CHAPTER

IDEAL POL IT ICAL ORDER

H o v i n ~ discuesed Aabedkar'a i dea l aocie l order

l e t u8 n0u digcusa h i 8 i d e a l p o l i t i c a l orderb He e t r c

t o change the I n d i a n 8 o c i a l s t r u c t u r e which is absolut

p v e r n e d by cast@ and i t s r i g i d s o c i a l noras, He e x p ~

the hallounses o f Hindu cu8t0ma and codes of behaviour

h i e v a s t knouledge end intol legonce. I t her been no t i

t h a t Ambedkar's i d e a l 8 o f p o l i t i c a l orgenieation of ten

r e f l e c t the p o l i t i c a l circumstances of India. Another

t h i n g that beconer apparent ie t h a t h i s p o l i t i c a l idea.

have come t o be formulated i n the l i g h t of hie 6ocia l

i d e a l a . A t tho some tire he uae n o t an arr -chai r p o l i l

philoeopher, but a man of act ion, a p o l i t i c a l eaancipal

specially of the dountrodden of I n d i a .

In order t o e s t a b l i s h the ega l i t a r i an idea l s o f

the ' free-@ene end @ f ree - roc ie tye e meaningful and prac

Ambedkel c o ~ b i n e d democracy and aocia l iaa on t1

On' hand and euggsstod refeguerdr t o the inter08t of thl

ddnC@ 9 ~ ~ b e d k a r adopted the following i n h i s p o l i t i c a l

l h i l ~ a o ~ h y

1. crusade f o r e o c i a l , economic and p o l i t i c a l

freedom i n term8 of l i b e r t y , equality and

f r a t e r n i t y ;

2. a dialike f o r any typo of imperialiem - eocio,

p o l i t i c a l , economic or re l ig ious ;

3. a commitment t o cons t i tu t iona l method as the

only way t o a t t a i n soc i a l jus t i ce and harmony;

4. a boeia f o r democratic dynamism, humanism uhict,

coneidere man as a maker o f culture and c i v i l i z

t i o n u i t h the p o t e n t i a l i t y t o r i s e on the basis

of knowledge.

'or the sake of convenience ue shall diacus8 Ambedkar'a

l ieu of' drmocrscy f i r s t .

The prrilr o t dolocraey a r i s e from revera1 source80 Inn . . -, - A - s,,,.r(nllltRndin,, o f

thsso domandr are O P P O ~ ~ ~ t o t h e i r prejudices, t h e i r

t r a d i t i o n 8 Or t h e i r i n t e r r a t a b A t h i r d one a r i s e 8 f r o r

the W r y n a t u r e o f pouer uhich tempt8 t h e r t r o n g to

@ x p l o i t t h e ueak. 1

Dorocracy ha8 t o t aco t h e r e p e r i l s because o f thl

t r a d i t i o n a l valuer o n tho one hand, and the soc ia l ,

p o l i t i c a l economic end r e l i g i o u s i n e q u a l i t i e s on t h e o t l

Ar~bodkar argues that an i n e q u i t o u a e o c i e t y t o r n i n t o

c o n f l i c t i n g l o y e l l t i e r is i ncapab le o f sus ta in i ng human

values conducive t o u n i n t e r r u p t e d g r o u t h and d e v e l o p ~ e n t

I n the p o l i t i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f the wor ld to-day,

'democracy' her come t o dominate o v e r a l l o ther pol i t i ce

idea la . I n the h i s t o r y o f p o l i t i c a l thinking, a f t e r t h e

accent Greeks ( e s p e c i a l l y a f t e r ~ r i s t o t l e ) , i t ues not

Jnt i& tho 17th c e n t u r y t h a t t he ideals o f democracy were

I t "88 d u r i n g t h o 17th c e n t u r y that John Lock6

gave hf 8 Tuo Trae t iaea on Governaent t o the modern uorlc

uhich influenced pol i t i ca l thought r i g n i f i c a n t l ~ * John

I t i r i r ~ o r t a n t t o note tha t John Lock@ uar not

PPO aed t o k i n $ s h i ~ , but t o the 'd iv ine r i g h t * * o f king

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f o ~ e ~ ha S U P P O ~ ~ ~ ~ tha idea l8 which led t o the Eng

revolut ion of 1688. A t the most, uhat he uanted uas a

, y s t e ~ i n uhich the sov@r@ign o r tho supreme a u t h o r i t y

ooee not b e l o n g t o any i n d i v i d u a l but to the people as

whole

Af te r Locke, Jean-Jaques Rousaeau (1712-1778) i n

:"cia1 C o n t r a c t l a y s doun t h a t tha people are not only 1

ultimate source o r all authority, but a l s o i n a eanse ,

r h a y c o n s t i t u t e the government, To him, aovero ign i ty

e x i s t s i n the "general u i l l w o f the people. The doctrir

o f the ' 'general will a is the most r i g n i f i c a n t contributj

o f Rousaeau t o deaocratic thought. 0.H. Zaidf hold8 thl

U

no p o l i t i c a l t h i n k e r i n France (not even f l0 f l t@3q~ i@u 01

v ~ l t a i r e ) o x s r c i r e d ruth en in f luence i n destroying the

gov@~nmcnt and paving the uay for the r 6 ~ 0 l u t i o n a r ~ 2

Outburat o r 1789 d i d Roueseau. Therefore,

Ye OF@ 10 used t o t h e uord 'democracyo t h a t ~9

,,,,, a r i g h t t o t a k e f o r g r a n t e d u h a t i t mean8 and "hat

,tands for* o u t , i n f a c t , on9 o f t h e most d i f f i c u l t

q,,~tionr t o 0naUer f a a b o u t t h e d e f i n i t i o n of democrocr

Some d ~ f i n i t i o n r ere vague, 801118 o t h e r 8 era no t complete

snd t h e r e f o r e , th@r@ no agreed form o f d e f i n i t i o n evo

so f a r . H o u ~ v @ ~ , l i t e r a l l y tha uord 'dorocracy ' meanr

gPvarnmont by the poopla o r r u l e o t t h e people.

W i t h i n the f r ameuork o f p o l i t i c s and soc io logy , i:

i s p o e r i b l e t o crupply someth ing l i k e a d e f i n i t i o n o r a ec

uhat adjurtabls form o f d e f i n i t i o n o f democracy. From

the vieu po in t of p o l i t i c e , democracy may be desc r ibed I as a eya tem o f government under uh ich the people e x e r c i c

the g o v e r n i n g m u o r e i ther d i r e c t l y o r through r e p r e e e n t a

p e r i o d i c a l l y e l e c t e d by th@@8elve8* n3 his mean*

that a s t a t e r a y be t e rmad doraocrat ic , i f i t provides 8

o f i n r t i t u t i o n e t h a t f u l f i l s a t l o a e t t vo a 8 8 e n t i a l

rk4uire taente . I t must , f i r a t , be a b l e t o e l i c i t

dccuri3tely p o r r i b l e tho o p i n i o n o f many people* who

sh;tll be t h e i r r r p r e s o n t a t i v r r , a s t o hov the count ry

uaY , o f t h a t those who are e l e c t e d by t he pub:

i n f a c t do Whet the @l@ctotate wants them t o do o r 1

they can be replaced if' they do n o t , even botuoen elect

The f u l f i l m e n t of th i8 r s q u i r e a e n t e n t a i l s method* of

,,pervising the u o ~ k o f government and o f keeping than

in ~ ~ n e t a n t contact u i t h p u b l i c op in ion . I n o ther wort

the process of government i n a democracy is e a e e n t i a l l l

a d ia logue betueen t h e r u l e r s and the ruled. 4

W i l l i a m Codu ln i n hie An Enquiry Concernins Oemc

says t h a t "Oolaocracy i s a ayrtem o f government accord i r

t o u h i c h every member o f a s o c i e t y is considered a8 a n

and n o t h i n g more. 13 R.B. Per r y discusses i n h is book,

Our S i d e iu R i q h t t h e connota t ion8 o f democracy and p o i

out that th6 core o f modern democracy conaiata of' an a t

t u d e vhich comprises three th ings.

