proposed the three t1.er system of local self­

guvernmen t with ~ancha ya t at village level, .1-an cha ya t

Samitl.es at the block level ana Z1lla !-'arishaa at the

uistrict level. Arter me fall of the i.-houdhury Gvvern­

ment , a policy was auupted to cover the whole state

with communl ty Levelopment Blocks oy the E:JIO v1 l.he

Second five year plan. The system or Fanchayati Raj v~s

introduced in Orissa by the Orissa ~anchayat Samiti ana

Lilla farishad Act, 1959.

The Community Development ~royramme was specifi­

cally meant ror the socio-economic amelioration of the

rural people. The Act of 1959 which introauced a Panchayat

Samiti or t-ederation or f'anchayats at the Block level

with an elected non-orricial as Chairman and the B.D.O.

as the Chief Executive Ofrice of the Samiti.

57

A numoer of aevelopemental schemes were introduced by

the blocks such as D.R.o.A., c.u. & R.H.D. and other

agenc'ies. The minor projects such as lrrigation projects

below 60 acres are maintained by the Blocks aut of NREF

!Unds and maintenance grants received rrom uRuA and the

C.D & RR Depar~ent. for small projects, loans are being

given to the beneficiaries through diiierent banks under

the supervision ot bi:O in Blocks and EO in NAC.

The • two anti-poverty programmes were I.H.D.Pand

the E.R.H.P. under the execution of state government. The

programme covers mainly land based scheme, goatery and

piggery, supply of milch cow. Bullocks and bullock-carts

ror non-agricultural purposes, small business, supply of

plough bullocks ror agriculture, carpentary ,smithing etc.

The National Rural EmplOymentLProgramme was executed by

the UHDA. Funds under Rural Landless Employment Guarantee

1-'rogramme are allotted by the D.R .D.A. There is also one

Industrial 1-'romotion Orficer in each Block under the

administrative control or the uistrict Industries ~entre

(o.I.C.). In every district, the ilistxict Planning Committee

and District Planning Board have been constituted to super-,

vise the implementation programmes.

58

The brief analysis of the socio-economic

structure shows that OJ;'issa is undergoing a process

of modernisation and industrialisation. The progress

of communication and transport net-works and the

number of cities and towns etc. ware the signs of

her development. The introduction of western education

has imulcated new ideas and values which are the refle­

ctions or change.

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