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CHAPTER-II
HISTORICAL BACKGIUHJNJ) OF RAIPUR DlSTIUCT
The study of the origin and evolution of a region is of
mainly the study of different stages of its growth through which the life of
the region has passed. Thus it gives a living and interesting study of the
physical and cultural development, which the region has attained so far.
ORIGIN:
Raipur claims its origin in the beginning of the 15th
century under the rule of the Haihaivans period. It belongs to the medieval
age. The word Raipur means Rai-ka-pur (town to Rai). It must have been
given after the name of either Rai Brahmadeva or his father Rai
Ramchandra Deva. Brahmapuri is a part of Raipur and it is known by
Brahmapur fort. Its symbols are still existing near Budhatalab. It was the
previous kingdom of this state.
OLD SITE OF RAIPUR: The old site of Raipur lays on the bank of river
Kharoon, about four miles south west of the present site.
CHANGING OF THE SITE: The old settlement of Raipur was shifted to
the present site ofthe Burha talab, which was defensive.
EVOLUTION: It has passed through many stages of its evolution which
can be broadly divided into following periods.
(1) THE HAIHAIV ANSI PERIOD:- This district became the capital in the
14th century. Laxman Dev was the 1st king of this region. The name of the
district originated from the name of Ramchandra Dev, the grandson of
Laxman Dev. This reign continued till 1741.
(2) THE MARATHA AGE (1741-1854): After the victory of the Maratha
over Chhattisgarh in 1740, Raipur became an administrative centre. On the
27
year 1818 Raipur became the headquarter in place of Ratanpur. This reign
lasted till 1830. During 1830 to 1854 Maratha again regained their power.
The Maratha reign collapsed in the year 1854.
(3) THE BRITISH PERIOD:
The British period started here in 1854. Raipur
remained an active centre during the freedom movement of 1857.
(4) THE POST INDEPENDENCE PERIOD (1947 onwards):
From 1947 onwards Raipur has been developed
as an industrial centre. Keeping in view the importance of the district and
its increasing population, Municipal Corporation was established in the
year 1972. On I i h of May 1986 Municipality was established here.
On the 1st of November 2000, Chhattisgarh
emerged as a new state and Raipur has been declared its capital, and then
started the phase of development. To accelerate the economic development
and to concentrate on the specific problems of the region this new state
was carved out. The major challenge of our socio economic reform
programme was that of balancing the growth process and bridging rural
urban divides.
Chhattisgarh after attaining its independent
existence, embarked on an ambitious programme of social and economical
development. It has been facing twin problems of unemployment and
poverty. Though the land is rich with diverse natural resources but is
unhamessed. The crucial task is to emphasize on these resources - land,
water, minerals, forest and all sort of natural wealth and to transform them
into productive wealth for the welfare and economic growth of the people.
Chhattisgarh is the 26th state of India. It is a part
of Madhya Pradesh formed by cutting of seven districts from the south-east
28
part and the same were reorganised again into sixteen new districts. Its
map sketch resembles the shape of a sea horse (fig 1).Due to its
agricultural dominances it is known as "Rice Bowl" in Hi'ndi "DHAN KA
KA TORA' , . The details of the new reorganised districts after
reconstruction are shown in the (table 2.01).
TABLE 2.01:- DISTRICTS BEFORE AND AFTER THE DIVISION
FROMM.P
Original districts New districts after reconstruction
Raipur Raipur, Dhamtari, Mahasamund
Rajnandgaon Rajnandgaon, Kabirdham(Kawardha)
Durg Not divided
Sarguja Sarguja, Korea
Raigarh Raigarh, Jashpur
Bilaspur Bilaspur, Korba, Janjgir, champa
Bastar Kanker, Bastar, Dantewada, Narayanpur, Bijapur
Two new districts were formed in Nov. 2007;
they are Narayanpur and Bijapur- in Bastar districts. At present there are
eighteen districts. But the study is based on sixteen districts.
The new formed C.G is divided into three
administrative divisions; Raipur division, Bilaspur division and Bastar
division. Raipur division comprises of six districts, Bilaspur division has
seven districts and Bastar division has five districts.
29
TABLE NO 2.02 - DIVISIONS OF CIIIIATTISGARH
Raipur division Bilaspur division Bastar division
Raipur Bilaspur Bastar
Durg Janjgir, Champa Kanher
Rajnandgaon Korea Narayanpur
Dhamtari Korba Bijapur
Mahasamund Raigarh Dantewada
Kabirdham Jashpur
Sarguja
TABLE (2.03) :- CHHATTISGARH AT A GLANCE
Number of districts:- 16 (now 18)
Number ofTehsil 97
Number of blocks (sub districts): 146
Number of villages 20.4 thousand (20308)
Number of towns 97
Geographical area (4.11%)-135191 km2
Rural area (4.27%)- 133325.25 km2
Urban area (2.39%)-1865.75 km2
Source:- Census of India 2001, map profile 2001, India state and union territories. Office of Registrar General India
page l74 to l76. Chhattisgarh Vistrit Adhyayan P-74.
GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND OF RAIPUR DISTRICT
PHYSICAL SETTINGS OF RAIPUR DISTRICT:
The geography of an urban settlement usually
begins with the consideration of its setting, which bears a profound
influence of its fonn functions and regional relationships.
30
r i
INDIA
-'-'( ·".f· ..... ? ; t. -._,,, ..... ,,.,
LOCATION
N
1
300 a 300 km ~
MAP
CHHATTISGARH
RAIPUR
.,....-. .... 7' .... r'"' -~ "'-'j _._' -. -' -' -'~
t' \, """:, .' /t ... ""~' i-.... ' .... ./
(. '". ",;" ,..' ~ i '\,.... i .... .1
i '..... L .... ~"'.'
, \. ,
i \ \ ( ,
'i" ...
'. "- . -.
o 20 <40km E:2
N
1
( )
\ I·
RAIPUR DISTRICT
RELIEF
I ./
/"f
/"'
o ;(0 fAa j5.1h L.l __ ....L.I __ -" I ,;
( ~ \
J , I
'---, (
(
\ ... r J , ,
It/DEl' ALTII\JOE IN M::"TRES
[:j;';:~1 AGcvE • 750 ,~~.".' ,
NIIM sao . 7SJ , ..... e 1,50 600
[JI[[] 375 ,,~
1= -~ -1 300 375
D 225 300
~. --
RAIPUR DISTRICT GEOLOGY
- ----- ---_. -'-' - _. -- - - -- - ~1 - -,
WrrUll]]) U.ll
Ii . .... , i , ,
INDEX
t;"
m OIJAWARCUOPAPA
b ~ DHARI\lAIl.
, um ARCHn.I=AI\
LOCATION AND EXTENT:
Raipur district is a part of Chhattisgarh and lies
to the middle east ofC.G. region. It extends from 19° 45' N to 21°53' N
latitudes and from 81 °33 , E to 82°58' E longitudes. It covers an area of
13017.99 sq.km. It forms a part of the upper Mahanadi Basin. It is the 3,d
largest district in the state bordered by Bilaspur in the North, Bastar in the
west.
The river Mahanadi transverses the area from
south-west to north-east and forms its northern border. Some tributaries
and sub tributaries of Mahanadi have formed the boundary of the district.
Kharoon flows on its western border, parts of the eastern border are formed
by Jonk and Tel rivers. The length of the Raipur district is 226km. from
north to south and 172 km. wide from east to west and ranks 3'd in area and
1 st regarding the population of Chhattisgarh.