1. t he acknouledgecaent o f the manhood o f each

and e v e r y human i n d i v i d u a l ;

2. a r e s p e c t for t he gener ic eseence o f manhood

houever a l i g h t i t s traces, ae comprising tho

facultiejs o f r e a r o n and conscience through

3. an all-compri8ing and compassionate love

individual man 08 seeker r t tor truth. 6

Deliale Burns, i n his Reaning o f Democracy, t

prove t h a t , "8 democracy e x i s t 8 o n l y uhen the doaina

c h a r a c t e r i a t i ~ is human, i n d i s t i n g u i s h i n g aen from

and the c i v i l i z e d i n c o n t r a a t w i t h the manners o f th,

savage. Such c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e rea ron ing and mora:

responsibility o f the i n d i v i d u a l f o r h i s a c t i o n s . W t

t h e w dominate roc fe ty there u i l l be deaocracy, 7 * NE

points out i n h i s book Glimpses o f World History, t h

Denocracy, . . . m a n s anything , means e q u a l i t y , not m

the equality o f possessing a vote but economic and so

b q u a l i t y . ' Theretoro, democracy may be looked a t fr

~ i f f e r a n t p o i n t s o f v ieu , a5 a way o f l i f e , as a form

y o v ~ r n m o n f , ae a n ins trument for the development o f sl

end e c o n ~ a i c c o n t e n t , e t c .

Damocracy and Its Nature

8ofore defining democracy, Ambedkar ~ k e 5 the F

" n a e ~ 0borvet ion on ths nature end OUrDo88 o f democr

and therefor@, i t i a not alway8 the 88l6l. For ex?mpla

the Athenian de~ocracy i s d i f f e ren t from our modern de

The Engl ish de@ocracy b@fora th r English Revolution o f

1688 uas not the aaae 88 the English democracy which

came aftor tho f f e ~ ~ l ~ t i ~ n O ? 1688. Therefore, democra~

a lways keep8 on changing i t 8 form and purpose. Accord.

t o Asbadkar, though democracy has changing aspects, it4

sin, is based on the welfare o f the peoplo.

Though Aabedker regards democracy a8 the best fc

o f p o l i t i c a l i n s t i t u t i o n , he ueo perhapr the first I n d i

socia l philoeophar vho.realired the inapplicability o f

Western type of democracy t o Indian s o c i e t y . He says t

the v e s t e r n type o f democracy has f a i l e d to noto the ua

of' l i f e o f the Indian poople and the s o c i o - r e l i g i o u s , el

~ C Q n o m i c contradictions o f the Indian society. Hero, b!

d@mocracy, it i s usually p a n t the parliamentary democrc

o r government which i s common i n Wartern countries.

Amb~dkar not s e t i g f i ~ d u i t h the d e l i n i t i o n s of democ

(liven by Waltac eagehot and Abraho~ Lincoln. According

O a ~ @ h o t , dsmocracy mean8 wgovornllOflt by di8cuaoion " 9 and

Rbraham L i n c o l n apsakgs of 'A ~overnaent of the P @ ~ P ~ ~ *

According t o Ambedkar, the d e f i n i t i o n of de@ocl

,a agovern@ant by t h e people, of' the peoplo and f o r tt

nothing but the @gtablishraent o t univeraol

irdult-euffrage. There fo re , he does not have any h e e i t

t i o n i n saying t h a t the habi t of constitut ional r o r a l i

essential for the rafntonance of' c o n s t i t u t i o n a l form

government b u t t h e maintenance o f a constitutional form

government i e n o t tho same as a se l f -govern len t of and

the people. S i m i l a r l y , i t may be granted that adult-su

can proouce a government o t the people i n the l o g i c a l

sense o f the phrase, that is, i n contrast to the govern

o f a king. But i t cannot by i t s e l f be s a i d t o b r i n g abl

a deaocra t ic government i n the sense o f govornaent 'by '

people and for the people.

Ambedkar diragreoe with the above def in i t ion o f

end d e c l a r e 8 that democracy o f th ie form is f a l l

c i ~ u a and g ~ o e r l y r i a l o a d i n g . I n order to uphold h i e v i

ha8 givrn the f ~ l l o u i n g erguaontl i n h i8 What Conqres

$d Gandhi Hove t o The ~ntouchabl@a?

( i ) Thcy o m i t t o teko in to account the incontro-

h i r t o r i c a l circumstancer, uhich 18 destined

t o rule, which doer ru l e and t o uhoa odult-

~ u f f r a g e and cons t i tu t iona l morality are no

ber aga ins t r e a c h i n g place8 o f pouor and

a u t h o r i t y and t o uhoa t h e s e rv i l e closeoe, bj

reason o f the f ac t tha t they regard the menbr

of the governing clasaea a s the i r natuzal

l eaders , volunteer to e l e c t a s rulera.

( i i ) They f a i l t o r e a l i z e t h a t the existence of a

governing class i e inconsistent w i t h deaocrac

and self-government and t h a t given the t a c t t

uhere the governing claer r e t a ins i ts pouer t

govern, i t i a wrong to say that democracy anc

eelf-government ex i s t unless democracy and ss

government a r e regarded a s mere matters o f fa

iii) Thoy do not seer t o be auare of the f ac t t h a t reif-government and democracy become r ea l not

uhen a constitution baaed on adult-suf frago

comas into existence but uhen t h o governing

claee loage f t e power t o capture the Power to

gover o.

a u t h o r i t y with no th ing more than adul t -

suffrage, i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s the govern

class aay be so well entsenched t h a t th ;

s e r v i l e clarees will need o the r safe-gu.

besides a d u l t - s u f f r a g e t o achieve the ec

(v) They seen t o pay no heed t o the f a c t thi

g i v e n the ex i s tence o f t he governing clc

m a t t e r s most i n the c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f an)

o f democracy and self-government i s the

outlook and social ph i losophy of the gou

class, f o r so l ong as the governing clas

i t s means t o capture the power t o govern

freedom ano the wel l -be ing o f the s e r v i l ,

classes must depend upon the s o c i a l outlc

the s o c i a l conscience o f the governing c:

and its ph i losophy o f l i f e . 9

Hence, according t o Ambedkar, the freedom o f a count1

doe8 n o t u s u a l l y mean the freedom o f the people i n t t

count ry . The i n f l u e n c e and the power o f the s t a t e ma

conc@ntratrd i n p e t t i c u l a r cia88 o f peopl@. Before

prQ.ulgation of t h e I n d i a n C o n ~ t i t u t i o n , the concept

b i r t h and n o t on t h e c a p a b i l i t i o s and c a l i b r a of tha

p,,pls. The v a r y v i t a l 8 of the I n d i a n 8 0 c i a l l i f e

been eaten by the religious doglna8 and soc io t y uh i ch ,,

based on graded i n e q u a l i t y .

