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" CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background In this modern era like now, technology is almost reached its triumph. Many kinds of technology are greatly assist human instantaneous life, for example a cell phone, laptops, tablets, and others. Each of these technologies certainly has their advantages and disadvantages of its own in the user’s life, for example mobile phones. Mobile phone facilitates its users to communicate with others without ‘face to face’ directly. On the other hand, excessive use of mobile phone can reduced the social life of its users. Basically, it is the same with printer. Printer must be one of the special needs especially for someone who is educated, even company also needs a printer. Printer greatly helped the lives of many people, but as the development of technology, the emergence of a printer can cause new problems in human life. Lately, 3D Printer is often heard in public. 1 According Techtarget.com, the printer is a device or hardware, which serves to receive text, images, and other graphic output of a computer file or mobile phone and send it to the medium, like paper or the other. 2 On the other hand, 3D Printer can form a solid three- dimensional object that is derived from digital files into any three-dimensional shape. " 3D Printer is a type of printer that has the ability to multiply in the form of three-dimensional objects. This printer is different with the regular printer or 2D printer that can only be used to multiply in 2D, such as photocopy machine. 2 Techtarget.com, “Printer”, <http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/printer>, last accessed on September 29, 2015

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Page 1: CHAPTER I INTRODUCTIONrepository.uph.edu/873/4/Chapter1.pdf · Examples of 3D Printer brands that has been known worldwide are The Cube from 3D Systems; The Cubex of Cubify Systems;

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

In this modern era like now, technology is almost reached its triumph.

Many kinds of technology are greatly assist human instantaneous life, for example

a cell phone, laptops, tablets, and others. Each of these technologies certainly has

their advantages and disadvantages of its own in the user’s life, for example

mobile phones. Mobile phone facilitates its users to communicate with others

without ‘face to face’ directly. On the other hand, excessive use of mobile phone

can reduced the social life of its users.

Basically, it is the same with printer. Printer must be one of the special

needs especially for someone who is educated, even company also needs a printer.

Printer greatly helped the lives of many people, but as the development of

technology, the emergence of a printer can cause new problems in human life.

Lately, 3D Printer is often heard in public.1 According Techtarget.com, the

printer is a device or hardware, which serves to receive text, images, and other

graphic output of a computer file or mobile phone and send it to the medium, like

paper or the other.2 On the other hand, 3D Printer can form a solid three-

dimensional object that is derived from digital files into any three-dimensional

shape.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"!3D Printer is a type of printer that has the ability to multiply in the form of three-dimensional objects. This printer is different with the regular printer or 2D printer that can only be used to multiply in 2D, such as photocopy machine. 2 Techtarget.com, “Printer”, <http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/printer>, last accessed on September 29, 2015

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Examples of 3D Printer brands that has been known worldwide are The

Cube from 3D Systems; The Cubex of Cubify Systems; and The Replicator 2X of

Makerbot. The price offered was reached U$ 1,300 per unit.3 The most common

types of materials used to print objects using 3D printing machines are PLA

(Polyclatic Acid) and ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadines Styrene).4 PLA and ABS is

available in various colors. Objects with a simple design, such as accessories,

jewelry, or miniature can be simply made by using these two materials. However,

more and more types of materials has been developed for 3D printing, which are

more powerful like nylon and polycarbonate, also some kind of material that has

flexibility like rubber.5

3D Printing is known as Rapid Prototyping, which mean a process where

an engineer will design a CAD (Computer Aided Design) file and send them to the

printer engine to make the 3D shape. Actually, the idea of 3D Printer has been

initiated since 1986 by a man named Charles W. Hull from 3D Systems Corp,

which has the patent rights with Stereolithography technology.6 Stereolithography

technology is a technology to create 3D objects.7 In fact, stereolithography

technique is known as the first technique for 3D Printers by adding a layer

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#!Nate Toothaker dan Professor Friedman, “3D Printing: Manufacturing Revolution or Intellectual Property Nightmare”, <http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Course_Pages/IP_Theory_13/Papers2Discuss/Toothaker%20-%203D%20Printing.htm>, last accessed on September 16, 2015!$! Imaji 3D, “Printing in Different Materials”, <http://imaji3d.com/printing-in-different-materials/>, last accessed on September 16, 2015!5 Ibid. %! Gaurav Tyagi, “3D Printing Technology”, <http://nicsu.up.nic.in/knowdesk/3D-Printing-Technology.pdf>, last accessed on September 29, 2015!&! Jonas Martua Tambunan, Pribady R. Mulyono, and others , “Makalah Printer 3D”, <://jonasmartua.wordpress.com/2014/06/09/printer-3d-tren-tik-masa-kini/>, last accessed on September 14,2015!

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continuously on polymber material with an upward movement. In this process, the

material used is liquid and the liquid will harden when irradiated with ultraviolet

rays.8

After the development of stereolithography technology, there are three

other technologies to operate 3D Printer. First is EBM (Electron Beam Melting)

that uses liquid powder is melted. Second are MJM (Multi Jet Modeling) which

works the same way with the inkjet printer by spreading a layer of powder resin

and glue will harden. The third is the FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling)

materials using a nozzle or injector, which is heated and melted plastic material

such as the output results.9 Since 2013 any 3D Printer continuously developed

until finally we were able to enjoy today.

At first, 3D Printer was created for private users or personal users,

especially at home. 3D Printer has ability to produce objects with good quality,

which is almost identical to the original one. Expenditure required is not high.

Therefore, 3D Printer is suitable for someone who is making a prototype object

without consideration of time and expense. The ability of 3D Printer to create a

prototype object with high quality is very helpful for designers to integrate the

design of their products at an early stage.10

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!8 Nuansa Tech, “Teknologi 3D Printing Membawa Perubahan Besar Pada Dunia”, <http://www.nuansatech.com/2015/08/teknologi-3d-printing-membawa-perubahan-besar-pada-dunia.html>, last accessed on September 16, 2015 9 Ibid. 10 Stratasys, Ltd., “Top Five Reasons To Integrate Polyjet Technology Into Your Product Development Lifecycle”, <www.cimetrixsolutions.com/files/download/f26ada78e6b4eb4>, last accessed on October 5, 2015

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As time goes by, 3D Printer certainly has so many benefits such as

minimizing expenses, for example Converse company which has used 3D Printer

technology and cost-saving is up to 70 percent; make a better design than the

previous one with a faster time so that users can easily modify as they wish; a

faster process with only a matter of hours; minimizing wasted which is wasted by

the cutting process where the result of these cuts can be reused to make new

products; creating new designs and new forms where users can create something

complicated like spare parts, furniture, and others; as well as the making new job

fields to find technicians to operate the 3D Printer machine as well as issuing new

designers to make a creation with 3D Printer.11 3D Printer is capable of creating

household appliances, components of automobiles, parts of human body, and

food.12 Not only that, 3D Printer also assist forensic expert in carrying out their

duties such as making a real shape of foot print in a criminal scene.13 Obviously,

this is making detective much more easy to investigate a criminal case.