SITE: The site of Raipur district is low ridge on the north west of the
Kharoon river forming of part of the Chhattisgarh basin which is
characteristically flat and open. The bed of the Kharoon river rises at the
rate of only two feet per mile. Raipur district is the heart of C.G.
SITUATION: The situation shows the position of a district in relation to
its surroundings. The advantage of site has been enhanced by the unique
situation of Raipur in the heart of the C.G. basin (certain geographical
characteristics ofthe situation have made this district most significant).
The physical structure of the basin region has
been very helpful in developing a good network of transportation and
communication by joining the districts with different places within and
outside Chhattisgarh.
31
Rai pur district is one of the biggest of the 18
districts of Chhattisgarh. Situated in the centre of the state it is bounded by
Bilaspur, Janjgir, Raigarh, Mahasamund, Dhamtari and Durg. Raipur
district is growing extremely rapidly due to its religious, political
economical and commercial importance and agricultural dominations.
table 2.04 depicts Raipur district at a glance
TABLE 2.04 - RAIPUR DISTRICT AT A GLANCE
Geographical area 9.68 % 13083 km2
Rural area 9.63% 12839km2 .
Urban area 13.04% 243.34 km2
No.of sub districts 13
No.oftowns 14
No.ofvillage 2191
Source:· Census of India 2001 Map profile page 174·176, Chhattisgarh Vistrit Adhyayan p. 74.
CLIMATE: C.G is a land blessed with a pleasant climate. The rainy
season is from 15th of the June to October 15th• The annual average rainfall
varies between 1200mm to 1400mm. and the winter season for the next
four months. Summer stretches its wing from March to June. The highest
temperature recorded in summer season in nearly 47°c.
Monsoon is the main source of rainfall. C.G.
being a state of agricultural importance, depends heavily upon rainfall. In
spite of expansion of irrigation facilities agriculture in the large part of
cultivated area is still rain- fed. The agricultural calendar is therefore
governed by the monsoon. Any fluctuation in the monsoon may lead to
conditions of droughts or floods and the agricultural production suffers.
This has an adverse effect not only upon primary sector of economy but
32
also on the secondary activities as a number of industries depend on raw
materials from agricultural activity.
Failure of monsoon thus means not only a
shortfal1 in food production but it also affects industrial production. Beside
this, as a large majority of population depends directly upon agriculture,
any adverse effect on farming directly affects the purchasing power, thus
affecting the demand for industrial goods as well.
Due to these factors, it is not only the farmers but
the entire population who await eagerly for the burst of the south west
monsoon. The monsoon is aptly cal1ed the real finance minister of the
country.
RESOURCES: Rich is the nation, rich in its resources. Regional equality
leads to optimum use of the potentialities and resources of a region giving
its inhabitants the ful1 benefit of possible economic progress in relation to
overall economic growth. This brings the level of per capita real income as
near as it is possible in different regions. Improper utilization that is
underutilization or mis-utilization of resources results in low level of
national income and gives birth to inter-personal inequalities. The latent
resources would be idle and will be of no use if not exploited. So the
dormant resources are to be made alive by their proper exploitation. The
history of man is a record of his conquest over nature. Man creates wealth
while he acts upon Nature. This possesses the problem of the utilization of
natural resources by a country.
Fortunately, Chhattisgarh's existience and future
potential resources are practically unlimited. These abundant resources are
of high quality and are found length and breadth across the state. With this
perspective, a glimpse of our forests, soils, rivers and mineral resources are
presented in this chapter ahead.
33
LAND RESOURCES: The land area of Chhattisgarh is about 1.35 lakh
square kilometer. 44.2 percent of the total area is under forest. About 36
percent area is cultivated, 4828 thousand hectare land is sown, and to the
net sown area per head sown area is 0-24 hectare. The gross sown area is
5,327 thousand hectare. The highest percentage of land under agriculture is
in Durg, Janjgir, Champa, Mahasamund (all above SO percent) followed by
Raigarh, Bilaspur, Kawardha, Rajnandgaon and Raipur( all above 40
percent).The lowest percent of net sown area to total area is Korea (18.7
percent), followed by Dantewada (19 percent) and Bastar (21 percent).
TABLE 2.05 - DIFFERENT KINDS OF SOIL AND CROPS IN C.G
Soil type Suitable crops Region
Red yellow Paddy Sarguja, Korea, Jashpur, Korba, Kawardha, Bilaspur, Durg, Raipur, Mahasamund, Raigarh and Dhamtari District
Red sandy Loam Cereals, Kodo, Kutki, Dantewada, Bastar, Jawar, Bajra, Potato, kanker, Rajnandgaon Oil seeds
Red soil Kharif crops Dantewara
Laterite Cereal crops Kabirdham
Black soil Wheat, Cotton, Gram, Kawardha, Raipur, Chillies and coriander Mahasamund
Source:- Human Development Report- Chhattisgarh page -268
C.G state has atleast five different types of soil. In the
district of Bilaspur, Sarguja, Durg, Raipur and Bastar red and yellow
loamy soil is dominant, both are low in nitrogen and humus contents. A
major part of paddy production comes under this area. In the hilly area, the
soil is sandy loam. This soil is also suitable for paddy. Laterite soil is
34
found in Kabirdham district which is suitable for cereal crops. Black soil
found in Raipur, Mahasamund and Kabirdham districts. This type of soil is
useful for cotton, wheat, chillies, coriander, Red soil found in Dantewada
district is suitable for kharif crops. (Table 2-04) depicts the different types
of soil and crops grown in CG state.
FOREST RESOURCES: The people ofC.G have a symbiotic relationship
with forest. There is religious reverence and a grateful recognition of.
nature's benevolence. There is also an appreciation and understanding of
the impact of the environment on the lives of the people.
The state has the second largest area under
forests in the country after Assam. It is known for its Sal forests which
accounts 40.56percent of the forest area. Teak forest accounts 9.42percent
of the forest area. The forest provides food for the people and for the
animals, raw materials for household based industries, firewood, medicinal
plants and minor forest produce like tendu patta (tendu leaves) and lac.
There are more than 10,000 forest product based industrial units in
Chhattisgarh of which three hundred and six (306 units) are registered
manufacturing units.
These small scale industrial units include
sawmills, household furniture manufacturing units, beedi industries and
kosa-silk units. Major forest products are timber bamboo, lac, tendu leaves,
firewood. Minor forest products are sal-seed, fruits, gond, Katha, herbals,
honey, wax, oil, resham, match, spices, cattle rearing.
The indirect benefits of forest are that it reduces
the temperature of atmosphere gives oxygen checks pollution, soil erosion,
encourages tourism and increases income of the state. It provides shelter to
the birds and animals and support ecological balance.
35
Distribution of forest in the state is unequal. The
forest area is more in the Bastar, Dantewada, Kanker, Rajnandgaon,
Kabirdham, Mahasamund, jashpur, Sarguju, Korba, Korea districts,
whereas in Raigarh, Raipur, Durg, Bilaspur, Dhamtari, Junjgir- Champa
the forest area is comparatively less.
According to economic survey of C.G. 2002-03,
the total forest area in C.G state is 59,772 km2 of 44.2% of the total C.G
area. Further, the forests are of three types. They are reserved forest,
protected forest and unclassified forest. Table 2.06 shows the area of forest
under different categories and their percentage.
TABLE 2.06 :-AREA UNDER DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOREST OF e.G
Type offorest Area Percentage of total forest area ofeG.