Ambedkar spares no pain8 t o t e l l h i e country- ae

t h a t t h e y ault b0 m i s l e d by tho demand fo r the psi,

snd pr imacy o f p o l i t i c a l democracy i f tha t d i d not meal

~ i m u l t a n e o u s process o f tearing up the rooto o f an arc1

n ~ n - e g a l i t a r i a n s o c i e t y , o f es tab l i sh ing , p o e i t i v e l y

~ p b a k i n q , a bare o f economic and s o c i a l democracy, with

which p o l i t i c a l democracy becomes an engine o f oppressi

Oefini tion o f Democracy accordinq t o Ambedkar

Defining de~ocracy, Arbedker says 9 VY d e f i n i t i o n

democracy i a a for. and method of government uhereby

r @ v o l ~ t i o n a r y changer i n t he economic and 80Cial l i f e o f r l 1

the People era brought about u i t h o u t b lood shed.

' ccord ing t o him, t o e r t e b l i e h a r e e l form o f democracy,

'' a h o ~ l d b r i n g about fundarente l changer i n the s o c i a l

ind @ C o o o ~ i c o r thr pgoplc, and the poop18 should

idmentar y governmenF* [he root8 of' democracy lay *?#jr ;aBt in the f o r m of' government, p a r l i a ~ ~ n t o r y or otheruise ,

,!me I~IU c ~ ~ C Y * hh 0 b 8 ~ ~ @ 8 , '18 a mode O? associated l i v i n g ,

#@anf , , the fundamental changes i n 30cio-economic and p o l i t

cal l i f e oP the peop le . Democracy t o him i s not merely a

form o f government, but priaari ly a mode o f associated l i v .

o f conjo int communicated experience. I t involves an a t t i t r

o f respect and r e v s r e n c e touards fellowmen,

Cti~iocracy a Way o f Li f e

A~oeclkar v ieus "the i n d i v i d u a l as the centre o f a l l

~ o l i ~ l c a l d o c t r i n e ', as uell as an end i n himself and has

II

i n a l i e n r b l c r i g h t s ", uhich must be guaranteed to h.

'y the C O Q e t i t u t i ~ n and u h i c h s h o u l d be pto"ot@d by

'Od b ~ c i e t ~ . rho d e r ~ c r & j t i c pr inc ip les O P l i f e , l i b e r t y

lUrsu i t o f happinsag are considered t o be the e s sent ia l8 o f

I " I k n liplire i n h i r concept of' democracY. According t o him1

,"a, B y i d e a l a o c i e t y , he means, a Pree-society u i t

any sectional b a r r i e r 8 and uith t h e ideals of equal i

l i b e r t y and f r a t e r n i t y * In h i 3 Oun uords, "What is

i d e a l society if YOU do no t uant ca s t e is 4 question

is bound t o be asked. If You ask me, my i d e a l s ~ c i e t

ue a based on l i b e r t y , e q u a l i t y and f r a t e r n i t

An i d e a l s o ~ l t 3 t y shou ld be mobile, should be full of'

p,r convey ing a change taking place i n one pa r t t o o t

pYr ts . I n ctn l d e a l s o c i o t y t h e r e should be many i n t e ;

io , - , sc lous ly communicdted and sha red , There should be

a i r d f r e e points of c o n t a c t u i t h o t h e r modes of aasoci i

I n crtner word8 i t is a ' f r e e - s o c i e t y ' where there must

soc ia l endoswosis.

Am~edkar'a concep t of democracy t h u s a t t aches I

ifliporLance t o s o c i e t y than t o s t a t e . I n other words, 1

i c n s i a t r s s d o m ~ c r a c y a3 a usy of l i f e r a t h e r then a3 a

t i c a l i n s t i t u t i o n . f u r t h e r , i n democracy, equal i ty , 11

dnd frdturnity must bk the governing p r i n c i p l e s o f hums

muat n o t only be staunch , , i n our f a i t h . . in demo

Further, he reeks t o aynthor ise i n d i v i d u a

common good i n equal measure i n s o c i a l relational

T h e r e f o r e , according t o Ambedkar:

A d~mocratic form o f governn~ent prerruppos~ democratic form of soc ie ty . The formal f . o f democracy i s o f no v a l u e and uould, in, s misfit i f there was no s o c i a l democracy po l i t i c i an8 never ree l i s ed t h a t democracy a form o f government; i t uas e s s e n t i a l l y , s o c i e t y . I t may n o t be necessary for a dl s o c i e t y t o be marked b y unity , by comaun. purpose, by l oya la ty t o public ends and b o f sympathy. , , , Ths f i r s t is an a t t i t u d e dn attituoe o f r e a p e c t and equal i ty touarc ftrlloue. second i s a s o c i a l organiaal Prom r i g i c s o c i a l barr iers , Democracy i s t i b l e and inconsistent w i t h i s o l a t i o n and ness, r e s u l t i n g i n r h e distincti n betueei pr i v i l e g r d d n d t h e unprivileged. 9 5

111 d d ~ i n o c r d i c f o r m o f s o c i a t y , rights and ob l i c

c ~ ~ r & , & i v ~ L U edch olt-ier. An individual's ;

..l.lits o i , , l ~ g ~ t i ~ , n on h i e p a r t t o r e s p e c t the

r l . , n t o r ~ r t l o r s , "brokar m a i n t a i n s t h a t there (

Q ~ w . ~ c r d c y in s ~ c i t j t y i n uhich t h e r e are only PI

r d r some and dieabilities for the vast m a j o r i t y (

no equal r ight s and o b l i g a t i o n f o r 1 . So,

c r d t i c rora o r government proeupposas a democrat.

Ambedkar is o f the v i e w tha t the i d e a l o f de

s h o u l d be defined i n terms o f the cherished values

rought t o be rea l i e ed i n all aspects o f human l i f e

i n t e r m s o f the institutions uhich may bo suitable

r r a l i a a t i o n of' those va lues , Thus, i n d e f i n i n g an

u h s t h a r s o c i e l or p o l i t i c a l , primary importance oua 1:tu r ki

g i v e n 1 t o human v a l u e s than to the i n s t i t u t i o n s .

b ~ c o r a i n g to him, s o c i e t y is not j u s t a b io log ica l

~ r ~ l c h has an ~ndapendent consciousness o f its oun,

I I L ~ L l t s d l f ~ d p a ~ l e o f c h e r i s h i n g any value. A11

are n e c e s s a r i l y experieirced and cherished by i n d i v j

Since t h e tims U P the French revolut ion, equal i ty ,

arid f ra tern i ty have been declared as const i tut ing I

i n s p i r * t i o n o f uemocracy. Ambedkar uants t o estabj

e q u a l i t y , l i u e r t y and f ra tern i ty a s the basic valuc

d r e impl ic t i n the very l o g i c o f soc io -po l i t i ca l 1.

r u e , aemocracy must be a uay o f l i f e i n u h i c h the

d r u f u l l y rea l i sad i n pract ice .

In this broad sense , a s o c i e t y i n uhich the

l i o o r t y , equal i ty and fraterni ty are real ieed can

r d r a l l or 48 "a uay o f l i r e i n a soc i e ty i n which eacl

l n o i ~ i d u a l is bel ieved to be e n t i t l e d t o an equal i ty 0 1

:oncerrl as regard8 t h e chances o f par t i c i p e t i n g freely

; h e valuae o f that soc i e ty . "1 7

Iemocracy as a P o l i t i c a l I n s t i t u t i o n

In a common parlance, uherevtr there i a a p a r l i ;

ientary f o r m o f government or a republ ic , the re i s demc

h e d e m o c r a t i c form o f government i e predominantly conr

ional and representative i n character. I e According t c

lrnbrdkirr there are three major f a c t o r s inherent i n the

~arl iomenter y form o f Government. They are:

1 . Parliamentary government means negation of he

r u l e . No parson can claim t o be a hereditary

Who ever wants t o r u l e must be elected b y the

Qroni time t o time. He must obtain the approve

peop le , Hereditary r u l e has no sanction in t h

lidmeritdry system o f government.