However, the benefits of 3D Printer technology are more felt in the health

field. In the health sector, 3D Printer is capable of making a robot arm, facial

reconstruction, exoskeleton14, tracheal cavity, predict future disease, and bio-

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!11 Tech 3D Printing, “7 Unique Benefits of 3D Printing That Make Life Easier”, <http://www.tech3dprinting.com/7-unique-benefits-of-3d-printing-that-make-life-easier>, last accessed on September 16, 2015 12 Immersa-lab, “Perkembangan dan Jasa 3D Printing Indonesia”, <http://www.immersa-lab.com/perkembangan-dan-jasa-3d-printing-indonesia.htm>, last accessed on July 28, 2015 #$! Forensic Magazine, “Forensic Uses of 3D Printing”, <http://www.forensicmag.com/articles/2013/06/forensic-uses-3d-printing>, last accessed on September 16, 2015 #"! Eduardo Rocon dan Jose L. Pons, Exoskeletons in Rehabilitation Robotics: Tremor Suppression, (India: Springer, 2011), page.14. Exoskeleton is a robot with a very interesting application, which acts in parallel with human body. Exoskeleton must demonstrate the aesthetic and functional characteristic.!

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printing.15 3D Printer gives so much influence too in the process of surgery,

especially heart surgery. Where 3D Printer can create a generic anatomical

model, which is used as training for the doctors because it has a similar shape

with a person’s heart. It is also upgrades the success rate of surgery.16

However, the use of 3D Printer is often misused, remembering that there

is so many benefits that the users can get from it. It can be worse if that digital

technology such as 3D Printers have closed the economic potential of creation

without no longer exclusive rights.17 In general, 3D Printer has raise two issues

that will be experienced by a manufacturer or the holder of copyright. First, the

owner of Copyright will be spending more time in detecting violations, and if

such violation is detected, then it will still take a lot of money to bring the case to

the court. Secondly, where a producer of goods produced a good that have a value

of an innovative design, but the design is not registered or is not protected by

Intellectual Property Rights.18

Not only that, a wide variety of other problems also arise from the use of

3D Printer, from criminal matters to Intellectual Property Right issues. Examples

of criminal matters arising from the emergence of 3D Printer is the manufacture

of weapons with 3D Printer, as shown in the episode eleventh of television series

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!15 Muhammad Chandrataruna dan Tommy Adi Wibowo, “Printer 3D, Mesin Cetak Revolusioner”, <http://m.news.viva.co.id/news/read/469338-printer-3d--mesin-cetak-revolusioner>, last accessed on July 28, 2015. Bio printing is a creation of human body parts in the medical world. 16 Devin Peek dan Elizabeth Stark, Three Dimensional Printing: Modern Medical Applications, (California: California Polytechnic State University, 2010), page. 13 17 Henry Soelistyo, Hak Kekayaan Intelektual: Konsepsi, Opini, dan Aktualisasi, (Jakarta: Penaku, 2014), page. 169 18 Nate Toothaker dan Professor Friedman, Op.cit., Chapter. III

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CSI New York titled “ Command + P “.19 This episode shows that the weapons

that were created using 3D Printer could work like its original one, only differ in

the material used. The weapon was capable of killing people although the weapon

is not so perfect like the real one. In the real world, a Japanese man named

Yoshitomo Imura was sent to jail for making weapons such as guns by using 3D

Printer. Even he upload a video on YouTube showing a weapon created by 3D

Printer with capacity of 6 bullets.20

On the other hand in the case of misuse, 3D Printer also has a very close

relationship with Intellectual Property Rights, remembering that Intellectual

Property Rights is a tribute to the creator who has created something that is

expected to stimulate economic growth and promote the development of human

resource. The use of 3D Printer without any knowledge about Intellectual

Property Rights then it may cause an Intellectual Property Rights lawsuit such as

Patent, Copyright, Trademark, and Industrial Design. Most Intellectual Property

Rights issues that arise from the use of 3D Printer are Copyright and Industrial

Design.21 Copyright means the right to authorize others to reproduce a creation as

a form of protection for every work of creators in the field of science, art and

literature, and other works such as music and 2D dramatic work also 3D work like

sculptures/statue. Meanwhile, Industrial Design means the protection of a creation

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!19 Wikipedia, “CSI: NY (Season 9)”, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_NY_(season_9)>, last accessed on September 16, 2015 20 CNN Indonesia, “Mesin Cetak 3D: Pria Jepang Masuk Penjara Karena Printer 3D”, <http://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20141022085722-185-7324/pria-jepang-masuk-penjara-karena-printer-3d/>, last accessed on September16, 2015 21 Michael Ruberg, “3D Printers and Intellectual Property Rights”, <http://www.boehmert.com/news-notes/bb-bulletin/patent-law/3d-printers-and-intellectual-property-rights.html>, last accessed on September14, 2015

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on the shape, configuration or composition of lines or colors or combined in the

form of three dimensional or two dimensional which gives aesthetic impression

and can be realized in a pattern of three dimensional or two dimensional and can

be used to produced a product, goods, industrial commodity or handicraft.22

According to the law, Copyright and Industrial Design is a right that can’t

be separated. Industrial design is considered as part of the art of applied art and

artistic work, which is also part of the Copyright.23 The realization of Industrial

Design product is inseparable from drawing and design. Therefore, it may cause

overlapping protection between Copyright and Industrial Design because the

design work contains the aesthetic aspect. For example, UK adopts overlapping

protection by seeing the quantity side, where a design creation are subject to the

Copyright law if its products are made in an amount less than 50 and subject to

Industrial Design law if the products are made in the amount of more than 50.24

The concept of End User Piracy also cannot be separated in the use of 3D

Printer. End User Piracy is known as a reproducing action of a licensed computer

program that should only be used for one computer. End User Piracy concepts is

certainly detrimental to the holders of Copyright for having violated the exclusive

rights of the creator. With 3D Printer, action of reproducing a creation by others

would even be easier. A concept where design is created by the creator, in which

can only be reproduced by permission of the creator or with the authorization

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!22 Kompasiana, “Isu-Isu Hak Kekayaan Intelektual yang Timbul dalam Teknologi Pencetakan 3 Dimensi”, <http://www.kompasiana.com/nadyadjajadiningrat/isu-isu-hak-kekayaan-intelektual-yang-timbul-dalam-teknologi-pencetakan-3-dimensi_555469ff6523bda81d4aef4e>, last accessed on September 16, 2015 23 Muhammad Djumhana and R. Djubaedillah, Hak Milik Intelektual: Sejarah, Teori, dan Praktiknya di Indonesia, (Bandung: PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, 2014), page. 286 24 Ibid., hal. 287

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from the creator also be mistaken for a 3D Printer. Piracy is often the case with

ease.25

Example of Copyright case that can be applied in the use of 3D Printer is

the Napster case. This case shows that technological advances, especially in the

case of Internet could provide a new scope in law field that need to be regulated.

The development of internet network allows the exchange of information in a

short time, covering both freedom though out the world and many people are

accessing on the other hand provide a separate room for someone who commit

violation, even crimes.26 Napster case left a large footprint on the Internet in

2000. Napster is known as file-sharing sites or sites that commonly known using

Peer to Peer system (P2P). Napster was first developed by Shawn Fanning. The

unique feature of Napster was first published in October 1999.