Reserved forest 25,782km2 43.13%
Protected forest 24,036km2 40.21%
Unclassified / 9,954km2 16.66% Undemarcated forest
Total 59,772km2 100.00%
The forest area of Chhattisgaarh is divided into
SIX (6) zones or circles. They are Bilaspur, Kanker, Durg, Jagdalpur,
Raipur and Sarguja zone respectively. Table 2.07 depicts the total forest
area in different circles.
According to the (table 2.07) given below
Jagdalpur circle has the highest (60.57% of the total forest area) followed
by Sarguja 52.7% standing second. Bilaspur circle stands third 40.14%.
Fourth is Kanker circle 33.39%. Durg circle (30.40%) and Raipur circle
(30.11) are fifth and sixth respectively.
36
TABLE 2.07:- ZONE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF C.G. FOREST
Zone Total forest Reserved Protected Unclassified % of the total area km2 forest forest forest forest area in
sq.km C.G
I. Bilaspllr 14,002.52 4.196 9.805.04 0.01 40.14 zone.
1. Kanker 10,001.85 3743.35 3028.15 3229.95 33.39
3. Durg 5201.11 1931.16 3169.95 - 30.40
4.Jagdalpur 12,417.83 6458.56 4002.30 60.57 60.57 zone
5 .Raipur zone 7262.48 3839.62 3173.71 249.2 30.11
6.Sarguja zone 12091.19 3997.35 8093.84 - 52.7
Source:- www. cg forest org FMIS Division Forest Departm
TABLE NO:- 2.08
CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTS ON THE BASIS OF SPECIES
Sagon (teak) forest Sal forest Mixed forest Bamboo
85,151 hectare area in 2/3 area forest
Dongargarh Makdi, Kanker tehsil Bastar tehsil Konta
Bijapllr,Dhamtari Gariabandh Mahasamund Narayanpur
Konta, Kawardha Jagdalpllr, Narayanpur Sonakhan
Kondagaon Katghora
Rajnandgaon Jashpur
Narayanpur, Ambagarh Bijapur tehsil
The total forest area is classified into four
different categories on the basis of species. They are Sagun forest, Sal
forest, Mixed forest and Bamboo forest.
WATER RESOURCES: C.G. abounds in water bodies, rivers and
streams, lakes and tanks. It also receives, in normal years, rainfall adequate
to replenish water resources and to meet the needs of population. Despite
37
the abundance of water, people have learnt to conserve water and use it
judiciously and equitably, through systems and practices that have evolved
over hundreds of years.
The state of C.G. forms part of the extended river
basin of four major rivers - the Mahanadi, Godavari, Narmada and the
Gangas. The combined river length flowing through the state is 1885. kms.
These rivers provide a large network of surface water and prove to be one
of the chief major sources of irrigation in the state. (Table 2.09) provides
district wise information regarding rivers in the C.G. state.
The other important source of water is ground
water. The unpredictability of monsoon gives rise to water shortage in this
case ground water fulfills the demand of the population. Wells, tube wells,
tanks are the means to obtain ground water. The main rivers of
Chhattisgarh are Mahanadi, Shivnath, Maniyari, Lilagar, Indravati, Kotri,
Dankhi and Shankhi, Narangi, Gudra, Mari, Sabri, Bagh, Hasdo Arpa,
Tandula, Kharun, Pairy, Jonk, Surangi, Mand, Rihand, Kanhar, Haaf,
Borai, Ib(Eib). Table 2.09 depicts the rivers of C~attisgarh, their
origination length, extension and tributaries.
TABLE 2.09:- RIVERS OF CHHATTISAGRH
Origination km length extension Tributaries (Districts)
1. Mahanadi Shihava 286km Dhamtari, Arpa, Pairy, Mountain near Mahasamund, Jonk, Eib Dhamtari Raipur,
Bilaspur, Janjgir, Champa, Raigarh, Bastar, Dantewada
2. Indravati Kalahandi 264km Bastar and Kotri, Dunkni (Orissa) Dantewada & Shankani,
Narangi,
38
Gudra, Mari
3. Shivnath Near 200km Rajnandgaon, Lilagarh, Ambagarh Durg, Bilaspur, Maniyari, Tehsil Janjgir, Agar, Hamp, Pambaras Champa Surhi, region. Kharoon, Arpa
Tandula etc.
4. Hasdo Korea 1 76km Korea, mountain Bilaspur, Mancndragarh Korba, Janjgir, Tehsil Champa
5. Sabri Bailadila 173km Dantewada mountain
6.Mand Ambikapur 155km Sarguja, Mainpat Jashpur,
Raigarh, Janjgir, Champa
7. Rihand Mataringa hills 145km Sarguja Ambikapur
8. Kanhar Bakhora hills 115km Jashpur, Bagicha Sarguja
9. Arpa Khondri IOOkm Bilaspur Khong-Sara hills, Pandra
10. Kharoon Sanjari (Balod) 96km Durg, Raipur
11. Haaf Kandawani 88km Kabirdham, Hills (Kawardha,
Durg)
12. Eib Pandrapat, 87km Jashpur Jashpur
Source:- Human DeVelopment Report, e.G. p. 267
IRRIGATION AND POWER: .
Irrigation is again very important in view of the
overwhelming significance of agriculture in the regional and national
economy. Chhattisgarh state has good resources for irrigation in the form
of ground water and surface sources such as rivers, dams etc. The other
means of irrigation are wells, tube wells, tanks and canals. At the time of
formation of Chhattisgarh the total irrigated land was 13.28 lakh hectare.
39
Upto March 2001 this area was 13.40 lakh hectare and by March 2002 the
total irrigated land was 14.111akh hectare. Table 2.10 depicts the irrigated
land by different means and sources.
TABLE 2.10 :- AREA UNDER DIFFERENT MEANS OF IRRIGATION
Source 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002
1. Canal 8,02, 137 6,77,930 8,34,737
2. Tank 60,085 54,663 54,944
3.Well 40,236 39,304 38,955
4.Tubewell 1,75,981 2,12,261 2,22,645
Total 10,78,439 9,84,162 11,51,281
Source:~ Commissioner Land Revenue, Chhattisgarh
POWER PROJECTS : Power is generated mainly in three ways, Hydro
electricity, Thermal power and Nuclear power.
1. KORBA project near Korba coal fields C.G. thermal power.
2. Banasar Project river Sone (Joint project of Madhya Pradesh and
Chhattisagrh irrigation ).
In addition to the projects mentioned here these
are restrain other projects aiming at development of irrigation facilities, \
power generation, food control and development of inland waterways,
besides other objectives.
ELECTRIFICATION:
Though the rate of electrification has increased
in Chhattisgarh but the district wise scenario is indicating negative rate of
change in some districts. Districts like Dantewada and Jashpur has
negative rate of change where as rest of the districts have shown a positive
change. Janjgir-Champa has shown a great improvement in electrification
40
since 1991 to 2001 which is 34.63 percent followed by 34.44 percent in
Raigarh district (table -2.11) shows district wise change in electrification.
TABLE - 2.11:-ELECTRIFICATION IN CHHATTISGARH DISTRICTS
Local code. No. Name of districts 1991 2001 Rate of change
01 Korea 21.95 44.36 +22.41
02 Sarguja 21.95 28.36 +6.41
03 Jashpur 36.22 19.97 -16.25
04 Raigarh 26.22 60.66 +34.44
05 Korba 30.31 49.73 +19.02
06 J anj gir-Champa 30.31 64.49 +34.63
07 Bilaspur 30.31 52.87 +22.56
08 Kawardha 37.39 43.90 +6.51
09 Rajnandgaon 37.39 64.49 +27.1
010 Durg 42.24 69.39 +27.19
011 Raipur 36.66 65.7 +29.04
012 Mahasamund 36.66 56.91 +20.25
013 Dhamtari 36.66 68.34 +31.68
014 Kanker 24.33 49.79 +25.46
015 Bastar 24.33 34.03 +9.7
016 Dantewada 24.33 22.19 -2.14
Source:- District level Data, Housing Atlas oflndia 2001 Census ofIndia, Office of Registrar General, India Human
Development Report, Chhattisgarh.