L. H i l y ldw, any measure applicable t o the public

t h a t he can make the l a u s , and ca r ry the

yovsrnnrent. The laws are t o be made by t

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e people i n the par1

3. Parl iamentary ayatem o f t h e government me

that a t a s t a t e d p e r i o d those uho vant t o

the head o f the s t a t e mus t h a v e a t h e conPi

the people i n themselves renewed. 19

9a r l i amen ta ry democracy thus means negat ion o f herec

the l a u a s h o u l d be made by the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h

dnd f r ee and f a i r e l e c t i o n s should be conducted regu

muans tne e l ec t ed r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s must have the conf

o f t h e people reneued i n themselves a t s t a t e d perioc

parliamantary democracy has progressed i n three d i r t

I t buqon u i t h e q u a l i t y o f p o l i ~ i c a l r i g h t s i n t h e PC

u n i v e r s a l s u f f r a g e and has prograsaed by expanding t

uf' e q u a l i t y o f p o l i t i c a l r i g h t s , t o e q u a l i t y of' s o c j

c ~ u n o m i c o p p o r t u n ~ t i e s . LO

Whi le e x p d l ~ n i n y .- . t h e na ture and scope of parj

the machinery of parliamentary democrac

very s l o v moving, and swi f t ac t ion is delayed. In pal

mgntary deaoczacy the executive may be held u p by the

l s t u r e uhich r e f u s e s t o pass the l a u s which the execul

u d n t s , and i f i t i s n o t held by t he l e g i s l a t u r e i t ma:

h e l d up by the jud ic ia ry which may dec la re the laue a:

g a l . f u r t h e r , t he re is also t he f a i l u r e due to our i

i n p r o v i d i n g t o t he masses t he r i g h t t o l i b e r t y , prop

a n d pursuit of happiness. Therefore, there i s iamens

c o n t s n t a g a i n s t parliamentary democracy. According t

nrnoddkar, t h i s quest ion ~ecomes very important f o r i n

t n d t "there i s a g r e a t need of some one u i t h courage

l i l o i a , beware o r pdrl iamrntarf d~rnocracy, i t 18 n o t t

p r o o u c t au i t appears t o be. T h i s statement e v i d

snow3 his courdgs u h i c h l e d him t o a n a l y s e the f a i l u r

. ~ , r l i a ~ r , m t a r y oemocracy in genera l and s p e c i f i c a l l y u

sfererice t o the Indian context . Ambedkar argues tha

f d i l u r e has been due t o bad organisa t ion end wrong i d

from t h e f i r s t point o f view Ambedkar u r i t o s :

All p o l i t i c a l s o c i s t i e s ge t divided i n t o t v o c the r u l e r s and the ruled. T h i s i s one e v i l .

. - . , * L - - - & --I... h F1,

genera l ly peop le do not want t o see t h a t they govern by themselves. They are content t o eat government and l eave i t t o govern then. T h i s exp la ins why parl iamentary democracy has nevex a government of the people and why i t has beer r e a l i t y a government o f a he red i t a ry subjec t c b y h e r e p t a r y r u l i n g c lass .

I t l u t h i v u ic ious organiza t ion o f p o l i t i c a l : u h i c h h ~ s made parl iamentary democracy such a f a i l u r e . I t is because o l t h i s t h a t the par l i i democracy has not f u l f i i l e d the hope i t h e l d I the common man o f ensur in t o h i s l i b e r t y o f and pursuit of ' happiness. 3 2

indeed, the governing c l a s s aluays has the upper han

tr iu s e r v i l e c l a s s . A d u l t suff'rage and constitutions

l ~ t y have no bar d g a i n s t the pouer of ru l ing c l a s s .

i u r o , i n d p o l i t i c d l o rgan i sa t ion , danger f o r pa r l i a

u e m o c r i c y risks Prom t h e people uho possess special

a n o p o u e r , uho mdke l a w s which b e n e f i t them and are

I G the s e r v i l e c l a s se s . Hence, oad organisa t ion i s

t h e se t -backs o? parl iamentary democracy. So pa r l i i

democracy ha8 never been a government o? the peop.

the people, according t o Ambedkar. I t is t h i s vicil

p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i s s t i o n uhich has made parliamentary

such a dismal f a i l u r e . Therefore, he ur i t e8 : "It c

i n genora l terme t h a t t he d i sccn ten t aga ins t p a r l i a

From the second point o f view Ambedkar take

i d u o l o g y ' a s tho means f o r t h e f a i l u r e of parliame

oernocrzicy.

Parliamentary democracy took no no t ice o f e i n e q u a l i t i e s and d i d not c a r s to examine t h o f freedom o f con t r ac t on the part ies t o t h i n s p i t e of the f a c t t h a t they uere unequal bargaining pouer . I t d i d not mind i f the f con t r ac t gave the s t r o n g oppor tuni ty t o def weak. 24

Like wmbodkar, kehru a l s o accepted t h a t the

i n e q u a l i t y o f a s o c i e t y i s t h e major cause of t h e

democracy, Nehru o b s e r v e s :

... t h e f a i l u l s of parliamentary democracy t h a t i t nas gone too f a r , b u t t h a t i t has n f a r enough. I t uas n o t democratic enough b i t d i d n o t p r o v i d e f o r economic democracy, methods were s l o u and c mbrous and unsui te period o f r a p i o change. !is

Democracy, according t o Aabedkar, etands Po

"equirlity '. He a rgues t h a t the parliamentary fo rm

cracy developed a passion f o r l i b e r t y . I t never m

n o d d i n g acqua in tance with equa l i t y . I t f o i l e d t o

b ign i f i cance of e q u a l i t y and a i d not even endeavou

fo rce , 26 Hence, according to Ambedkar, aoc ia i and

aepecte o f democracy are t h e tissues of the p o l i t i c

cracy. The tougher the t i s s u e and f i b e r , the g rea t

a t r e n g t h of t h e Dodl o f democracy. He repeatedly a

t h a t dcmocracy s h o u l d enable each and e v e r y person

t h e i r limitless p o t e n t i a l i t i e s t o the maximum possi

w i t h o u t jeopardis lng t h e equa l i t y , legt imate in t e r s

~ v p i r a t i o n s of o the r s .