Napster allows users to browse music that available online in MP3 format,

allowing for compression of MP3s to the multiple hard drives that can be

downloaded quickly and the user can exchange MP3 files directly from computer

drives without any cost.27 Examples of songs that circulated illegally by piracy

usually came from famous stars such as The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and The

Who and also soundtrack that never published before such as John Williams and

Jerry Goldsmith.28 Napster developments on the case was conducted by RIAA or

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!25 Kurniadi Saranga, “Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Tindak Pidana Pembajakan Software”. Thesis, Makassar: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Hasanuddin, 2013, page. 63 26 Reyfel A. Rantung, “Hak Cipta Dalam Jaringan Internet Ditinjau Dari Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2002 Tentang Hak Cipta”. Jurnal Unsrat Vol. II, No. 1, January 2014, Faculty of Law Universitas Sam Ratulangi, 2014, page. 101 27 Terry Flew, New Media: An Introduction, 2nd edition, (Singapore: Bookpac Production Services, 2004), page. 96 28 Rizqi Dwi Putra, “Hak Cipta PKN”, <http://dokumen.tips/documents/hak-cipta-pkndoc.html>, last accessed on September 16, 2015

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known by the Recording Industry Association of America. Metallica band and

Prince band filed a complaint against Napster in 2000.29 Rapper Dr. Dre also filed

a similar lawsuit regarding Intellectual Property Right in 2 weeks thereafter.30

Napster argued that they do not duplicate music, in which they did not violate

Copyright law. However, the judge who examined the case strengthened the

argument of the musician organizations stating that Napster was facilitating

Copyright infringement and the fact was sufficient to prove that Napster was

guilty.31

As a result, Napster was closed and had do pay fines in July 2001 because

Napster was lost in court in the Copyright case against A&M Records (Universal

Music Group), as well as the other recording company such as members of

RIAA.32 Obviously, this case can be a proof that Copyright violations can cause

harm, especially to the recording companies. Video-sharing services, or MP3 has

become a sensitive issue, remembering that Indonesia in economic globalization

and numbers of foreigners that complain about Copyright law enforcement,

especially piracy. Napster case was regarded as a facilitator of the exchange of

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!29 Joseph Straubhaar, Robert LaRose and Lucinda Davendport, Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture and Technology, 6th edition, (America: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010), page. 153 30 Shirley Biaggi, Media Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media 7th ed, (Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005), page. 105 31 Reyfel A. Rantung, Op.cit., page 107 32 Ian K. Chandra, Teknik Berbagi Objek Lewat Jaringan P2P: Pembahasan yang Ada Membuat Pembaca dapat Menikmati Dunia Torrent (Jaringan P2P) untuk Berbgai Objek Legal (Audio/Video, Anime/Image/Photo, eBook/Comic/Magazine, PC/PSP/XBOX Games, Software, dan Lain Sebagainya) Secara Mudah dan Cepat Tanpa Harus Mengalami Kerugian Apapun.,(Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo, 2010), page. 1.8 !

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music files in MP3 form.33 The case can be applied in the use of 3D Printer that

tend to facilitate every person who wants to recreate goods or products that

already exist and claims that the goods or products are their creation.

3D Printer puts every creation holder in the same position as experienced

by recording company in Napster case, where a digital model can circulate freely

and downloaded, then printed by a third party without any approval from the

original creator.34 3D Printer has a particularly negative impact on the industrial

sector where the third person make a duplicate of products to be traded, then in

any way could be sued by reason of duplicate product/ brand/ Copyright/ design;

without the consent of the creator; and for commercial purposes.35 However, there

are three exceptions to resolve the lawsuit. First, to be used only for personal

interest and not for commercial purposes as stated in Law Number 28 of 2014 on

Copyright law that in carrying out economic rights of a creation only of if the

owner of the creation grant permission to the person.36 Second, is for the

replacement part of spare parts of a product that protected by Intellectual Property

Rights37, in reference to case of Schutz v. Werit. Third, is to design a feature that

allows the product to function functionally or aesthetically in particular.38

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!33 Muhammad Ahlul Amri Buana, “Perlindungan Hak Cipta Video unggahan Terhadap Pembajakan di Situs Youtube”, Law Article, Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2011, page. 6 34 Paris Tech Review, “3D Printing and IP Rights: Some Issues, Any Solutions?”, <http://www.paristechreview.com/2014/12/16/3d-printing-ip-rights/>, last accessed on September 16, 2015 35 Harvespat, “Isu-Isu Hak Kekayaan Intelektual yang Timbul dalam Teknologi Pencetakan 3 Dimensi”, <http://www.harvespat.com/article/isu-isu-hak-kekayaan-intelektual-yang-timbul-dalam-teknologi-pencetakan-3-dimensi>, last accessed on July 29, 2015 36 Article 8 Of Law Number 28 of 2014 37 The Lawyer.com, “Schutz v Werit: When Repairing a Patented Product is Permitted”, <http://www.thelawyer.com/Journals/2013/03/18/When-repairing-a-patented-product-is-permitted_414865.pdf>, last accessed on September 30, 2015 38 Harvespat, Op.cit.!

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In Schutz v. Werit, Supreme Court ruled that the replacement of spare parts

is not unlawful because the replacing of spare parts, manufacturers must also take

into account a variety of factors, including the replacement of spare parts in

person or see the replacement of spare part such as a new invention, given that 3D

Printer has the ability to make a spare part.39 Keep in mind that the use of 3D

Printer in Indonesia is increasing, considering the report of the Canalys Institute

that sales of 3D Printers jumped to 68 percent in 2014, and total worldwide sales

have reached 133 thousand units.40 From the fact, the author believes that there

will appear a wide variety of lawsuits regarding 3D Printer. The government also

has helped by made Law Number 19 of 2002 on Copyright, which has been

revised to Law Number 28 of 2014 and Law Number 31 of 2001 on Industrial

Design. Both laws have been made under the influence of Intellectual Property

Rights international regulations, such as TRIPS, which initiated by the World

Trade Organization, Berne Convention, and Paris Convention.41 From here,

emerge various international regulations that are more specific, especially for

Copyright and Industrial Design.

However, regulations have not been really effective enough to protect

Intellectual Property Rights and raising public awareness about honor and awards

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!39 The IPKat, “When Werit finds Merit: UK Supreme Court Okays Spare Parts”, <http://ipkitten.blogspot.co.id/2013/03/when-werit-finds-merit-uk-supreme-court.html>, last accessed on September 16, 2015 40 TEMPO.CO, “Penjualan Printer 3D Melonjak 68 Persen”, <http://tekno.tempo.co/read/news/2015/04/04/072655158/penjualan-printer-3d-melonjak-68-persen>, last accessed on September 16, 2015 41 Y. Palopak, “Perlindungan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual dan Perlindungan Hak Cipta pada Program Komputer”, <https://emmariantha.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/8-hki.ppt>, last accessed on January 1, 2016

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from Intellectual Property Rights.42 The author notes that the Intellectual Property

Rights issues has always been one of the topics of international negotiations on

multilateral trade and Intellectual Property Rights has become one of the most

important aspects for a country to maintain the excellence of industry and trade.

Therefore, the authors want to do a further research to explore the main purpose

of the creation of 3D Printer and deepen the Indonesian law, Napster case, as well

as international regulations, which have relation with the lawsuit and legal

exceptions relating with a 3D Printer.

1.2 Scope of Issues

From the background above, there are two scopes of issues, which are:

1). How is the Intellectual Property Rights protection for Copyright holders

and Industrial Design holders on the use of 3D Printer?