MINERAL RESOURCES:
C.G. is fairly rich in minerals and has sufficiently
large reserves of iron, ore, coal, manganese, bauxite and mica. Two district
41
belts of minerals can be identified in the country. The first identified in the
country. The first lying in lharkhand, West Bengal and Orissa yields most
of the iron are, coal, and limestone and a fairly large proportion of the
manganese and bauxite.
The second extends across Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra contains a large deposite of
mica, coal, iron, limestone, manganese, diamond and other minerals.The
different varieties of minerals are listed below-
Iron are, Bauxite, Coal and lignite, Nickel,
Diamonds, Gypsum, Gold,Tin, Manganese, Thorium, Rock Phosphate,
Mica, Uranium, Salt, Limestone, Berglium, Sulphur, Lead and zinc,
Uranium,Chromili, Copper, Magnesite, Barytes, Dolomite, Graphite ,
Asbestos, Antimony, Silver, Marble, Granite, Gypsum.
"Development of minerals means the
development of the state". Different types of minerals are available in the
state and the state stands second in the mineral deposit in the nation.
India's NGP (National Gross Profit) minerals are 28,420.47 crores and of
Chhattisagarh state it is 3,929 crores which is 13.76% of the NGP
minerals. Percentage contribution of Chhattisgarh in the total mineral
deposite of the nation is - 1. Tin are (100%), 2. Iron are (23%) 3. Coal
(17%) 4. Dolomite (14%) 5. Limestone (5%) 6. Bauxite (4%).Thus, this
is the only state in the country where tin is found. Diamond and semi
precious stones like corundum, quartz and garnet are also mined here.
Mining of these minerals provides employment and adds substantial
revenue to the state's income. Table 2.12 shows district wise availability of
certain minerals in CG.
42
TABLE 2.12:- AVAILABILITY OF MINERALS IN C.G. AT A GLANCE
Sl.no Minerals District Deposits in Area lakh tonnes
Raipur 18,772.5 Mandhar, Silyari, Tilda,
I. Limestone Sonadhi, Hirna, Chandi, Gobar, Mohra, Pawni, Gaitra etc.
Durg 5,180.8 Jamul, Nandini, Samria, Atholi, Matra etc.
Rajnandgaon 250 Bhatagaon, Chharabhata, Ranii1pur regions etc.
Kabirdham 130 Poknar, Raikot, Deora, Dongri, Junagarh, Baraji, Manjhi, etc.
Bastar 3,180 Chhillhati, Tendua Bilaspur 5380 Akaltara, Aarmenta, Janjgir 2550 Bargaon Raigarh 1,370 Kharsia, Sarangarh
2. Doloimite Raipur 140 Bhatapara, Tikuli Durg 280 Kodwa,Tiria, Machkota Bastar 450 Hirri,Bilpan,Madanpur, .
Ghuma Janjgir 5190 Lagra Kabirdham 67 Bodai, Daldali
3. Bauxite Korba 30 Fotka, Pahar
Bastar 103 Keshkal, Kiritgaon, Aasna, Budhiyar, Mari
Sarguja 670 Mainpat, Jamirapat region
Jashpur 80 Sarnripat 4. Coal Sarguja 36,580.3 Sonhat, Bishrampur,
Chirmiri
Raigarh 1,53,581.7 Mandh, Raigarh region Korba 1,51,432.9 Korba belt
Korea 12,154.1 Sohagpur, Chirmiri etc. Dantewada 13,435.3 Bailadila region.
5. Iron-ore Kanker 8,081.5 Raoghat, Chargaon, Bastar 353.l Chhota dongar Durg 1647.4 Dalli-Rajhara Rajnandgaon 100 Boria, Tibbu
43
6. Quartzite Durg 200 Danitola
Bastar 50 Dilmili
Rajnandgaon Figure Pillakachhar notavailable
7. Tin ore Raigarh 120 Rampur, Chhiraipani
Dantewada 2889 Chacheli, Katekkalyan region.
8. Coranbum Dantewada 25 tonnes Bhopalpattnam
9. Gold Raipur 2780kg. In sands ofEib-Maini rivers
10. Diamond Raipur No record Mainpur area of deposite
11. Alexandrite Raipur No record Deobhog region of deposite
12. Garnet Raipur 16 tonnes Dhupkot
Dantewada No record Bhopalapattnam of deposite
Source:- Human Development Report, C.G. Page 268, Chhattisgarh EK. Vistrit Adhyayan.
In Korea, Sarguja, Raigarh and Korba districts of
C.G deposits of coal is very large (35,375.90 million tonnes). Thus, Raipur
district is rich in mineral resources. Maximum deposites of limestone
(18,772.5Iakh tonnes), diamond mines, gold, alexandrite, garnet and
dolamite are available. Chhattisagrh Mineral Development Corporation
was formed on 7-6-2001 and started functioning from 1-8-2001. Table
2.13 gives the iron-ore area and its deposites in million tonnes, in
Chhattisagrh, where mining is being done by NMDC (National Mineral
Development Corporation). Table 2.13 presents the iron ore area and its
deposites in Chhattisgarh state.
44
TABLE 2.13:IRON ORE AREA AND DEPOSITES IN CHIIATTISGARH.
Sl.No District Area (Region) Depositcs (in million tonnes)
1 Dantewada I3ailadila 1,343.53
2 Bastar Chhota Dongar 35.31
3 Kanker Rowghat 731.93
Chargaon 21.80
Metabodli 15.60
Hahaladdi 12.82
4 Rajnandgaon Boria Tibbu 10.00
Source:- Mineral Development Corporation C.O.
HUMAN RESOURCES: The question of population has· attracted the
attention of statesman and philosophers since long. Plato and Aristotle
were interested in the question of population size in context of city states.
Even census were taken long back. The first census was conducted under
Ceaser Augustus in the year when Christ was born. Major census was
taken in China in the year 2 A.D. Population registers in Scandinavia in
1876 and in Sweden and Denmark in 1769. However, scientific decenneial
census was initiated in U.S.A in 1790 and in France in 1801. But, Malthus
made the first systematic approach to this problem. The term demography
for the study of population was first coined in 1855 by Achille Guillard,
though this field was explored much before him in 1662 by John Grant and
William Petty. Recently data methods are used in demography as inter
disciplinary subject with strong roots in economics, sociology, human
ecology, etc.
Human resources constitute one of the greatest
assets of any regIOn. It is one of the most deliberate and critical
determinants of groWth. Often the term "Human resources" is considered
synonymous with the term "Man power" or population of the state. In real
45
sense of the term human resources refer to human strength which is more
productive.
It is an inevitable reality that Chhattisgarh's
population has crossed the two crores mark. According to 2001 census its
population is 2.08 crores and it holds 17th state rank. (Table 2.13)shows
that the Raipur district is having the highest population. Growth rate is
more in urban areas as compared to the rural areas. The decadal population
growth rate from 1991 to 2001 is highest of Sarguja district (24.58%)
where as it is lowest of the Mahasamund district (8.72%). The state has
low density of population 154 persons per square km. According to 2001
census Janjgir - Champa district has got the highest density of population
(342 persons Ikm2) and Dantewada has got the lowest population density
(41 persons I km2).