I n order t o che r i sh the values o f equa l i ty ,

orla f ' rdt t r r~i ty i r t t h e sphere o f parliamentary democ

A l i i b e ~ n i i i t n u r r ~ e r d t ~ s t h e importance of some fac tors

successful uorking o f parliamentary democracy,

a ) Lack of Social Inequa l i ty

The f i r s t important condit ion is t h a t there

us no g l a r i n g i n e q u a l i t i e s i n soc ie ty . Generally

c a s t s system i n India i s a s e r ious obs t ac l e t o the

u m o c r a c y . To An~oedkar, the roots of democracy li

Ileal t h y s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p a among the people, who

s o c i e t y w i t h the deaire fo r community ue l fa re , loy

scdlfj of' reverance and a descending s c a l e o f cantemp

Hance t n e r e must be scope f o r the g r o u t h o f t h e sent

o f e q u a l l t y and f r a t e r n i t y . I t means there ahould n

be oppr8sssd and suppressed c l a s s e s b e a r i n g a l l the

nor o class having a l l the p r i v i l e g e s . I n such a eo

t h e germs o f a revolution a r e found t o e x i s t and i t

d e s t r o y democracy, ha uarns. In other uordr, i n a d

G u ~ r y booy has the r i g h t t o vote , even the oppressec

suppressed, and s i n c e we adopt majority rule as no I

u t c i s i a n , i t is p 0 ~ 8 i b l e t h a t i f the privileged few

w i l l i n g l y and v o l u n t a r i l y surrender t h e i r privi lege:

t h ~ d i s t a n c e betueen them a d the lower orders will

damocracy and b r i n g i n t o ex is tence , something q u i t e

a i f f e r e n t . L8 T n e r e f o r e , t h e deep c leavage between

c l a a a i r one o f t h e g r e a t e s t h indrances t o the succl

democracy. The s o c i a l c leavage u i l l l e a d t o a t o t e

o f dsaocracy.

The Need for Oppoeition

The second e s s e n t i a l condition f o r a succeaa

u r deaucracy is the e x i s t e n c e o f the opposition par

e l e c t ion. Parliamentary type o f Government always

r o r p r c t t o o p p o s i t i o n because i t is the l i f e breath

cracy. ambedkar wri tes; t h a t i n a multi-party syst

s i t i o n i s the key t o a f r e e p o l i t i c a l l i f e . No dela

oo without i t , 29 a Without the opposi t ion par ty , t C

Government may euppress the facts;30 the Govarnaent

o n l y one s i d e d propaganda uhich u i l l destroy the hi

l i a a e n t a r y democracy. Therefore, a t eome place or

t h e r e auat be a - veto power upon the au thor i ty of ti

the country.

f u r t he r , Ambsdkar says that democracy i s no

Pied w i t h quinquennial -* v e t o but demands an inmedia

apart Prom the f i v e year -* v e t o a l o n g term one. 1

t a p ~ o p l e i n the par l iament , immediately ready, t t

t o c h e l l e n g s the a u t h o r i t y of tho government. Her

cracy ,roans t h i t nobody has any perpetual authori l

b u t that r u l e i s sub jec t t o sanct ion by the peopli

be challenged i n t h e house i t s e l f . "31 Therefore,

i s very important t o maintain the sovere igni ty of

and democracy.

j u s t i f y every a c t t h a t i t does t o those pooplo who

be long t o i ts party. '32 Ambedkar emphatically s t a t

Oernocracy m u s t l e a r n t h a t its s a f e t y l i e 8 i n more than one o p i n i o n regarding the solu t ion p a r t i c u l a r problem, and i n o rde r t h a t people ready t o advise w i t h t h e i r opinions, democra ledrn t o g i v e a res e c t f u l hearing t o a l l w l u o r t h l i s t e n i n g to. 53

f r e e dno f a i r e l e c t i o n is t h e o ther p i l l a r c

parl iamentary democracy rests. f r e e and f a i r elect

necessary fo r t h e t r a n s f e r o f power Prom one p o l i t ;

t o t he o t h e r i n a peacefu l manner and w i t h o u t any I

I n a democrdtic country, very of ten free a1

t i o n h a 3 bocunie a mere paper agreement t o deceive

~ ~ i b s s e u . we muit not l o s e s i g h t o f t he f a c t t h a t b

t r ~ a l i u t s anu business men a r e always t r y i n g t o p l

r o l e i n tne p o l i t i c a l l i f e of a country. The amoul

b e i n g cont r ibuted t o t h e r u l i n g par ty a t the time

on b u h a l f of the ' bur ineee cen and i n d u a t r i s l i e t s '

dangerous t o democracy. Ambedkar seya t h a t , i f t h

clasaae t r v t o in f luence the e l e c t i o n s by contribu

starting po in t o f the f a i l u r e o f p o l i t i c a l democrac

He u r i t e s :

I f the party t o which they have supported P i cornea i n t o power they u i l l na tu ra l ly try t o concessions fo r themselves e i t h e r by oodifyi present l e g i s l a t i o n o r by influencing the pa pouer t o l e g i s l a t e i n such a manner as uoul benef ic ia l t o t h e i r i n t e r e s t s , 34

T t ~ ~ r e f o r e Aabedkar th inks t ha t the investment of mo

tlrsiitess men and i n d u s t r i a l i s t s i s the f i r s t enemy

i i ~ tn ta ry uernocracy. Further , they u i l l have t h e i r h

y o v a r n n l e n t und inf 'rings the r i g h t functioning o f thi

governments.

Equality i n Lou and Adminiatration

Tha t h i r d conoit ion for the success o f perlii

aemixracy i s the equa l i ty i n law and administrat ionL

o f tan happens, Ambedkar observee, t h a t the party GO\

c a r r i e s the admii-iistration fo r t h e benef i t o f the mt

33 the party. If a p a r t i c u l a r o f f i c e r f a i l s to obey

man, t h e p d r t y man approaches h i s par ty leader or tt

f ~ n c e r n o d and aeea t h a t the officer i s transferred f

Ambedkar p o i n t e d o u t t h a t the must be a

between t h e p o l i t i c a l o f f i c e r and c i v i l o f f i c e r i

t o maintain t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n impar t i a l .

C o n s t i t u t i o n a l Rorality

The four th cond i t ion is the observat ion o f

t i o n a l moral1 t y , according t o Ambedkar. He obser

have a c o n s t i t u t i o n which conta in8 l e g a l provis ic

a s k a l e t o n is t o be round i n what we c a l l cons t i t

~ n o r d l l t y . @I 36 Without c o n s t i t u t i o n a l m o r a l i i y , t t

l a d d e r 8 have temptat ion t o do wrong t l i i n g s t o t h r

n m t s i n c i v l l o f f i c e o r i n oppos i t i on par ty , u h ~

t r n ~ p u r d r y power. Arnuedkar c i t e s E n g l i s h h i s t o r y

I f ' you redd English h i s t o r y you u i l l f i n d i l l u s t r a t i o n s uhere the pa r ty l e a d e r s havc them many t empta t ions t o do wrong t o t h e i ~ i n o f f i c e o r i n o p p o s i t i o n by c lu t ch ing el w h i c h gave them temporary power, b u t uhici re fused t o f a l l prey t o , because they knot would damage t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n and damage c

Roral order i n Soc ie ty and P u b l i c Conscience

F u r t h e r , when t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n f a i l s t o p,

a r l i ~ conbti tut iori t he re must be no tyranny o f the rnajo~

J J C ~ the minority. The minority must always f ee l thal

the majori ty is running the Government, t h e l a t t e r is

h u r t . T h i s may be achieved o n l y w i t h the h e l p o f conr

moral i ty .