2). How is the policies provide a legal basis for consumers to be excluded

from lawsuit over the use of 3D Printer?

1.3 Purpose of Study

Objectives to be achieved by the authors to do this research are:

1) To search, find, and analyze the concepts and forms of legal protection for

Copyright holders and Industrial Design holders in Law Number 19 of

2002, Law Number 28 of 2014, Law Number 31 of 2000, and international

regulations related to the problem regarding 3D Printer.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!42 Triyanto, “Penguatan Penegakan Hukum Hak Kekayaan Intelektual”. Jurnal Yustisia Vol. 83, 83 Edition. May 2011, Faculty of Education Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2011, page. 49

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2) To determine the purpose of the creation of 3D Printer and analyze the

basis of the claim in the use of 3D Printer.

3) To analyze the legal exemption from prosecution for alleged violations

related to the use of 3D Printer.

1.4 Benefit of Study

1.4.1 Academic Side

3D Printer is a form of technology in this era and still developing, and so

far, it hasn’t been a lot of research, especially in terms of the law by

discussing Law Number 19 of 2002, Law Number 28 of 2014, and Law

Number 31 of 2000, academically in relation with this topic. Given that

the use of 3D Printer may result in exploitation of the works of others in

relation to IPR, especially in Copyright and Industrial Design.

1.4.2 Practical Side

This research can be used as an academic ground in probability for

development of the law or the addition of IPR legal basis for the use of 3D

Printer in Indonesia. Many business people or investors in Indonesia who

were often feel insecure by the emergence of this 3D Printer. Businesses

and legal practitioners in Indonesia also can use this research to

understand the IPR law such as Law Number 19 of 2002, Law Number 28

of 2014, and Law Number 31 of 2000.

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1.5 Research Structure

This thesis is structure in a systematic way, wherein each of the parts has a

close connection with each other. This, to obtain the over view and make

the reader about the discussion, this systematic writing is consists of five

chapters, such as:

Chapter 1: Introduction, this chapter will explain the background of this

thesis, scope of issues, purposes of study, benefit of study, and

research structure.

Chapter 2: Literature Review, this chapter consists of a theoretical

framework of conception of Copyright and Industrial Design

legal protection in Indonesia and internationally. The

conceptual framework contains about overlapping potential

(overlapping protection) between Copyright and Industrial

Design, also concept in the Napster case, which contain

Copyright norms in IPR protection.

Chapter 3: Research Methodology, this chapter describes the legal

research methods used in writing this thesis, which consists of

type of research, procedure of collecting research materials,

character of analysis, and obstacles in research and method to

overcome.

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Chapter 4: Result and analysis of research, this chapter will elaborate

analysis of the protection of the IPR holders, especially in Law

Number 19 of 2002, Law Number 28 of 2014, Law Number 31

of 2000, and international regulations regarding Copyright and

Industrial Design along with the things that become the basis

of the lawsuit and the basic legal exceptions in the use of 3D

Printer.

Chapter 5:Conclusion and suggestions, this chapter consists of conclusions

and suggestions. The conclusion is clear answers from the

formulation of the problem and suggestions are

recommendations from the authors to solve the existing

problems in the study.

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BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar Belakang

Di zaman modern seperti sekarang ini, teknologi hampir mencapai puncak

kejayaannya. Banyak macam teknologi yang sangat membantu kehidupan

manusia yang serba instan ini, misalnya telepon genggam (hand phone), laptop,

tablet (tab), dan lain-lain. Setiap teknologi tersebut tentunya memiliki manfaat

dan kerugian tersendiri dalam kehidupan para penggunanya, seperti misalnya

telepon genggam. Telepon genggam memudahkan para penggunanya untuk

berkomunikasi dengan sesamanya tanpa bertatap muka secara langsung. Namun

disisi lain, penggunaan telepon genggam yang berlebihan bisa membuat

kehidupan sosial bagi penggunanya pun sangatlah berkurang.

Begitu juga dengan printer. Printer tentunya menjadi salah satu kebutuhan

khusus bagi seseorang yang masih mengenyam pendidikan, dan bahkan

perusahaan pun membutuhkannya. Printer sangat membantu kehidupan orang

banyak, namun seiring berkembangnya teknologi, kemunculan printer pun bisa

menimbulkan masalah baru dalam kehidupan manusia. Belakangan ini, sebutan

Printer 3D begitu sering terdengar di khalayak umum.1 Menurut Techtarget.com,

printer merupakan sebuah alat atau perangkat keras (hardware) yang berfungsi

untuk menerima tulisan, gambar dan output grafis lainnya dari file komputer atau

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 Printer 3D adalah jenis printer yang memiliki kemampuan untuk memperbanyak benda dalam wujud 3 dimensi. Hal ini berbeda dengan printer biasa atau printer 2D yang hanya dapat digunakan untuk memperbanyak secara 2D, misalnya mesin fotokopi.

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telepon genggam dan mengirimkannya ke media kertas atau sejenisnya.2

Sedangkan Printer 3D dapat membentuk objek tiga dimensi solid yang berasal

dari file digital menjadi bentuk 3 dimensi apapun yang diinginkan.

Contoh merek Printer 3D yang sudah mendunia antara lain The Cube dari

3D Systems; The Cubex dari Cubify Systems; dan The Replicator 2X dari

Makerbot. Harga yang ditawarkan pun mencapai 1,300 dollar Amerika per unit.3

Jenis material yang paling umum digunakan untuk mencetak benda-benda dengan

menggunakan mesin cetak 3 Dimensi adalah PLA (Polyclatic Acid) dan ABS

(Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene).4 PLA dan ABS tersedia dalam berbagai macam

warna. Benda-benda dengan peruntukan sederhana, seperti aksesoris, perhiasan,

atau miniatur, cukup dibuat dengan menggunakan kedua bahan ini. Namun,

semakin banyak jenis material yang dikembangkan untuk keperluan cetak 3

Dimensi yang lebih kuat, seperti nilon dan polycarbonate, dan beberapa jenis

material yang memiliki kelenturan seperti karet.5

Pencetakan 3 Dimensi lebih dikenal dengan istilah Rapid Prototyping

yaitu sebuah proses dimana seorang Engineer akan mendesain file CAD

(Computer Aided Design) lalu mengirimnya ke mesin printer untuk membuat

bentuk nyatanya. Walaupun sebenarnya, gagasan mengenai Printer 3D ini sudah

dicetuskan sejak tahun 1986 dimana seorang bernama Charles W. Hull dari 3D

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#! Techtarget.com, “Printer”, <http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/printer>, diakses 29 September 2015 $!Nate Toothaker dan Professor Friedman, “3D Printing: Manufacturing Revolution or Intellectual Property Nightmare”, <http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Course_Pages/IP_Theory_13/Papers2Discuss/Toothaker%20-%203D%20Printing.htm>, diakses 16 September 2015 4 Imaji 3D, “Printing in Different Materials”, <http://imaji3d.com/printing-in-different-materials/>, diakses 16 September 2015 5 Ibid.