The sex ratio for the state is 989 females per
thousand males in 2001 which shows an improvement as composed to
1991census, carving a way towards lowering gender inequality.
Rajnandgaon (1023 women per 1000 males) and Dantewada (1016 women
per 1000 males) have shown drastic improvement in the sex ratio. There
are several ways to look at the huge population base. A majority considers
it a bane, however, since the factor of this population explosion cannot be
ignored, it is prudent to convert the curse into blessings. Thus, proper
human resource management would be a vital issue not only for the
present, but also for the future on the road to made Chhattisgarh a social
and economically developed region
46
~ -..I
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f c 3 ., " tl ~ .g 3 n ;;.
" -g ;> (")
P N
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--
Location code no.
22
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
Name of state! district
Chhattsgarh
Korea
Sarguja
Jashpur
Raigarh
Korba
Janjgir-Chmapa
Bilaspur
Kawardha
Rajnandgaon
Durg
Raipur
Mahasamund
Dhamtari
Kanker
Bastar
Dantewada
Total population
1991 2001
17614928 20833803
500758 586327
1581872 1972094
1694883 743160
1110200 1265529
1065939 1011823
825891 1317431
656352 1998355
1089047 584552
513496 1283224
2397134 ~10436
2529166 3016930
791197 860257
587679 706591
1100980 650934
548076 1306673
622267 719487
Population growth rate 1991-2001
Rank 2001 Rural Urban Total Rank
--14.23 36.24 18.27 --15 22.54 5.54 16.91 11
4 22.52 6065 24.58 I
II 11.87 33.22 12.71 15
8 18.01 23.25 18.68 6
9 -2.9 22.55 22.55 2
5 18.08 22.48 18.55 7
3 12.75 35.92 17.59 10
16 12.64 30.87 13.86 5
7 18.5 14.2 17.7 9
2 II. 77 26.26 16.88 12
I 9.14 49.77 18.97 4
10 6.7 27.5 8.72 16
13 20.88 12.7 19.72 3
14 17.42 5503 18.84 14
6 18.17 19.28 18.28 8
12 13.05 61.44 15.56 13 -
Density of populatIOn per sqlkm
1991 2001 Rank 2001
130 154 --
76 89 14
101 125 12
112 127 II
150 179 7
125 153 9
288 342 I
205 241 3
122 138 10
135 159 8
280 328 2
193 230 4
165 180 6
174 208 5
84 100 13
74 87 15
35 41 16
Sex ratio
1991
985
926
966
1001
1000
952
10007
973
996
1016
967
983
1015
1009
1000
999
1009
2001
989
946
972
999
994
964
998
971
1002
1023
982
980
1018 I
1004 ,
1005
1011 !
1016
...., > = t"" t"l
i-> -"'" ." o ." c:: t"" :> ...., ... o Z t"l o ::: "'C o rJl
=i ... o z o ""l t"l C:"l
8 t"l ~
-'" '" -~ <= <= -
TABLE 2.15 :- nEMOGRAl'lIIC FIGURES OF C.(;. AT A GLANCE
Persons Male Female
Total workers 9,679,871 5,531,859 4,148,012 --
Main workers 7,054,595 4,742,935 2,311,660
Marginal Workers 2,625,276 788,927 1,836,352
Cultivators 4,311,131 2,466,477 1,844,654
Agricultural labourers 3,091,358 1,262,559 1,828,799
Household industry workers 198,691 115,860 82,831
Others workers 2,078691 1686963 391728
Sex ratio 989
Child sex ratio 975
Literacy rate 64.7% 77.4% 51.9%
Work participation ratio 46.5% 52.8% 40.0%
Main workers 72.9% 85.7% 55.7%
Marginal workers 27.1% 14.3% 44.3%
Categories of total workers
Cultivators 44.5% 44.6% 44.5%
Agricultural labourers 31.9% 22.8% 44.1%
Household industry workers 2.1% 2.1% 2.0%
Other workers 21.5% 30.5% 9.4%
Source;- Human Development Report, C.G. Chhattisgarh EK. Vistrit Adhyayan.
EDUCATION: The purpose of workers education is to inculcate among
them the ability to take right decisions to identify what is good and what is
bad for them and what is relevant and irrelevant for them. This has become
necessary because of an increase in incidences of industrial sickness in
recent times, which is at times due to the mismanagement of the owners
(employers) or at times owing to their selfish motives or personal reasons.
48
So, for effective intervention workers need to
know the whole system of the working of an industrial unit, the industry
and the economy. If workers want to seek a better deal for their sweat, it is
essential for them to know the facts rigourously, so that, they must be as
equipped as the employers or the management are. Educated workers can
equip themselves with different branches of knowledge and could learn the
requisite skills for successful bargaining and negotiations:
The last decade has shown a marked
improvement in the literacy rate in Chhattisgarh. According to 1991 census
the literacy rate in C.G. was 42.91 percent, as against the national literacy
rate was 54.21percent. According to Census of India, 2001, the literacy
rate of C.G. is 64.7% and it is at par with the national average of 64.8%.
Better enrolment reduced dropout rates, better access to schools for
children and some success in adult literacy programmes have enabled the
state to be parallel with the national average, just in a decade and it is
presented in (Table 2.16).
TABLE 2.16: LITERACY RATE IN C.G. AND INDIA 1991 AND 2001 IN %
Census 1991 Census 2001
C.G. India C.G. India
Total literacy 42.91 54.21 64.70 64.80
Male literacy 58.07 64.13 77.40 75.3
Female literacy 27.52 44.69 60.48 58.7
Urban literacy 71.31 73.08 80.58 79.9
Rural literacy 28.69 29.62 19.42 20.1
Source:· Census oflndia,2001
The state has achieved a marked progress in the
field of education due to the establishment of educational institution. The
49
data reveals that some more efforts are to be done yet, to increase the rate
of literacy.
TABLE 2.17: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN C.G.
Sl.no Level of Education (standard) Number of institutions in C.G.
I Pre primary schools 839
2 Primary schools 35335
3 Middle schools 7098
4 High School 1176
5 Higher Secondary school l386
6 Universities 9
7 Graduate colleges 289
8 Post graduate colleges 227
9 Training colleges (ITI) 104
Source:- Human Development Report, C.G. (2004), Page 272
HEALTH CENTRES AND MEDICAL FACILITIES:
The basic objective of health care of an
individual is the prevention of disease and injury rather than the cure of
disease. The modem concept of hygiene differs from the traditional
concept. The later is concern with "the mere absence of an ascertainable
disease or infirmity", while the modem concept refers to "The health
which is the outcome of the interaction between the individual and his
enrolment." The aim of hygiene is the promotion and maintenance of the
highest degree of the physical, mental and social well being of individuals.
III health trusts and disturbs the independency of
an individual and makes him dependent which is a curse. So, health
50
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Since a large number of individuals spend a great deal
of their time in an environment which is not usually conducive to a healthy
life. Moreover, malnutrition, insanitary and psychological conditions and
the strains and stresses (tension) under they live impair their health. On the
one hand efficiency in work is possible only when an individual is healthy,
on the other hand the place where he or she is working exposes him to
certain hazards which he would not meet elsewhere, and which may affect
his health.
The symptoms of bad health are a high rate of
absenteeism, poor performance and low productivity, discontent and
indiscipline, which decreases the economic development of the individual
first and then the region second.