The last condi t ion, according t o Ambedkar, is

oroer i n soc ie ty and p u b l i c conscience. Generally pl

~ c i ~ n t i s t s uant t o distinguish p o l i t i c s from e t h i c s ,

h b e d k a r syntheeises both. According t o h im:

Democracy i s spoken of ten i n a f ree Government vhdt do ue mean by f r e e Governlent? I t means i n vaet aspec t s o f s o c i a l l i f e p e o p l e are l e f t t o car ry on without in t e r fe rence of l eu , o r i f has t o be made, then t h e leu maker expects tha s o c i e t y w i l l h ve enough moral i ty i n i t t o mak law a s u c ~ e s s . $8

According t o Ambedkar, i t is only Laski among

p ~ l i ~ i c d philosophers uho emphasised t h i s point f o r

success o f democracy. Ambedkar wr i t e s , * I f there i s

moral o r a e r , democracy will go t o pieces a8 i s going

p r o b a o l j i n our own country, "39

I( n " P u o l i c conucience, t o h im , means conscience which

q i t a t e d a t every wrong, no matter who is the rufferc

i r alearia t h a t everybody uhother he r u f f e r a that par t i

u ron j or no t , ie prepared t o join him i n order t o gel

r e l i e v e d , 4 0

When a l l thsse condi t ions a r e present , democri

uell and f u l f i l l s i t s o b j e c t i v e s , b u t when they are I

o r o n l y p a r t i a l l y Pound, democracy f a i l s , TherePore

i n 9 t o Ambedkar, "us must make p o l i t i c a l democracy a

democracy a s u e l l . P o l i t i c a l oemocracy cannot l a s t I

t h e r e l i e s a t t h e base of i t a s o c i a l democracy, U 4 1

Amoedkar f i r m l y be l i eves t h a t p o l i t i c a l democracy i s

i t i t is not preceosd by economic and s o c i a l democra

l o r i g a s miin i s n o t g u a r a n t e e d t he bas ic n e c e s s i t i e s

ha ca i inot func t ion as a c i t i z e n i n a soc ie ty . P o l i t

traaaos will not be o f any use i n t h e absence o f eco

trurdoa. The problem of economic freedom w i l l be d i

ur~der the s e c t i o n 04 dconomic r@fo rm ,

imoedkar than turns t o the ways o f maintainin

orii~ocracy arid warns aga ins t the sp i r i t of i r r a t i o n a l

On January 26, 1950, we a r e going t o enter i n t l i f e of cont rad ic t ions . In p o l i t i c s ue will h d v s i nequa l i ty . ue must remove t h i a con t rad i u t the e a r l i e a t moment or e l s e those uho a u 1 f ~ i l i a q u a l i t y w i l l blow u p the s tructure o f p o l i t dmocracy w h i c h this assembly has so laborious b u i l t u p , 4 Z

Tnurbtore, Ambedkar urges t h e Indian s o c i e t y t o rernov

c o n t r a d i c t i o n s i n t h e s o c i a l and economic l i f e o f the

people and i n s i s t e d therlt t o make p o l i t i c a l and s o c i a l

u racy the i r way o f l i f e . Further, "the p r inc ip le s o f

k ~ r r t y , e q u a l i t y and Patern i ty a re not to be treated

supdriiit! i t u l n s ~f a t r in i ty . They f o r m the union o

5.7. Economic Reform - .

Many s o c i o l o g i s t s bel ieve that economic reforn

accompany p o l i t i c a l reform, because p o l i t i c a l reform

i t s e l f meaningless i f p e o p l e starve i n pover ty . 44 Ha

L a v k i i n his 'A - Grammar -- o f P o l i r i c s " r i g h t l y observes

Opportunity i s e maLter of pa te rna l c i r cuss t a r Tne boys of r i c h parents p r o f i t more by t h e mc eystem o f education than those o f the pocr pa1 C h i l d r e n uho come hungry t o school cannot prof e d u c a t i o n i n l i k e doaree t o those uho a re us11

Ambbdkar a leo agree8 with Lask i i n maintainil

there cdn be no p o l i t i c a l s t a b i l i t y unless or other1

the re i a aocio-economic equa l i ty . Hence he t r a c e s 1

o r i g i n s O ? economic d i s a b i l i t i e s from t h e ancient H,

l i t e r a r y oources. Uhile u r i t i n g about the economic

t i o n a o f t he untouchables i n India , he desc r ibes thr

p o s i t i o n a s most p i t i a b l e . According t o him, the dc

c l a s s e s have no s o c i a l and economic independence i n

p a r t o f t h e count ing. some of hem c u l t i v a t e t h e 14

t ne or thodox classes a8 t h e i r t enen t s a t w i l l . Othr

on t h e i r ea rn ings a s a farm l aboure r s employed by tl

dox classes and t h e rest subsist on the food or gre .

t o t h i e Dy t h e orthodox c l a s s e s i n l i e u oP service ;

tu thsm a s v i l l a q t s e r v a n t s . There a r e numerous i n

u h u r e t h e orthodox c l a s s e s have u s e d t h e i r economic

weapon dgainst; t t ~ o a e depressed c l a s s e s i n t h e i r v .

~ i l r . i i t l ~ t ldttjr hdve ddrud t o exerc i se t h e i r r ights,

a v i c t e o them f r o m t h e i r l end , and stopped t h e i r emp;

uivcont inucd t h e i r remuneration a s v i l l a g e eervants

b u y c o t t i~ o f t e n planneo on s u c h an extens ive s c a l e

-Iiciuot: Lno prevent ion oP the depressed classes fro1

Pnmmn-l

Tr:erof'oru, they are the body o f t h e l a n d l e a e peasant

d r a 0 n t i r e l y oependent upon such employment as the p.

l i inaus may choosa t o g i v e such wages as the Hindus m

i t prof i tab le t o them. In the v i l l a g e e i n uhich the

tr tey cannot engage t h e m s e l v e s i n any t r a d e or occupa

ouing t o u n t o u c h a b i l i t y , no Hindu will deal u i t h t h e

is, t h e r e f o r e , oov i oue t h a t t he re is no e a r n i n g uhic

t o t h e untouchab les ,

Hence, Ambedkar emphasizes the consequences o

r ~ i l r i o i n i c oependency . The economic dependency has a1

cansequences bes iaes t h e c o n d i t i ~ n o f p o v e r t y and de

u t ~ i c h proceed f r o m i t . The Hinous have a code o f li

1 s p a r t and p a r c e l of' t h e i r r e l i g i o n . This code o f

L hem iltsll y p r i v i l e g e 8 and heaps upon the un touchab les

~ ~ n ~ t ~ s s u n i c h erc- i n c o m p a t i b l e u i t h the s a n c t i t y o f

w o r a k d r stresses t h a t as a r e s u l t o f the New-Life-fl

u n i c h had taken h o l d o f t h e untouchables, they had b

on a silent uar , 47

T h i s s t r u g g l e , he says, is, a g a i n s t t h e i n d i g

ol'io i n l u s t i c e which the o r t hodox Hindus, i n t h e name

3 c o n o m i c a l l y poor a n d s o c i a l l y small g r o u p s o f tna unt

nuuovor, t h a t the Hindus must o f t e n s u c c e e d i n p u l l i n g

~ ~ ~ t u u c h a o l e e i a l a r g e l y d u e t o many c a u s e s . The Hindu

A d , own everything-the l a n d , the s t a t e and t h e g o v

~ i l d c o n t r o l o v e r trade. He p o i n t s o u t :

Every aource o f revenue and p r o f i t is c o n t r o l 1 8 by theo. O t h e r communities and p a r t i c u l a r l y u n touchables a re just howere o f uood end drauere ua t e r . The s o c i a l system helpe t h e H i n d u s t o h a m o n o p o l y o f e v e r y t h i n g . 48

; h s r a f o r e , u n d e r the f o l d o f o r t h o d o x y , s p e c i a l p r i v i l

era g u a r a n t s e d t o a small s e c t i o n o f the Hindu commun

. h e mass o f paop lb remained b o n d e d . Further, nmbedkar

. u L l I t t ~ o u g h H i n d u i s m hsd ooen a b s o r b i n g many o f the cu.