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Sytems Corp. yang memiliki Hak Paten dengan teknologi Stereolithography.6

Teknologi Stereolithography ini merupakan teknologi untuk membuat objek 3D.7

Bahkan, teknik Stereolithography ini dikenal sebagai teknik pertama untuk

Printer 3D dengan cara menambah lapisan (layer) terus menerus pada bahan

polymber dengan gerakan ke atas. Pada proses ini, material yang digunakan

adalah cairan dan akan mengeras saat cairan tersebut disinari dengan sinar

Ultraviolet.8

Setelah munculnya teknik stereolithgrapy, muncul tiga teknik lainnya

untuk mengoperasikan Printer 3D. Pertama adalah EBM (Electron Beam Melting)

yang menggunakan cairan serbuk yang dicairkan. Kedua adalah MJM (Multi Jet

Modelling) yang cara kerjanya sama dengan inkjet printer dengan menyebarkan

sebuah lapisan, bubuk resin, dan lem yang akan mengeras. Ketiga adalah FDM

(Fused Deposition Modelling) yang menggunakan bahan nozzle atau injector yang

dipanaskan dan melelehkan bahan seperti plastik pada hasil outputnya.9 Sejak

tahun 2013 pun Printer 3D terus menerus dikembangkan hingga akhirnya sudah

dapat kita nikmati seperti sekarang ini.

Pada awalnya, Printer 3D diciptakan untuk pengguna pribadi khususnya

dirumah. Printer 3D memiliki kemampuan untuk memproduksi objek dengan

kualitas yang baik, yang hampir sama dengan aslinya. Pengeluaran yang

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!%! Gaurav Tyagi, “3D Printing Technology”, <http://nicsu.up.nic.in/knowdesk/3D-Printing-Technology.pdf>, diakses 29 September 2015 7 Jonas Martua Tambunan, Pribady R. Mulyono, dkk , “Makalah Printer 3D”, <://jonasmartua.wordpress.com/2014/06/09/printer-3d-tren-tik-masa-kini/>, diakses 14 September 2015 8 Nuansa Tech, “Teknologi 3D Printing Membawa Perubahan Besar Pada Dunia”, <http://www.nuansatech.com/2015/08/teknologi-3d-printing-membawa-perubahan-besar-pada-dunia.html>, diakses 16 September 2015 9 Ibid.

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dibutuhkan juga tidak tinggi. Oleh karena itu, Printer 3D sangat cocok digunakan

oleh seseorang yang sedang membuat objek prototipe (prototype object) tanpa

pertimbangan waktu dan pengeluaran. Kemampuan untuk membuat objek

prototipe dengan kualitas tinggi, tentunya sangat membantu para desainer untuk

mengintegrasikan desain produk mereka pada tahap awal. 10

Dalam berjalannya waktu, Printer 3D tentunya mempunyai begitu banyak

manfaat seperti meminimalisasi pengeluaran seperti Perusahaan Converse yang

telah menggunakan teknologi Printer 3D dan menghemat biaya hingga 70 persen;

membuat desain yang lebih baik dari yang sebelumnya dengan waktu yang lebih

cepat sehingga pengguna bisa lebih mudah memodifikasi sesuai dengan

keinginan; proses yang lebih cepat, yakni dengan hanya hitungan jam;

meminimalisasi limbah yang terbuang dengan menggunakan proses pemotongan,

yakni hasil dari pemotongan tersebut, bisa digunakan kembali untuk membuat

produk yang baru; menciptakan desain dan bentuk yang baru dimana pengguna

bisa menciptakan sesuatu yang rumit seperti spare part, furniture, dan lain-lain;

serta mencipatakan lapangan pekerjaan dimana perusahaan memerlukan tehnisi

untuk mengoperasikan mesin Printer 3D serta mengeluarkan desainer-desainer

baru yang membuat hasil ciptaanya dengan Printer 3D.11 Printer 3D pun mampu

menciptakan peralatan rumah tangga, komponen penyusun mobil, bagian tubuh

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"'! Stratasys, Ltd., “Top Five Reasons To Integrate Polyjet Technology Into Your Product Development Lifecycle”, <www.cimetrixsolutions.com/files/download/f26ada78e6b4eb4>, diakses 5 Oktober 2015 ""! Tech 3D Printing, “7 Unique Benefits of 3D Printing That Make Life Easier”, <http://www.tech3dprinting.com/7-unique-benefits-of-3d-printing-that-make-life-easier>, diakses 16 September 2015

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manusia, dan makanan. 12 Tidak hanya itu, Printer 3D juga membantu para ahli

forensik dalam menjalankan tugasnya seperti membuat bentuk nyata dari sebuah

jejak kaki dalam suatu peristiwa kriminal.13 Tentunya ini sangat memudahkan

para detektif untuk menyelidiki sebuah kasus kriminal.

Namun, manfaat dari tekonologi Printer 3D yang paling dirasakan adalah

pada bidang kesehatan. Pada bidang kesehatan, Printer 3D mampu membuat

tangan robot, rekonstruksi wajah, exoskeleton14, rongga trakea, meramalkan

penyakit dimasa depan, dan bio printing15. Printer 3D pun sangat memiliki

pengaruh dalam proses operasi yang sangat beresiko, terutama operasi jantung.

Dimana Printer 3D dapat menciptakan model anatomi generik yang digunakan

sebagai pelatihan untuk para dokter karena bentuknya yang begitu mirip dengan

bentuk aslinya. Ini pun membuat tingkat keberhasilan operasi menjadi semakin

meningkat.16

Namun, sangat disayangkan bahwa penggunaan Printer 3D seringkali

disalahgunakan mengingat begitu banyak manfaat yang bisa kita dapatkan dari

penggunaan Printer 3D. Yang lebih ditakutkan lagi, bahwa teknologi digital

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!12 Immersa-lab, “Perkembangan dan Jasa 3D Printing Indonesia”, <http://www.immersa-lab.com/perkembangan-dan-jasa-3d-printing-indonesia.htm>, diakses 28 Juli 2015 13 Forensic Magazine, “Forensic Uses of 3D Printing”, <http://www.forensicmag.com/articles/2013/06/forensic-uses-3d-printing>, diakses 16 September 2015 "&! Eduardo Rocon dan Jose L. Pons, Exoskeletons in Rehabilitation Robotics: Tremor Suppression, (India: Springer, 2011), hal.14. Exoskeleton adalah robot yang dipakai dengan aplikasi yang sangat menarik dimana bertindak secara paralel dengan anggota badan manusia. Sebagai suatu perangkat yang dipakai, Exoskeleton harus menunjukan karakteristik estetika dan fungsional. 15 Muhammad Chandrataruna dan Tommy Adi Wibowo, “Printer 3D, Mesin Cetak Revolusioner”, <http://m.news.viva.co.id/news/read/469338-printer-3d--mesin-cetak-revolusioner>, diakses 28 Juli 2015. Bio printing adalah proses penciptaan bagian tubuh manusia dalam dunia medis. 16 Devin Peek dan Elizabeth Stark, Three Dimensional Printing: Modern Medical Applications, (California: California Polytechnic State University, 2010), hal. 13

