Chapter fourThe Theory of qi ,blood and

body fluid

XIA Xinxin 2015.9.24

The material basis of the functional activities the body.

The physiological products of their functional activities.

To study the development ,transportation and distribution ,physiological functions, pathological changes and mutual relations of qi,blood,and body fluid of human body.

qi ,blood and body fluid

1.The Concept of Qi qi is the most basic substance of which the world is

comprised. Everything in the universe results from the movements and changes of qi.

two aspects: the vital substances comprising the human body and

maintaining its life activities. (qi of food essence, qi of breathing)

the physiological functions of viscera and bowels, channels and collaterals.( qi of the heart )

Section 1 Qi

2. The formation of Qi two sources: the innate vital substance one inherits from one’s parents before

birth. the substance one receives from the natural world: the food

essence and fresh air. procedure in production ：III. fresh air.(inhaled by the lung)

IV. the food essence (digested by the spleen )

V. the innate vital substance （ acted on by the kidney)

3. The Functions of Qi1) Promoting Action

Qi is a sort of essence full of vitality. ① activate the growth and development of the

human body.② promote the physiological functions of

body.③ speed up the formation and circulation of

blood and the metabolism of body fluid as well.

if the above function are weakened as a

result of the deficiency of qi, what will happen?

Late and slow growth and development of human body or senilism.

Weakened functions of viscera and bowels,channels and collaterals,tissues and other organs

Insufficient blood formation or stagnation in blood vessels.

Disturbance in the metabolism of body fluid

2) Consolidating and Governing Action qi has the ability to command, control and consolidate the liquid substances and organs in the abdominal cavity.

(1)Keeping the blood flowing within, not extravasating out of the vessels;

(2) Controlling and adjusting the secretion and excretion of sweat, urine and saliva, and preventing the body fluid from escaping;

(3)Consolidating and storing sperm and preventing spermatorrhea ， premature ejaculation.(nephroqi)

(4)Consolidating the organs so as to prevent them from descending.(spleenqi)

.

Hypofunction of qi in fixation and governing: Various kinds of hemorrhage , spontaneous perspiration, polyuria, salivation, spermatorrhea ， premature ejaculation, prolapse of the stomach , kidney and uterus.

3) Warming Action Qi has a warming action. qi is the main source of the heat needed by the human body. lower temperature,intolerance to cold,cold limbs. 4) Defending Actionthe defending action of qi is shown in two aspects. to guard the surface of the skin against the

exopathogen;to combat the invading exopathogen so as to ward it

off.Easy to be sicken ,the diseases are hard to cure

5)promoting metabolism and transformation “qi hua” it refers to the metabolism of fundamental substances(essence of life), qi, blood and body fluid, and the transformations which can occur between them.

4.The movement of qiDifferent kinds of qi move in different way.four basic ways:ascending,descending,exiting, enteringthe lung :exhaling is exiting, inhaling is entering, dispersing is ascending and keeping the inspired air flowing downward is descending.qi of the spleen: ascend qi of the stomach: descend.

The various functions of qi are all performed by its movement.

5.The classification of qi1) Inborn Qi (primordial qi)Formation:mainly from the innate essence stored

in the kidney.and depends on the supplement and nourishment of the acquired essence developed in the spleen and stomach.

Movement:commences from “the vital gate”, passes the triple warmer and circulates throughout the body.

Functions: activating growth and development and promoting the functional activities of all the viscera and bowels, channels and collaterals, tissues and other organs.

2) Pectoral Qia combination of the fresh air inhaled by the lung and

the food essence derived by the spleen and stomach from water and grain.

Movement: stored in the chest and poured into the channels of the heart and lung just. It goes out of the lung and circulates through the larynx and pharynx.

Functions: 1)to promote the respiratory movement of the lung and is involved in the loudness or softness of voice and words.2)to fill the heart channel to promote and adjust its beat, and to promote and adjust the circulation of blood and vital energy.3)exerts an influence on the warmth and activities of the limbs.

3) Nourishing Qithe qi circulating within the blood vessels and having a nourishing function.Formation

a complex of inhaled air and absorbed food essence.

Movement: originates from the middle warmer and enters the channels by way of the lung. It circulates throughout the body along one after another of the fourteen channels.

Function: to produce blood, nourish the whole body.

4) Defending Qithe qi moving outside the conduits and having protective functions. Formation : a complex of inhaled air and absorbed

food essence.Movement: circulates outside the channels, it

travels between the skin and flesh.Fuction:1)guarding the surface of the body against

exopathogen. 2)keeping a relatively constant body temperature by controlling the opening and closing of the pores and adjusting the excretion of sweat.

3) nourishing the viscera, bowels, muscles, skin and hair.4) associated with sleep.

1 、 The concept of blood Blood is a kind of red liquid rich in

nutrition, circulating within the blood vessels. And vessels are pipes through which blood flows.

Section 2 Blood

2 、 The formation of bloodBlood originates from two sources.1 ） food essence. ： absorbed by the spleen and stomach goes up to the lung where it is turned into blood through the cardioqi and pulmonoqi. 2 ） the essence of life ： the stored essence of life goes into the liver and changes into clear blood.