The question arises how to identify or measure
good health and bad health and the simple answer is "till an individual is
capable of working hard and earning he is said to be in good health, when
his body doesn't allow him to work or his body doesn't have the strength
to work and he needs the support of others, he is said to be in bad health."
DEVELOPMENT OF IRON AND STEEL RE-ROLLING MILLS INC.G.
Indian heritage is popularly known for previous
metals. In India's womb several previous, useful and of much economic
importance metals are hidden, and so it is also called 'The land of
minerals'. These natural resources are very much useful and important for
the socio economic development of the country and helps in building a
strong and prosperous nation. The only thing remains is, the optimum and
proper utilization of these resources which is a gift to us from the 'God
Nature.'
Amongst all the precious metals iron and steel is
one, the most useful and plentiful of substances found abundantly in the
52
earth's outer crust, comprising over 5% of all leading elements and
exceeded only by oxygen, silicon and aluminium. Accounting for about
three fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals,
ferrous minerals constitute the most important mineral group after the fuel
minerals. India's position is almost enviable in the reserves of these
minerals and the country exports substantial quantities of these -besides
meeting the internal demand fully.
Iron is an element found generally in nature in
chemical combination with oxygen, sometimes with carbon, water and
with sulphur. It mostly occurs in the iron oxygen compounds, found along
with earthy materials called "gangue". Iron or always contains impurities
including alumina, lime, magnesia, silica, sulphur, phosphorous, titanium,
arsenic and copper. Iron is extracted from its chemical compounds and
separated from the impurities.
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRIES - A BRIEF HISTORY:
Iron and steel is the key industry. It is one of the
most useful metals in this modern materialistic civilization. Agricultural
appliances industries (large, medium or small), transport services, dams,
bridges, building construction, electricity production and distribution,
cable wires all are incomplete without this metal. Iron and steel industry is
not a new entity rather it has been in its most dignified and exalting
situation from the very beginning. Even the ancient people were very well
acquainted with the technique of smelting and manufacturing iron. And "
Ashoka Pillar in Delhi, which was erected before 300B.C. is a witness to
prove that ancient people were aware of this technique.
Prof. J.M.Heath, regarding the iron industry has
said that primitive Indian society and especially the Hindus of southern
India were accomplished and properly acquainted with iron and steel
53
industry from the day when no country in the world have had heard the
name even. Mr. Heath only started the first iron and steel factory in 1830
near Madras, but due to certain reasons his attempt was not successful and
lost its existence.
In 1904 Sri. J amshed Ji Tata established an iron
industry with modem techniques in Sankai-Bihar now Jamshedpur. In
1911 pig iron and in 1913 steel industries were annexed, and till date it is
one of the biggest industries and Tata is called as "The father of iron and
steel industry."
In 1908 " Indian Iron and Steel Industry" was
established at Hirapur in Bengal and this industry flourished ujtil the First
World War.The Second Steel Plant" Mysore Iron and Steel Works" was
established at Bhadrawati in Mysore by the state government in the year
1923.
After the First World War due to the lack of
economic development, the government imposed tax for the export of iron
and steel and held the industrialist economically. This continued till 31st
March 1947. The Second World War gae the iron and steel industries a
progressive break. During the war period the demand of iron increased and
a proportionate increase in the production was also observed.
After independence the iron and steel industry
showed a remarkable and magnificent progress. The successive five year
plans also supported and provide shelter to the development of this
fundamental industry and this key industry flourished under the five year
plan.
At this juncture, Bhilai Steel Plant, Chhattisgarh ,
Rourkela Steel Plant- Orissa, Bokaro Steel Plant- Jharkhand, Durgapur
54
Steel Plant - West Bengal and Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO)
Jamshedpur are functioning in full swing and have proved to be synonym
of development.
There is no controversy in the notion that with
the establishment of indispensable large industry in a region, several small
and ancilliary industries automatically come into being. And, the
importance and contribution of these small and ancilliary industries are no
way estimated less than that of large industry in the development
programme. The scope of utilization of the resources and the extent of
labour market and employment aggravates.
Principally, three types of iron and steel
industries are found they are large steel plant,· mini steel plant and re
rolling mill units. Large steel plants normally is produce for' production'
but, the mini steel plants produce for production and consumption both.
Whereas, rolling mills produce for consumption and is directly concerned
and associated with the consumers.
RE-ROLLING MILLS ITS MEANING:
Re-rolling mills are the units where iron scrapes
like billet- cuttings, ingot cuttings, plat cuttings etc. serve as basic raw
materials. These scraps are cut to size and heated and then are rolled on the
rolling machines to get the ultimate finished products. Frorn above, it is
clear that the raw materials are heated only and are not melted so rolling
mill doesn't come under foundary units where raw materials are melted
and then casting is done.
ROLLING MILLS ITS HISTORY IN CHHATTISGARH :
In Chhattisgarh, the history of re-rolling mills is
connected with the installation of Bhilai Steel Plant; a joint venture of
55
India and Russai, located in Durg district of Chhattisgarh. The construction
of the plant initiated in 1955 and the first melting furnace was set in the
year 1959, and was ready for the production by March 1961. The initial
production capacity of it was ten lakh million tonnes per annum. Later on
the production capacity was increased to twenty five lakh million tonnes
per annum, which at present is forty lakh million tonnes per annum.
The residues (iron scraps) obtained from the
BhiIai Steel Plant are provided to the re- rolling units. So, BhiIai Steel
Plant is the main and major supplier of raw material to these units. This
allured the state government department of industry, sales tax department,
industrialists, nationalized banks to establish re-roIling units. With the
combined efforts of them today there are 125 re-roIling mills functioning
in the Chhattisgarh state and is at the top in the country.
The history of re-rolling mills commenced with
the foundation of 'A.P.J.RoIling mills' by Shri Amirchand Pyarelal at
Kumhari village in Durg district of Chhattisgarh in the year 1962. Another
unit "M.P. RoIling Mill" was established by Takkar family of Bombay at
Bhilai in Durg district. But, later on both these units were shut down due to
their personal reasons.
Smt. Pramila Kumar in her book, "Regional
Geography of Madhya Pradesh" has stated that "After the establishment of
Bhilai Steel Plant, in the year 1962, M.PJ. Private Limited, to produce
M.S. round, flats, angles and gate channels and in 1963 a casting unit
Himmat Steel Foundry was enacted at Kumhari in Durg district."
In March 1963, "Ganga Steel Rolling Mills" at
Kumhari in Durg district started its production. And at present it is the
oldest of all the units existing in the Chhattisgarh state, which is yet in
production. After the commencement of this rolling mill the installation of
56
new units was nil. After a long spell of time in the year 1971 at Dumtarai
in industrial area in Raipur district 'Ashok Steel Rolling Mill' was
founded. With this the establishment of new rolling units started again.
By the year 1980 only twelve (12) re-rolling
units came into existence and out of them two units were shut down due to
their own cause. The general information regarding the remaining ten units
has been listed in the following table 2.19.
TABLE:- 2.19: NAME OF THE RE - ROLLING UNITS AND ADDRESS
Sl.no Name of the rolling units and Year of installation Registered capacity in address million tonnes p.a.
I Ms. Ganga Steel Rolling 1963 29100 Mill, Kumhari, Durg. J/SSII MP/631 Drg. 218IFsti Dt. 3.1. 64.