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seperti Printer 3D ini telah menutup potensi ekonomi ciptaan yang membuat tidak

adanya lagi hak ekslusif yang melandasi penguasaannya.17 Secara umum, Printer

3D menimbulkan dua masalah yang akan dialami oleh produsen atau pemegang

Hak Cipta. Pertama, pemilik Hak Cipta akan sangat menghabiskan waktu dalam

medeteksi pelanggaran, dan jika pelanggaran tersebut terdeteksi, hal tersebut tetap

akan memakan banyak biaya untuk maju ke jalur hukum. Kedua, dimana seorang

produsen barang yang memiliki nilai dari desain yang sangat inovatif, namun

desain tersebut tidak didaftarkan atau tidak dilindungi oleh Hak Kekayaan

Intelektual (untuk selanjutnya dalam penulisan ini akan disebut HAKI).18

Tak hanya itu, berbagai macam masalah lain pun muncul dari penggunaan

Printer 3D, seperti masalah kriminal hingga masalah HAKI. Contoh dari masalah

kriminal yang diakibatkan dari munculnya Printer 3D adalah pembuatan senjata

(pistol) dari Printer 3D, seperti yang ditampilkan dalam tayangan episode sebelas

dari serial televisi CSI New York yang berjudul ‘Command+P’.19 Episode ini

memperlihatkan bahwa senjata yang diciptakan dengan menggunakan Printer 3D

pun bisa berfungsi layaknya senjata aslinya, hanya saja berbeda dalam bahan yang

digunakan. Senjata tersebut mampu membunuh orang walaupun senjata tersebut

tidak begitu sempurna layaknya senjata yang asli. Dalam dunia nyata, seorang

pria Jepang bernama Yoshitomo Imura masuk penjara karena membuat senjata

berupa pistol dengan menggunakan Printer 3D. Bahkan Yoshitomo Imura

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!17 Henry Soelistyo, Hak Kekayaan Intelektual: Konsepsi, Opini, dan Aktualisasi, (Jakarta: Penaku, 2014), hal. 169 ")!Nate Toothaker dan Professor Friedman, Op.cit., Bab III 19 Wikipedia, “CSI: NY (Season 9)”, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_NY_(season_9)>, diakses 16 September 2015

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mengunggah sebuah video di layanan YouTube yang terlihat memamerkan pistol

dengan kapasitas enam peluru hasil cetak 3D buatannya.20

Disisi lain dalam hal penyalahgunaan, Printer 3D juga memiliki kaitan

yang sangat erat dengan aplikasi HAKI mengingat bahwa HAKI merupakan suatu

pendukung atau penghargaan kepada pencipta yang telah menciptakan sesuatu

yang diharapkan mampu merangsang pertumbuhan ekonomi serta memajukan

pengembangan sumber daya manusia. Penggunaan Printer 3D tanpa adanya

pengetahuan mengenai HAKI maka bisa merujuk kepada kasus-kasus HAKI

seperti Hak Paten, Hak Cipta, Merek, dan Hak Desain Industri .21 Masalah

Hukum Kekayaan Intelektual yang paling banyak muncul dari penggunaan

Printer 3D itu adalah Hak Cipta (Copyright) dan Hak Desain Industri (Industrial

Design). Hak Cipta berarti hak untuk memberikan ijin kepada orang lain untuk

memperbanyak ciptaan sebagai bentuk perlindungan setiap karya pencipta dalam

lapangan ilmu pengetahuan, seni dan sastra, juga dapat melindungi karya-karya

lainnya seperti musik dan karya 2D dramatis, serta beberapa karya-karya 3D

seperi patung. Sedangkan, Hak Desain Industri berarti perlindungan suatu kreasi

tentang bentuk, konfigurasi atau komposisi garis atau warna atau gabungan yang

berbentuk 3 dimensi atau 2 dimensi yang memberikan kesan estetis dan dapat

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!20 CNN Indonesia, “Mesin Cetak 3D: Pria Jepang Masuk Penjara Karena Printer 3D”, <http://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20141022085722-185-7324/pria-jepang-masuk-penjara-karena-printer-3d/>, diakses 16 September 2015 #"! Michael Ruberg, “3D Printers and Intellectual Property Rights”, <http://www.boehmert.com/news-notes/bb-bulletin/patent-law/3d-printers-and-intellectual-property-rights.html>, diakses14 September 2015

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diwujudkan dalam pola 3 dimensi atau 2 dimensi serta dapat dipakai untuk

menghasilkan suatu produk, barang, komoditas industri, atau kerajinan tangan.22

Dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, Hak Cipta dan Hak Desain Industri

merupakan hak yang tidak bisa dipisahkan. Hak Desain Industri dianggap sebagai

bagian dari seni pakai (applied art) dan pekerjaan artistik yang juga merupakan

bagian dari Hak Cipta.23 Wujud dari produk desain industri tidak terlepas dari

langkah menggambar dan membuat desain. Oleh karena itu, potensi perlindungan

ganda (overlapping protection) dapat terjadi karena karya desain mengandung

aspek estetika. Seperti Inggris yang menganut sistem perlindungan ganda dengan

melihat dari sisi kuantitatif, dimana sebuah kreasi desain tunduk pada UU Hak

Cipta apabila produknya dibuat dalam jumlah kurang dari 50 dan tunduk pada UU

Desain Industri apabila produknya dibuat dalam jumlah lebih dari 50.24

Konsep mengenai End User Piracy juga tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam

penggunaan Printer 3D. End User Piracy dikenal sebagai tindakan

memperbanyak suatu program komputer berlisensi yang seharusnya hanya bisa

dipergunakan untuk satu komputer. Konsep End User Piracy ini tentunya

merugikan para pemegang Hak Cipta karena telah melanggar hak ekslusif

pencipta. Dengan adanya Printer 3D, tindakan memperbanyak ciptaan oleh orang

lain pun akan semakin mudah. Konsep dimana desain yang diciptakan oleh

pencipta yang dimana hanya boleh diperbanyak oleh penciptanya atau izin

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!22 Kompasiana, “Isu-Isu Hak Kekayaan Intelektual yang Timbul dalam Teknologi Pencetakan 3 Dimensi”, <http://www.kompasiana.com/nadyadjajadiningrat/isu-isu-hak-kekayaan-intelektual-yang-timbul-dalam-teknologi-pencetakan-3-dimensi_555469ff6523bda81d4aef4e>, diakses 16 September 2015 #$! Muhammad Djumhana dan R. Djubaedillah, Hak Milik Intelektual: Sejarah, Teori, dan Praktiknya di Indonesia, (Bandung: PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, 2014), hal. 286!#&!Ibid., hal. 287

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penciptanya pun menjadi keliru karena Printer 3D. Pembajakan pun kerap terjadi

dengan mudahnya.25

Contoh kasus Hak Cipta yang bisa diaplikasikan dalam pengunaan Printer

3D adalah kasus Napster. Kasus ini memperlihatkan bahwa kemajuan teknologi

terutama dalam hal jaringan internet bisa memberikan ruang lingkup yang baru

dalam bidang hukum yang perlu diatur. Perkembangan jaringan internet

memungkinkan pertukaran informasi yang begitu cepat, kebebasan luas yang

mencakup seluruh dunia dan banyaknya orang yang mengakses di lain pihak

memberikan ruang tersendiri untuk seseorang melakukan tindakan pelanggaran,

bahkan kejahatan.26 Kasus Napster meninggalkan jejak yang besar pada dunia

Internet di tahun 2000. Napster dikenal sebagai situs file-sharing atau biasa

dikenal dengan situs peer to peer (P2P). Napster pertama kali dikembangkan oleh

Shawn Fanning. Fitur-fitur unik Napster pertama kali dipublikasikan pada

Oktober 1999.