3 、 The function of blood

nourishing and moistening the whole body

The liver having received blood has the function of determining

good eyesight.

The feet nourished by blood have the ability to walk.

The palms having received blood have the power of gripping.

The fingers having obtained nutrients from blood can hold objects.

“The blood is the mental energy.”

4 、 The circulation of blood The blood continuously circulates within the vessels

round the body.

How many organs have certain actions on the normal circulation of the blood? And how does it perform its function well?

The heart:control the power to force the blood circulate.The lung:take in charge of vital energy and link to the formation of pectoral qi.Pectoral qi:entering into the heart channel to promote the movement of blood and vital energy.The spleen:keeping the blood flowing within the vessels,not extravasating.The liver:regulate the rate of the flow of the blood according to the different physiological needs of activity or calmness,causing the circulation of blood to kept at a constant level.

Section 3 Body fluid

1 、 The conception of Body Fluid(jinye) It is a collective term of all normal liquids. body fluid refers to the intracellular and the extracellular fluid in modern medicine.

“jin” is the fluid which is dilute, flows easily in the pores, skin and muscles, and has a moistening function. （ thin fluid )

“ye”is the fluid which is thick, flows less easily in the joints, viscera, bowels, brain and marrow, and has a nourishing function.(thick fluid )

2 、 The formation,distribution and excretion of jinye The formation :comes from water and food. It is formed in the process of digestion in the stomach and transformation of the spleen. “the small intestine has a function of separating the clear from the turbid, and the large intestine dominate thin fulid , the formation of body fluid.”

Through which organ’s function is the transportation and distribution of the body fluid completed?

The transportation and distribution :is, in the main,

completed jointly by the spleen through its function of

transmission and transportation, by the lung through its

efforts of dispersing and descending, and by the kidney

through its role of regulating water metabolism.And the

triple warmer is the passage through which it passes.the

liver’s function of smoothing and regulating the vital

energy and blood also helps transport and distribute

jinye.

the excretion :waste and excessive water is excreted according to the different physiological needs. the lung:activate the flow of body fluid, to the surface of the body and , is there turned it into sweat. the kidney:separate the clear from the turbid and change it into urine. the urinary bladder: store and excrete urine. Others are transformed into nasal mucus, saliva and tears and are removed from the nose, mouth , eyes by the functions of the corresponding organs. The air exhaled by the lung takes away some moisture.

multiple choice questions

Which are the key organs in maintaining the normal metabolism of water:A. The lung B.The spleenC.The heart D.The kidney.

3 、 The function of jinye

1 ） Moisturizing and nourishing Distributed to the surface and pores of the body has the function of moisturizing the skin, the hair, the muscles, the eyes, the nose, the mouth and others. Poured into the internal organs, the marrow, the spinal cord and the brain has the function of nourishing them.

2)As a component of blood through the blood capillaries, Jinye seeps into the blood vessels. Performs a nourishing and lubricating function and becomes a component part of blood.3)excrete the waste and poisonous substances from the body along with sweat and urine after the metabolism in the body, thus maintaining the clearness of the body itself and ensuring the normal physiological functions all of the organs , collaterals and tissues.

Section 4 The relationship between qi 、

blood and body fluid

1 、 the relationship between qi and blood

Qi belongs to yang and has a warming function; while blood belongs to yin, and a nourishing function. (1) Qi as the Commander of Blood 1)Making Blood: Qi is the motive power for making blood. 2)Qi as the driving force of Blood:Qi in motion renders blood circulating normally. 3) Keeping blood flowing within the Vessels.

in treating a deficiency of blood often adds drugs having the function of invigorating qi. Chinese Angelica Decoction :6g angelica root ( 当归） ,30g Radix Astragali seu hedysari root （黄芪） .

In treating the syndromes of stagnation of blood, often adds drugs having the function of promoting the circulation of ,or supplementing qi. And pay attention to recuperating the function of the relevant viscera and bowels.

In treating hemorrhage not using excessive hemostatics, but mainly using drugs having the function of invigorating the spleen to benefit qi.ie. Radix Astragali seu hedysari root, ginseng root （人参） .recuperate the function of the spleen.

(2) Blood as “the Mother”of Qi

Qi is in blood and carried by blood.

Blood permanently provides nutrients for the movement of qi.

Qi should be reinforced at the same time as blood is toned up ,and vice versa

2 、 The relationship between qi and body fluid

1) Qi, the motivating power in promoting the development of body fluid through the function of the spleen and stomach.2) Qi, the motivating power in promoting the circulation of body fluid and the excretion of water.3) Qi, the mechanism of guiding body fluid4) Body fluid, the carrier of Qi

promoting the circulation of or supplementing qi and promoting diuresis.

spontaneous sweating ,enuresis and polyuria invigorating qi to control body fluid is often used.

severe vomiting and diarrhea cause heavy loss of qi

3. The Relationship between Blood and Body Fluid

They both belong to yin. ， and both derive from food essence. Their main function is nourishing and moisturizing. Heavy loss of blood are followed by heavy loss of body fluid:thirst, oliguria and dry skin. Less body fluid causes blood to be less but thicker.so those blood loss is too heave have to avoid perspiring.