2 Ms. Ashok Steel Rolling Mil, 1971 3600 Dumtarai, Raipur. 10/27/3625IPMT/SSII Dt. 21.1.71.
3 Ms. Chhattisgarh Iron and 1973 2750 Steel Works, Bhilai, Durg. 10/12/10222IPMT/SSII Dt. 5.12.71
4 Ms. Oswal Ispat Udyog , 1973 14500 Tatibandh, Raipur. SSIIOIIMPI RPRI 10211 351721II-741 Dt.119751.l0.72.
5 Ms. Mahamaya Steel Roling 1974 1750 Mill, Tatibandh (Raipur). SSIIDIIMP/RPRlI167/35, 73I174II, Dt. 11.5.73
6 Ms. Jai Iron and Steel Co. 1975 4650 Dewada (Rajnandgaon) 10/4511 035IPMT/SSII Dt.24.3.75
7 Rapur Brite and Power Weld 1977 20,700 Industries, Bhanpuri, Raipur 10/27/2370IPMT/SSI Dt.21.7.77.
8 Ms. Bhagat Iron and Steel 1977 2000 Rolling Mill, Kumhari(Durg). 10112/1 628IPMT/SSII
57
Ot. 10.10.77 9 Ms. Rajesh Tradcrs, 1978 10.500
Bhilai(Durg). 10/12/1687/PMT/SSI 0t.1.5.78
10 Ms. Batra Iron and Steel 1978 26,500 Works, Kumhari (Ourg) 10/12116771 PMT/SSII Ot. 14.3.78
Total production p.a. 1,160.50
Source:- District industry centre, Ruipur, Durg and Rujnandgaon.
From the table- 2.19 it is clear that the total
production capacity of these ten rolling mills was 1, 16,050 million tonnes
per annum. This production was not sufficient to fulfill the internal
demand of the region. Along with this the existing units were not capable
of utilizing completely raw material obtained from Bhilai Steel Plant. The
state government and the department of industry felt the necessity and
encouraged the industrialist towards this industry. As a result there was a
tremendous increase in the figure. Table no 2.20 shows the number of iron
and steel rolling units established in different interval.
TABLE - 2.20 ESTABLISHMENT OF RE- ROLLING MILLS
Sr.no Time period Rolling units Total rolling units established m the left at the end interval
1 By 1980 12 10
2 1980-1985 21 31
3 1985-1990 42 73
4 1990-1995 23 86
5 1995-2000 20 98
6 2000-2005 27 125
Source:- District industry centre, Raipur, Durg and Rajnandgaon
58
ESTABLISHMENT OF RE· ROLLING MILLS
45r-----------------____ . ________________________ ~
40
35
30
JIJ 25
'" " C> :§
& 20
15
10
5
o By 1980 1980·1985 1985·1990 1990·1995 1995·2000 2000·2005
1!3 Rolling units established in the interval
RE-ROLLING INDUSTRY - ITS IMPORTANCE:
The importance of iron and steel re-rolling
industries functioning in the Chhattisgarh state is illustrated on the
following capes.
1. UTILIZATION OF SCHAPES08TAINED FHOM HSP:
Bhilai steel plant is a large scale venture
established in e.G.state. Scraps like billet- cuttings, ingot-cuttings, bloom
cuttings, plot -cuttings are obtained in abundance. These scraps are the
primary raw material for re-rolling structures; they consume the maximum
scraps, that is, it can be said that re-rolling units are the chief consumer of
the scraps and their demand is fulfilled by B.S.P.
2. IN CONSTRUCTION DEEDS:
The produce of re-rolling mills are extremely
valuable in all sort of construction process.The production of re-rolling
units meets the internal demand of the construction work, so its
contribution is of much esteem.
3. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY:
Re-rolling units provide openmg to the
unemployed. Since it is a labour intensive industry, it provides job to the
local and regional mass, especially to the illiterate or less educated,
landless, rural gentry and to poor and unemployed urban mass.
4. UTILIZATION OF REGIONAL RESOURCES:
Maximum and proper utilization of other
resources like - water, coal? electricity etc. as they are the fundamental
requiremenst of a re-rolling industry.
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5. DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION:
With the establishment of iron and steel re
rolling industries, the transportation facility and business have also
advanced. For transporting raw material, coal, and then the finished
product trucks and lorries are required. The transport agencies get
bountiful job and have enormously developed.
6. CONTRIBUTION IN REVENUE:
Re-rolling industries contribution towards
revenue is distinguishing.The government every year collects million of
rupees as sales tax, entry tax, etc. and this income is spent on the other'
development programmes of the state.
7. DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER TRADE AND BUSINESS:
With the development of iron and steel re-rolling
industries, the steel trading, the fabrication business and other iron-steel
related business has expanded. It is directly meeting the demand of
consumer; providing jobs to the unemployed and needy and increasing the
governments income.
8. BROUGHT REPUTATION AND NAME:
Today, iron and steel industry of Chhattisgarh is
at the top. The second position is carried by Mandi, Govindgarh of
Haryana. So this 'industry has gained name, fame and reputation and has
irradiated the name of the region in the field of iron and steel production.
MANUF ACTURING PROCESS:
PROCESS FLOW CHART
Weighing ofraw material in the form of billets and ingots
~ Testing of raw materials
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+ Cutting of raw materials by gas cutting device
~ Heating it in furnace
~ Rolling it on rolled CTD bars manufacturing machine
~ Cooling at cooling bed tank
~ Testing
~ Sizing ofCTDbars
~ Bundling of CTD bars
~ Weighing of finished products
~ Despatching of the finished product
The above flow chart describes the stages
involved in the production process. The raw materials are cut according to
weight and size and the size of the finished product which is to be
produced. It is heated in the furnace where the temperature is nearly
1250oc. Normally, half an hour is required for heating the raw material.The
heated raw material is then rolled in the rolling machines, which are five to
seven in number. Since manual work is involved in the production process
labourers playa considerable part.
The processing of rods in the machinery is very
fast and the hot steel makes the temperature of the plant and shed still high.
The workers working are unable to stand at this high temperature for a
long time and due to this the workers working in furnace and rolling stands
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work for an hour, take rest for the next hour and then again gct back to
their job. For cooling the environment there are fans and continuous water
supply for the workers as they need water in every 10-15 minutes for
drinking and for wiping their faces.
The sizeable cut ingots are fed to pusher machine
from where they are pushed into the furnace. The furnace is oil fired
furnace. Furnace oil is used to heat these re-heating furnace. Air is blown
with the help of blowers. The furnace is made up of fire bricks of special
quality to withstand high ternperature approximately 12000c which is
required to re-roll the raw material into the CTD bars.
Recupirator is also used to pre-heat the inlet air
into the furnace to save the oil consumption in this type of furnace. There
are nearly eight doors in the furnace. The furnace hearth is made of cast
iron and rails and magnesite bricks. Oil is fed through oil film type
burners.
CHIMNEY:
Chimney in the factory is used for preventing air
pollution. The oil fired furnace does not create any pollution due to
maximum consumption of fuel. The height of a chimney is usually
hundred feet above from the ground.
ROLLING MILLS:
The hot ingot is pushed to the roller table by
ejector and from the table it is fed into the number of rolling stands where
it is rolled horizontally and vertically from both the sides. Rolling mill
consists of motor, fly- wheel, reduction gear, pinion gear, 3 stands of M.S.
having number of rolls through which ingot is passed and its cross
sectional area is enlarged.
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ROLLS:
The rolls are mainly made up of cast iron or mild
steel. Necessary grooves (passes) are made in the central part of rolls
known as barrel through which material passes.
There are two rolling mi11s known as roughing
and finishing mill in this unit. Finishing mill has eight stands.The finished
bar comes from the last stand and then cut into fixed size (length) by a
revolving machine operated automatically and it is driven pneumatic.