Napster memungkinkan para penggunanya untuk browsing musik yang

tersedia dalam format MP3 secara online, memungkinkan untuk kompresi MP3 ke

beberapa hard drive yang kemudian bisa diunduh dengan cepat dan pengguna bisa

bertukar file MP3 langsung dari drive komputer tanpa mengeluarkan biaya

apapun. 27 Contoh lagu-lagu yang diedarkan dengan pembajakan secara ilegal

biasanya dari bintang terkenal seperti The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, dan The

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#(! Kurniadi Saranga, “Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Tindak Pidana Pembajakan Software”. Skripsi, Makassar: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Hasanuddin, 2013, hal. 63 #%!Reyfel A. Rantung, “Hak Cipta Dalam Jaringan Internet Ditinjau Dari Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2002 Tentang Hak Cipta”. Jurnal Hukum Unsrat Vol. II, No. 1, Januari 2014, Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sam Ratulangi, 2014, hal. 101 27 Terry Flew, New Media: An Introduction, 2nd edition, (Singapore: Bookpac Production Services, 2004), hal. 96

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Who, hingga soundtrack yang tidak pernah diedarkan seperti John Williams dan

Jerry Goldsmith.28 Perkembangan Napster atas kasusnya dilakukan oleh RIAA

atau yang dikenal dengan Recording Industry Association of America. Grup band

Metallica dan Prince mengajukan tuntutan atas Napster pada tahun 2000.29

Rapper Dr. Dre pun mengajukan gugatan yang sama mengenai HAKI 2 minggu

setelahnya.30 Napster berargumen bahwa mereka tidak menduplikat musik, alhasil

belum melakukan pelanggaran Hak Cipta. Namun, hakim yang memeriksa

perkara tersebut memperkuat argumen organisasi musisi yang menyatakan bahwa

Napster telah memfasilitas pelanggaran Hak Cipta dan fakta tersebut dianggap

cukup untuk membuktikan bahwa Napster bersalah.31

Akhirnya, Napster ditutup dan harus membayar sejumlah uang denda pada

Juli 2001 karena kalah di pengadilan dalam kasus Hak Cipta melawan A&M

Records (Universal Music Group) serta beberapa perusahaan rekaman lainnya

seperti anggota RIAA.32 Tentunya kasus ini menjadi bukti bahwa pelanggaran

Hak Cipta ini dapat menyebabkan kerugian terutama bagi para jasa recording.

Jasa pelayanan sharing-video atau MP3 ini menjadi isu yang sensitif mengingat

terjunnya Indonesia di globalisasi ekonomi mengingat banyaknya pihak asing

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!28 Rizqi Dwi Putra, “Hak Cipta PKN”, <http://dokumen.tips/documents/hak-cipta-pkndoc.html>, diakses 16 September 2015 29 Joseph Straubhaar, Robert LaRose dan Lucinda Davendport, Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture and Technology, 6th edition, (America: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010), hal. 153 30 Shirley Biaggi, Media Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media 7th ed, (Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005), hal. 105 $"!Reyfel A. Rantung, Op.cit., hal. 107 32 Ian K. Chandra, Teknik Berbagi Objek Lewat Jaringan P2P: Pembahasan yang Ada Membuat Pembaca dapat Menikmati Dunia Torrent (Jaringan P2P) untuk Berbgai Objek Legal (Audio/Video, Anime/Image/Photo, eBook/Comic/Magazine, PC/PSP/XBOX Games, Software, dan Lain Sebagainya) Secara Mudah dan Cepat Tanpa Harus Mengalami Kerugian Apapun.,(Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo, 2010), hal. 1.8

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yang mengeluhkan penegakan hukum soal pembajakan Hak Cipta. Kasus Napster

ini dianggap sebagai fasilitator pertukaran file musik dalam bentuk MP3.33 Dari

kasus tersebut bisa diaplikasikan dalam penggunaan Printer 3D dimana dengan

adanya Printer 3D cenderung memfasilitasi setiap orang yang ingin menciptakan

kembali barang atau produk yang sebenarnya sudah ada dan mengklaim bahwa

barang atau produk tersebut adalah ciptaanya.

Printer 3D menempatkan setiap pemegang ciptaan dalam posisi yang

sama seperti yang dialami oleh jasa recording seperti dalam kasus Napster,

dimana sebuah model digital bisa beredar bebas dan di unduh serta di cetak oleh

pihak ketiga tanpa persetujuan terlebih dahulu oleh pemegang ciptaan.34 Printer

3D memiliki dampak negatif terutama pada sektor industri dimana orang ketiga

yang membuat duplikat produk untuk diperjual belikan, maka dengan cara apapun

bisa digugat dengan alasan duplikat produk/ merek/ Hak Cipta/ desain; tanpa

adanya persetujuan dari pencipta; dan untuk diperjual belikan.35 Namun, terdapat

tiga pengecualian untuk mengatasi gugatan tersebut. Pertama adalah untuk

digunakan sendiri atau kepentingan pribadi, seperti yang tertulis pada UU Nomor

28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta (untuk selanjutnya dalam penulisan ini akan

disebut UUHC 2014) bahwa dalam menjalankan hak ekonomi dari suatu ciptaan

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!33 Muhammad Ahlul Amri Buana, “Perlindungan Hak Cipta Video unggahan Terhadap Pembajakan di Situs Youtube”, Penulisan Hukum, Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2011, hal. 6 $&! Paris Tech Review, “3D Printing and IP Rights: Some Issues, Any Solutions?”, <http://www.paristechreview.com/2014/12/16/3d-printing-ip-rights/>, diakses 16 September 2015 35 Harvespat, “Isu-Isu Hak Kekayaan Intelektual yang Timbul dalam Teknologi Pencetakan 3 Dimensi”, <http://www.harvespat.com/article/isu-isu-hak-kekayaan-intelektual-yang-timbul-dalam-teknologi-pencetakan-3-dimensi>, pada tanggal 29 Juli 2015

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hanya jika pemilik ciptaan memberikan izin kepada orang tersebut36 Kedua adalah

untuk penggantian bagian dari produk spare part atas suatu produk yang

dilindungi HAKI,37 yang bisa diaplikasikan pada kasus Schutz v. Werit . Ketiga

adalah untuk desain fitur yang memungkinkan satu produk untuk dapat berfungsi

secara fungsional atau secara estetis secara khusus.38

Dalam kasus Schutz v. Werit, Mahkamah Agung memutuskan bahwa

penggantian spare part tidak melanggar hukum karena dalam mengganti spare

part, produsen juga harus memperhitungkan berbagai faktor, termasuk

penggantian spare part secara pribadi atau melihat penggantian spare part

tersebut sebagai penemuan baru, mengingat bahwa Printer 3D memiliki

kemampuan untuk membuat spare part39. Perlu diingat bahwa penggunaan

Printer 3D di Indonesia semakin meningkat, mengingat laporan dari lembaga

Canalys yang menyebutkan bahwa penjualan Printer 3D melonjak hingga 68

persen pada 2014 dan total penjualan di seluruh dunia telah mencapai 133 ribu

unit.40 Tentunya, dari fakta inilah penulis percaya bahwa akan muncul berbagai

macam gugatan seputar pengunaan Printer 3D. Pemerintah pun telah membantu

dengan membuat UUHC 2002 (untuk selanjutnya dalam penulisan ini akan

disebut UUHC 2002) yang telah direvisi menjadi UUHC 2014 dan UU Nomor 31

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!36 Pasal 8 UUHC 2014 37 The Lawyer.com, “Schutz v Werit: When Repairing a Patented Product is Permitted”, <http://www.thelawyer.com/Journals/2013/03/18/When-repairing-a-patented-product-is-permitted_414865.pdf>, diakses 30 September 2015 38 Harvespat, Op.cit. $+! The IPKat, “When Werit finds Merit: UK Supreme Court Okays Spare Parts”, <http://ipkitten.blogspot.co.id/2013/03/when-werit-finds-merit-uk-supreme-court.html>, diakses 16 September 2015 40 TEMPO.CO, “Penjualan Printer 3D Melonjak 68 Persen”, <http://tekno.tempo.co/read/news/2015/04/04/072655158/penjualan-printer-3d-melonjak-68-persen>, diakses 16 September 2015