Llhia i t s Po lo , i t h i l e d t o a b s o r b the u n t o u c h a b l e s or

1 o a r aga ins t t h j untouchables. Thay e x p l o i t e d the I

h L l u z &no crnhaoced among themselves a f e e l i n g of' pr ide

. I . t ~ ~ y b r P i ~ t ~ r ~ g a mauter c l a s s a t the c o s t o f t h e SO*

~ ; ~ L o u c n a r i l e ~ . Thtiref'ora, the s o - c a l l e d untouct~aoles wc

Is rilrced idoourera , scavengers and sueapera a s t h e y cc

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ p ~ ~ ~ e o due t o t h e i r s t a t e o f c o m p l e t e d e s t i t u t i o n ar

~ S Y ~ I B B Q t n unrk on a marn n i t t a n r ~ and anmca t i m a p nn r

b ~ c o m e s uorae than that of alavea, 49 Arnbedkor r i g h t l y

p o i n t s o u t :

Those uho were d e n i e d t h e power t o a u t h o r i t y as the s u b o r d i n a t e p o s i t i o n o f o b e d i e n c e end thosr e n j o y the p r i v i l e g e d p o s i t i o n o f a u t h o r i t y stri t o main ta in t h e i r p o u e r a n d p r e s t i g e and t e n d t j u s t i f y t h e i r r e t e n t i o n by the mos t specious a; f a l l a c i o u s k i n d s o f a r g u m e n t s . Whenever men bc o n l y r e c i p i e n t s o f o r d e r s t h e y l o s e t h e i r i n d i \ l i t y a n d a b i l i t y t o r e a l i s e t h e i r own good.50

irrl;ret'oru, nmbedkdr uanta t o w i s e the economic s t a t 1

t n ~ u n t o u c h a o l e s , oecause the pouer o f money is a grec

l i t c l l t v a t l r i g t h e s o c i a l s t a t u s o f men i n s o c i e t y . Ambc

- , , , a ~ i z e u ire t t e r p r o s p e c t s for untouchaolea uhen the:

U L L ~ , , , ~ b c ~ i ~ o m i c a l l y s t a o l e w i t h a o e q u a t e p o l i t i c a l pol

t h e i r hanua. He was conscious o f t h e i n t i m a t e connel

D a t u e ~ n i n d i v i d u a l l i b e r t y a n d e c o n o m i c a s p e c t o f s o c

Thu e c o n o m i c d i e a b i l i t i e s o f t h e untouchab les ere due

l le lplessness o f the u n t o u c h a b l e s . Hence, economic pol

-o f ia idered by him a s v e r y e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e p r o g r e s s I

can be no s u c h d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f vict imizot i E c o n o m i c a l l y s p e a k i n g the H e r i j a n s have const the landless p r o l e t a r i a t a n d an e c o n o m i c solu removes the s o c i a l bar ers t h a t custom and t r a d i t i o n have reiaed. ii

A t the same time Ambedkar disagreed u i t h I n d i

s o c i i d i s t s who, P o l l o u i n g t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t s i n Euro

seekirbg t o a p p l y t he economic i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f h i s t i

f a c t s o f I n d i a . They propound t h a t man is an econom,

t u r e , t h o t h i e a c t i v i t i e s and a s p i r a t i o n s aro bound 1

rnic Pacts and t h a t p r o p e r t y i s the o n l y source o f pok

They, here fore, preach t h a t p o l i t i c a l and soc ia l re1

are n o t h i n g but g l g a n t i c i l l u s i o n s and t h a t e c o n o m i c

(11 e q u a l i z a t i o n o f p r o p e r t y must have procedence o v e r

o t n e r kind o f reform, *mbedkar says:

Relegion, s o c i a l s t a t u e a n d p r o p e r t y ore e l l source8 o f pouer and a u t h o r i t y , u h i c h one man t o c o n t r o l t h e l i b e r t y o f a n o t h e r . One i r p r e n e n t a t one a t i g e , the o t h e r i s p r e d o m i n e n t a t a n o t h e r atage . That is t h e o n l y d i f fe rence . l i b e r t y i s t h e i d e a l , i f l i b e r t y means tne dea t i o n o f t h e o o m i n i o n uhich o n e man holds over then o b v i o u s l y i t c a n n o t be i n s i s t e d upon t h a t r e f o r m nust t ~ e t h e one k i n d o f r e f o r m v o r t h y o

IrcrDLe anill LO th. drrfrrn aocrety. kt in lnolan I?

,la, ~ ~ n @ p $ ~ u ~ u & ~ O & L ~ ~ C I of tociel rquslit y

,&tO

tnakaa p ~ p l e o u ~ Lo t h praQoeinsncs o f t r k t d

i ,c18rrt 00~.0e On tnr Qnr h&nO .no c r a t e md c u a t c m ~ ol

,trier. ray@, 'I do not ollllavs t h a t UB C P ~ b u i l d u

1roo-8ocrrty i n i n d i a rr lonp rs t h a t @ i a I t race t

1.1-tre~tarnt, ma rupprrrr ion o f onu c l r s s by another.

b: thur Aababkat rrguwd!

u i l l t ~ o t j a m i n a r%v;lution for the equa l Z * ~ L Q ~ o r ~ r o p u r t y unle3r r n o y knou that a f t o r r + ~ o i u t i a n l u # C ? U P W U ~ t h e r u i i l be treated equ

M a t trluttr u ~ i l t)y risr a l ~ c r i r n i n e t i o n o f cas ~n;: cruro. r8surarlL@ 3 f a e o c i a l i s t l e a d i n t l i u ruwol~tion th.t hg d0u8 not oelieve in c a s t I om suru, ~ 1 1 1 i,,r i c e . Tne orsurence .us - t v Lhv rr.ur.i\cc yroceaoinc) l r o a much deeper f o t i ~ n , , :he N U n t r l d t t l t u ( 1 b t h ~ c ~ m p ~ t i + d - d : ~ o U ~ I W *c\aLtscr I ( \ t r ( c i r spirit o f p h r a o n a l ' - i u ~ h t ~ i ~ d t ~ r n l t , . ban i t ce r a i o t h a t t w o l o t * t i d t or 1 , poor ur i t is , recoqniss G L s t ~ n c t ~ , , i , a ohcopt t h a t c ? t h e r l c h and the pc

i t ba s i l o t r ~ d t t h e podr An i n d l a recoqnizl ~iarinctions o t c d s t e or creed, h i g h or 1

h ~ r \ ~ ~ A a b s ~ k a r euggosts, t h o s o c i a l order prevalent

lb a n a t t e r vhich e aocielist must deal w i t h . Unlear

Q U f l a l i ~ ~ doeg 8 0 . t h e y cannot achieve their revo lu t .

l u l t h o % , t f l v & u f l * ~ ~ f l g l ::t the uedkclr s i i c t l o n s i n

r E .,,, A O U I L O t h ~ (~c~IL..L urpi01L0t:on o f the caF

1 ' : , , d i . 0 O V I ~ f . 2 # O L : J ; rnC : t l i ~ l r j u s d i a ~ a i i l i i ~ :

*"

K : : + c ~ r ~ a ~ ~ i . ~ f l : i t ~ i 5 i J ~ i d ~ 1 6 ~ ~ cannot 1 i c e r a t ~

- - w . r . . e l ~ ~ T C C t t i ~ i y r ~ ~ . r i y o f t i l y ; 1 4 ~ i i i n s o c i e t y . Tht

: w IUL:&AIJ. t t ) m g ~ r ~ a b f d i l ~ m ~ c r d t i ~ bi

ubi w u . u r s i l l y ~f . i t ~ i ~ , d l t u g u b. t h c ~ i i i e c t ~ v i s e d ra6th0(

' . a 3 t I 0 f I n o ~ r r .