The material then is stored in Chatal which is
also Imown as platform. The Chatal is about 200 - 150 feet in length, 20-25
feet in breadth and 3 feet deep. The bars are cooled by air and cut into
proper length as per the demand of the market. These prepared bars are
then shifted to the twisting machines by labourers. After twisting, the
materials are cut to size and bundled. The bars. known as CTD bars i.e.
ecoid twisted deformed) bars are stocked and ready for dispatch. It is then
loaded manually with the help of chain pulley block.
TABLE NO:-2.21: PRODUCTION MACHINERY
Sl.no Equipments Purpose
I Weighing machine For weighing material
2 Heating furnace For heating material
3 Twisting machine F or twisting CTD bars
4 Electric motor For running machine
5 Water pump For cooling strip mill
6 Blower F or heating furnace
7 Chimney For disposal of heating furnace smoke
8 Chain pulley block For loading and unloading
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9 Transformer For high tension power line
10 Lathe machine For maching the rolls
II Shaper machine For routine maintenance work
12 Starter For starting motor
13 Gas welding / cutting For cutting raw material
14 Hacksaw machine For routine work
15 Reduction gear box For strip mill
16 Rolling machine For rolling iron and steel
17 Fly wheel For rolling machine
18 Pusher F or pushing raw material in the furnace
19 Grinding machine For grinding material
20 Workshop tools For running the workshop
21 Test equipments For quality control
22 Tools, JIgS and For machine operation fixtures
All these machines, equipments and tools are directly or
indirectly necessary for the production and for the routine maintenance of
the production machines.
(A)RA W MATERIALS:
The raw materials (inputs) can broadly be classified
into two categories as below
1) DIRECT RAW MATERIALS
Billets, ingots and BBM slabs are the major raw
materials for the production of rolling CTD bars and are easily available
from Bhilai Steel Plant.
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2) INDIRECT RAW MATERIALS:
These are the materials which do not form the part of
the final product but are used in manufacturing process. The materials like
lubricants, grease, oil, M.S.rolls, gloves, shoes, coak are of this nature
which comes under this category.
D) POWER:
The power used mainly in the production processes are
electric power, steam power and water and are available in plenty. The
electricity power is available from the (C.S.E.B.) Chhattisgarh State
Electricity Board. The steam power is generated with the help of coal and
Coal India Limited is the chief supplier. Water is required for both the
purposes that is, for the factory use and for the domestic use in the factory.
MAIN PRODUCTS:
The following products are produced mainly in the iron
and steel rolling mills.
BARS:
It is one of the major products of rolling mills. Bars are
of three types 1. Simple(round) bars 2. Twisted bars 3. Square bars.
Simple bars are smooth and round and it is also called
'plain bar' .Twisted bars are known as 'C.T.D.' bars or 'Tar' and are
twisted on twisting machines. Square bars according to its name are square
in shape.
ANGLE:
Angle is also another main product. Angles are of four
kinds. 1. T-angle 2. V-Angle (equal angle), 3. Z- angle, 4. Unequal angle.
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STIUI'S:
Strips are flat in shape. They are of two types I. Thin
strips 2. Thick strips. Thin strips are of 3m.m. or 4m.m. and thick strips
are Sm.m. or more and are also called 'flats'.
CHANNEL:
Channels are also produced in rolling mills. They are
small and big and are used for making channel gates. The big channels are
used to make industrial structures.
GADDER:
Generally, gaddars are produced in large scale iron and
steel rolling industries. They are used in supporting ceilings.
TABLE NO:2.22: MEASUREMENT OF PRODUCTS '
SLno Produce Measurement
1 Simple bars 6m.m, Sm.m, lOm.m, 6m.m, 12m.m
C.T.D. Bars 16m.m, ISm.m, 20m.m, 2Sm.m
2 Twisted Sm.m, lOm.m, 12m.m, 16m.m,
bars ISm.m, 20m.m, 25m.m, 36m.m
3 Square bars Sm.m, lOm.m, 12m.m, 16m.m, 20m.m
4 Thin strips IS x 3 m.m, 20x3 m.m, 25 x3m.m,
32 x3m.m, 35 x3m.m, ISx4m.m,
20 x 4 m.m, 25 x 4 m.m, 32 x 5 m.m, 35 x S m.m
5 Thick strips IS x 5m.m, 20 x 5m.m, 25 x 5 m.m
32 x 5 m.m, 35 x Sm.m , 45 x 5 m.m
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45 x 6 m.m, 45 x 8 m.m ,45 x 10 m.m
80 x 6 m.m, 80 x 8 m.m , 80 x 10 m.m ,
6 Angle 18 x 3m.m, 20 x 3m.m, 25 x 3 m.m
32 x 3m.m, 35 x 3m.m, 35 x4 m.m
35 x 6 m.m, 35 x 6 m.m, 75 x 6 m.m
75 x 8 m.m, 75 x 10 m.m,
7 Channel 75 x 40 m.m, 100x50m.m,
125 x 65 m.m, 150 x 75 m.m
8 Gadder 100 x 50m.m, 125 x 65m.m, 150 x 75 m.m ,
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF RE-ROLLING MILLS:
The organizational structure of any industry is of
tremendous value. It places a proportionate and balanced emphasis on
various activities and ensures an optimum use of human efforts through
specialization, facilitates coordination. The jobs of the different
departments and sections are welded together by the structural relationship
of the organization. Its basic task is development of planning and
management.
Alvin Brown states in his analysis "Organization defines
the past which each member of an enterprise is expected to perform and
the relations between such members, to the end that their concerted
endeavour shall be most effective for the purpose of the enterprise."
Organization is a plan by which a group of people pools their efforts
towards designated objectives through division of activities responsibilities
and authority.
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The overall arrangement and managerial control
over a rolling mill is divided into two sectors; the office and the factory
sections.The employees under office section contains managers,
accountants, cashiers, typists cum clerks, storekeepers, security staff
(guards), peons and drivers. The factory staff are technical staff and are
comprises of foreman, supervisor, mill operators, skilled workers, lath
operators, electricians, fitters, turners, welder, gas furnace operators and
other labourers.
Foreman has complete control over the labourers
working in the factory and all the functions of production are carried under
his command and guidance. Foreman is the head of the technical staff. The
commercial managers are totally responsible for the administrative affairs.
The organizational structure of a re-rolling mill is presented as below -
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF A ROLLING MILL Partners Dirrctors
MAN1\GERS
TECHNICAL~MANAGER COMMERCIAL MANA ER
FOREtAN ELECT(CIAN
~ SU~ERVISOR ~
MI\LOPERATORS
SKIt-LED WORKERS
UNtKILLED WORKERS
PURCHASE OFFICER
FIJER WOR1HOP MECHANIC
WELDER Gts CUTTER
t
~ ~ SALES OFFICERS OFFICE ASSISTANTS
~
l r GUARDS PEONS
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1 ACCOUNTANT
T CASHIER
~ CLERKS ~
DRIVERS
The iron and steel re-rolling units flourishing in
the Raipur district can be categorized into two groups. 1. Partnership firms
2. Private Limited Company
And, since they be,long to two different
categories or types of their organizational behaviour and structure is also
divergent. In partnership finns, the industry is govern through The
Partnership Act (1956) and the partners (owners) have complete access,
total control and through influence and command over the management.
The Private Limited Company functions under the Company Act (1948)
and all the decisions are taken by the board of directors, and executed by
the managing director.
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