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Tahun 2000 tentang Hak Desain Industri (yang selanjutnya dalam penulisan ini

disebut UUDI). Kedua hukum tersebut telah mendapat pengaruh dari berbagi

peraturan-peraturan Internasional dalam bidang HAKI, seperti TRIPS yang

dicetuskan oleh World Trade Organization, Konvensi Berne, serta Konvensi

Paris.41 Dari sinilah, muncul berbagai peraturan internasional yang lebih spesifik

mengenai Hak Cipta dan Hak Desain Industri.

Namun, berbagai peraturan tersebut belum cukup efektif memberikan

perlindungan HAKI dan meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat tentang

penghormatan dan penghargaan HAKI.42 Penulis melihat bahwa permasalahan

HAKI selalu menjadi salah satu topik perundingan internasional mengenai

perdagangan multilateral dan HAKI telah menjadi salah satu aspek terpenting bagi

suatu negara untuk menjaga keunggulan industri dan perdagangannya. Oleh

karena itu, penulis ingin melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mendalami

tujuan utama dari penciptaan Printer 3D dan mendalami hukum Indonesia (

UUHC 2012, UUHC 2014 dan UUDI ), kasus Napster, serta peraturan-peraturan

internasional yang memiliki kaitan dengan gugatan dan pengecualian hukum yang

berhubungan dengan Printer 3D.

1.2 Rumusan Masalah

Berdasarkan uraian mengenai latar belakang masalah diatas, dapat

dirumuskan dua permasalahan pokok sebagai berikut:

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!41 Y. Palopak, “Perlindungan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual dan Perlindungan Hak Cipta pada Program Komputer”, <https://emmariantha.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/8-hki.ppt>, diakses 1 Januari 2016 42 Triyanto, “Penguatan Penegakan Hukum Hak Kekayaan Intelektual”. Jurnal Yustisia Vol. 83, Edisi 83. Mei 2011, Fakultas Keguruan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2011, hal. 49

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1). Bagaimana perlindungan HAKI bagi pemegang Hak Cipta dan Hak Desain

Industri terhadap penggunaan Printer 3D?

2). Bagaimana kebijakan dalam memberikan landasan hukum bagi konsumen

untuk dikecualikan dari tuntutan hukum atas penggunaan Printer 3D?

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian

Tujuan yang ingin dicapai oleh penulis dengan melakukan penelitian ini

adalah:

1) Untuk menelusuri, menemukan dan menganalisis konsepsi dan bentuk

perlindungan hukum bagi pemegang Hak Cipta dan Hak Desain Industri

dalam UUHC 2002, UUHC 2014, UUDI, dan peraturan-peraturan

internasional yang terkait dengan masalah penggunaan Printer 3D.

2) Untuk mengetahui tujuan penciptaan Printer 3D dan menganalisa dasar

gugatan dalam pengunaan Printer 3D.

3) Untuk menganalisa pengecualian hukum terhadap tuntutan atas dugaan

pelanggaran terkait dengan penggunaan Printer 3D.

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian

1.4.1 Segi Akademik

Printer 3D merupakan suatu bentuk teknologi di zaman sekarang ini yang

masih terus berkembang, dan sejauh ini belum banyak penelitian terutama

dari segi hukum dengan membahas UUHC 2002, UUHC 2014, UUDI

secara akademis terhadap kaitannya dengan topik tersebut. Mengingat

bahwa penggunaan Printer 3D memungkinkan terjadinya eksploitasi

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terhadap karya milik orang lain dalam kaitannya dengan HAKI terutama

dalam kasus Hak Cipta dan Hak Desain Industri.

1.4.2 Segi Praktis

Penelitian ini dapat dipakai sebagai landasan akademis dalam

kemungkinannya dikaji pengembangan hukum atau penambahan landasan

hukum HAKI untuk penggunaan Printer 3D di Indonesia. Mengingat

bahwa begitu banyak pebisnis atau investor di Indonesia yang seringkali

merasa dirugikan dengan kemunculan Printer 3D ini. Para pebisnis dan

para praktisi hukum di Indonesia juga dapat menggunakan penelitian ini

untuk memahami kaidah hukum HAKI seperti UUHC 2002, UUHC 2014

dan UUDI.

1.5 Sistematika Penulisan

Penulisan ini disusun sebagai suatu rangkaian yang sistematis, dimana

setiap bagian-bagiannya mempunyai kaitan yang erat sat sama lain.

Dengan demikian untuk memperoleh gambaran dan mempermudah

pembaca mengenai alur dan pembahasan, dalam sistematika penulisan ini

terdiri dari 5 (lima) bab, yaitu:

Bab 1: Pendahuluan, bab ini akan menguraikan latar belakang, rumusan

masalah, tujuan penelitian, manfaat penelitian, dan sistematika

penulisan.

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Bab 2: Tinjauan pustaka, bab ini terdiri atas kerangka teori dan kerangka

konseptual. Kerangka teori berisi tentang konsepsi perlindungan

hukum Hak Cipta dan Hak Desain Industri di Indonesia dan

internasional. Kerangka konseptual berisi tentang potensi

overlapping (overlapping protection) antara Hak Cipta dan Hak

Desain Industri serta konsep dalam kasus Napster yang berisi

tentang norma perlindungan Hak Cipta dalam HAKI.

Bab 3:Metode Penelitian, bab ini memaparkan mengenai metode

penelitian hukum yang digunakan dalam penulisan skripsi ini yang

terdiri dari jenis penelitian, prosedur perolehan bahan penelitian,

sifat analisis, pendekatan kasus, hambatan dalam penelitian dan

penanggulanggannya.

Bab 4:Pembahasan, bab ini akan menguraikan analisis terhadap

perlindungan para pemegang HAKI terutama dalam UUHC 2002,

UUHC 2014, UUDI, peraturan-peraturan internasional mengenai

Hak Cipta dan Hak Desain Industri beserta hal-hal yang menjadi

dasar gugatan dan dasar pengecualian hukum dalam penggunaan

Printer 3D.

Bab 5:Penutup, bab ini terdiri atas kesimpulan dan saran. Kesimpulan

merupakan jawaban yang jelas dari rumusan masalah dan saran

merupakan rekomendasi dari penulis untuk menyelesaikan masalah

yang ada dalam penelitian.

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