'Unt ' r f ; r ~ ~ l u i t h r t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 01 u,etnsra o f land under I

a 1 ''Ju W t f o f rgriculturrl populut ion iti i d l o 8nl

luobs ' '" 4 QO88t pr##rur@ on lend. Th i8 pres!

According t o Ambedkar , indurtrirlirrf f oa o f . 1

the eoundort r r rody ?or the 8 g r i c u l t u r a l a o b L ~ u a4

ar thr untouch8blrr. Ambedkar ruggerta that thir 4

u i l f o r c i b l y crsrtr t h e o c o n o ~ i c nrcoeai ty o f snlrr

h o l d i n g . Therotore, he 8 8 ~ 8 , 'By l eg is lat ion uo u i l

sham economic holding a t tho coa t o t many social i l l

by i n d u e t r i a l i z s t i o n , a l a r g e oconoric holding u i l l

upon ur a pure gain. $7

On t h e l ines of hbedkar , kehru 8180 accept8

indu8 trializrtion or the e o l u t ion for untouchabi l i t l

uritee, '1 believe i n the rapid i n d u ~ t r i a l i z a t i o n 01

country and o n l y thus , I think, will the r t ~ d r r d r 6 C

people rirs r u b a t a n t i a l l y and poverty be corbetrd."

Amodku explained h i @ ideal o f r ta tu loci&

h io aomorondum aubmit ted to the Const i tuent ilrreabll

1947. H ie belief uor that, not pr ivate mterpfrar

the atate-aocirli rm on1 y could enruro rperdy indurtr

rat ion o f India and help thr landlrrr p@wViknt o f Lc

, " 4

(2) That induatriar uhich r r a not kay induit

uhich ore baaic indur t r i r r ahall be o h 4

ateto and a h a l l be run by tho ata te or t

tione e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e atate.

(3) That Insurance s h a l l be the monopoly of

and that the S ta te s h a l l conpol every a(

zen t o take o u t o l i f e insurance pol icy

u i t h h i s uagar a8 may be proscribed by 1

lature.

( 4 ) That agriculture aha l l be a s t a t e indual

(5) That a t a t e shal l acquire the rubaisting

i n auch industr ies, inaurance and agricl

h s l d by p r i v a t e i n d i v i d u a l s , uhother ar

tenants or mortgagee8 and pay them coop

the form of dobontursr equal t o tho ~ 8 &

or hes sight i n the land. Provided that

ing tho value o t land, plant or rccur i t

ahal l be taken o t any rire therain due

o r any potantfa& or unaurmd waLw o r o

% &a ,*4%ba +thr orlqtnal huldez nor h i i

or Lnkrr4t b my indurtrir). concern rcquil

a t r t r or b mtitkrb t o drol vith it in

( 6 ) 7hr arbenturr-hoidet sha l l be entitled to J

on hi8 dsbrnture a t 8uch rate as aoy be de

Lou, t o bo paia by the a ta te in cash or i n

ths s ta te ray deem f i t .

( 9 ) Agricultural industry s h a l l be organized I

1. The s t a t e rhal l d i v i d e the land acq

forao o f i tendard s i z o and l o t out for c u l t i v a t i o n t o reaidenta of' the

tensnta (made up o f groups o t tamil c u l t i v a t e on the Pollouing condi t i o

a. The farm rho11 b0 cul t ivated rr

b. The farm rhsll be cuit ivated i n with ruler and dirsctiona Isaued Covernunti

c. The tmantr rhsl l 8hoso among t h tk r ranner arorc~ibgd t h r pga

1 I I . 1 t rh r l l @# tm u ~ l ~ ~ ~ t i o n O? t h e ata te t o f i the cultlu4tIon o? thr collrctiv8 trrar by thl

0 ) ~.t@r~ (UMItU, $U@d8*

Ihr rtNr rh#Al DI entltl8U t o :

r . t o &ruy Ch4 lolloulng chargo8 on the pmdu a t tracl tormt (1) r pottion lor i m d rsvsnur;

(4) 4 porLIon t o pry the drbrntutr holdora

(3) r pOttlon ro pry tor thr "8s o f cspitr urpplird, mo

equitrbir d i r t r ibut ion o t usalth. According b ti.

ui rod method of cult ivation and modified form o t i

8. i n the f i e l d o f induotry. I t placer rquarclly 4

der8 o f the state the obl igat ion to rupply capi ta l

for agriculture as well as for indurt ry . Theref01

ruppiy o f c a p i t a l by the state , .neither land nor i

be mad8 t o y i e l d b e t t e r results. The idrs o f i - l i a a hae added much saphasis t o economic dsnocroc)

he po in t8 out:

The plan has tuo r p e c i a l features. One i s t i t proposbe s ta te s o c i a l i a a i n important f i ~ o f economic l i f e . The second special featur th. plan is, t h a t i t does not Leave the erto ment o f s t a t e socialism to the ulll o f the 1 ture. i t ertablirher s t a t e socialism by ths the c o n s t i t u t i o n and thus makes i t une l te t act o f tho legislature and the executive. iff

Thur Anbsdkar uanta that thr idea o f 8tate rociri

bocoao a part o f the Constitution o f India r o Ehrt

uoulcf not be i n a por l t ion t o ruapsnd and d i r c w d

u i l l . He thirdtr that tha e r r e n t f d conditha fur

o f $ ~ h n n o d economy or sta te a o c i a l i u in that i

ussker sectiona and r i n o r i t i e a o f India. rkqqpJl,iy oconomic valuee, ha conlliderr i t ra r irrnr and 2 ,nr a . b , I

"b

end i n i t se l f . O f courre, i n a country l i k e India

democratic const i tut ion there may be differences &

group8 and classes of people, but i t may be diminir

r a t i o n a l approach. I t i e t rue eometimes that nod81

t i c civi1izati;n has .produced economic e v i l s . Hent

argues that e v i l resu l ts are due to wrong social 01

uhich encourages private property and pursuit o f pr

Further hs sayb, "If the machinery and modiarn c iv i l

have n o t b e n e t i t t o d ovorybody,the remedy i a not t o

machinery dnd c i v i l i z a t i o n , but t o a l t e r the organj

~ o c i o t y so the t the benof i ta u i l l not be ururped b)

but u i l l accrue to a l l . 862

Therefore, Atnbodksr a t t s s p b . t o wild a uay

on the foundation o f technolog1 and modrrn civil izi

the rrne t i r e , he does not deny the mord md rpiri

tion o f roc ia ty md doer not rupprsra ind iv idur l l j

a180 ha urnta t o r r ta in ths r y a t n o f privstr entor

Tho indur t t i r l i ra t ion uipod out the rocial d i frrrenl

create equal pay for rquol uork, Therefore, h i 8 ocl - reform r t r d v ~ t o b u i l d up a 'free-rociety' under pel

revolution u i t h the help of conrtitutional msana.

The sa l i en t features o f Anbedker'a brand o f a

rocialiew nay be enumerated a8 Pollous:

1. A condemnation o f tho exirt ing social and

ordsr ae unjust.

2. A neu eocial order based on e belief that

i r realizable i n state roc ia l i sa and parli

democracy.

3. State socialism is for establishing social

t o carry out the programme o f eocial eolir

uithout loaing i n d i v i d u a l freedom u i t h thc

conrti tutional assnr.