45

CHAPTER – 3

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA

Warangal district in Andhra Pradesh is selected for the study and the

socio-economic profile of the district is presented in the following paragraphs.

BOUNDARIES AND TOPOGRAPHY

The district lies between the Latitude 170 - 19” and 180 - 36” North and

longitudes of 780 - 49” and 800 - 43” East, and is above Mid Sea level by 870 ft.

It is bounded on the North by Karimnagar district, on the West by Medak

district, on the South by Nalgonda district and by Khammam district on East

and South-East. The geographical area of the district is 12,846 sq. kms. The

district possessed interesting geographical formations and minerals of

economic importance. The principal formations are classified in to two

divisions i.e., Archeans puranas and Gondwans.

DEMOGRAPHIC PARTICULARS

Table-1 shows that the official Census 2011 details of Warangal district

are released by Directorate of Census Operations in Andhra Pradesh. In 2011,

Warangal had a population of 35, 22,644, of which males and females were 17,

66, 257 and 17, 56,387 respectively. In 2001 Census, Warangal had a

population of 32, 46,004, of which males were 16, 44,895 and the remaining

46

16, 01,109 were females. There was a growth of 8.52 per cent in the population

in 2011 compared to the population in 2001. In the previous census 2001, the

district recorded an increase of 15.15 per cent to its population compared to the

figure in the 1991. The initial provisional data released by Census India 2011,

shows that the density of the district for 2011 is 274 people per sq.km. In 2001,

it was put at 253 people per sq.km. The district covers an area of 12,847 square

kilometers.

Table-3.1: Demographic particulars

Description 2001 2011

Actual Population 32,46,004 35,22,644

Male 16,44,895 17,66,257

Female 16,01,109 17,56,387

Population Growth 15.15 8.52

Area Sq.Km 12,874 12,874

Density/Km2 253 274

Proportion to A.P. Population 4.26 4.16

Sex Ratio(per 1000) 973 994

Child Sex Ratio(0-6 Age) 955 912

Average Literacy 57.13 66.16

Male Literacy 68.88 75.91

Female Literacy 45.09 56.45

Source: Chief Planning Officer, Hand book of statistics, Warangal District 2010-11.

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3. Literacy level

Average literacy rate of Warangal in 2011 was 66.16 per cent compared

to 57.13per cent in 2001. The literacy rate among males stands at 75.91 per

cent and women at 56.45 per cent. For 2001 census, the figures stood at

68.88per cent and 45.09 per cent in the district. Total literates in the district

were 21,16,037 of which male and female were 12,11,953 and 904,084

respectively.

4. Sex Ratio

With regards to Sex Ratio, it stood at 994 females per 1,000 male

compared to 2001 census figure of 973. The average sex ratio at all-India level

is 940 as per the latest reports of Census 2011.

5. SC & ST population:

The Scheduled Caste population in the district is 5.51lakhs and the scheduled

Tribe’s population is 4.57 lakhs, which form 16.9 per cent and 14.07 per cent

respectively of the district population.

6. Villages and Towns

Out of 1,098 Revenue villages of the district, as many as 1,003 villages

are inhabited and the rest are deserted. The total rural population of the district

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is 26.23 lakhs. There are five towns: Warangal, Hanmakonda, Jangaon,

Mahabubabad and Dornakal. In the district the total urban population is 6.2

lakhs. Warangal city is classified as Municipal Corporation.

7. Working Population

The working class population in the district is 15.66 lakhs, which is

55.53 per cent of the total population. The workers in agricultural sector are

9.14 lakhs, forming 28.12 per cent of the total population. The remaining 4.34

lakhs are the workers engaged in non-agricultural sectors, comprising 27.7 per

cent of the total population of the district. The non- worker population is 25.52

lakhs constituting of 78.62 per cent of the total population.

Rain fall:

In the district, agriculture is depended on rainfall. South-West and

North- East monsoons are the sources of the rain. South-West monsoon is

spread over June to September and North-East monsoon from October to

December. The details of rainfall in the district are provided in the following.

49

Table-3.2: Statement Showing the Normal rainfall and Actual rainfall Received form 2010-04 in Warangal district (in mm)

MonthNormal

rainfall

Total

2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

June 137 144.3 83.00 130.1

July 288 464.3 314.1 297.1

August 238 220.5 180.4 229.5

September 136 238.4 89.09 233.4

October 86 89.6 11.8 100.9

November 27 36.5 8.00 61.33

December 06 17.01 0.00 0.00

January 05 0.00 14.8 03.01

February 06 0.00 0.00 14.8

March 13 0.00 0.06 0.00

April 15 38.1 09.08 0.08

May 37 0.00 17.03 0.00

Total 994 1249.3 729.7 1071.0

Source: Joint Director of Agriculture, Warangal districts.

About 80 per cent of the rainfall is received from South-West and the

rest from North-East monsoons in this district.

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Temperature

It is seen from the Table 3.3 that the district in general is a dry district.

March, April and May are generally hot months. May is the hottest month.

December, January and February are the cold months.

Table – 3.3: Details of Maximum & Minimum Temperature

S. No. MonthMean Maximum Temperature

(In Centigrade)Mean Minimum Temperature

(In Centigrade)

Normal 2009 2010 Normal 2009 2010

1 January 30.3 31.6 28 19.1 19.7 16

2 February 31.7 31.3 31.4 20.7 20.7 19.2

3 March 34.6 33 34.7 23.9 23.3 24.3

4 April 37.5 36.5 40.5 27.8 28.3 26.7

5 May 41.3 40.5 39.7 29.9 29.9 28.7

6 June 33 33.6 34.8 28 28.7 26.5

7 July 30.7 29.7 27.9 26.9 26.1 24.5

8 August 29.8 29.7 29.1 25.7 25.4 25.7

9 September 30.9 31.6 29.2 26.3 26.4 25

10 October 31.4 31.7 29.1 24.4 24.4 23.4

11 November 30.9 30.5 28.7 20.6 21.3 22.6

12 December 30.6 29.3 26.8 19.2 19.2 16.7

Source: District Statistical Hand Book – 2011

Land Utilization.

It is observed from the Table 3.4, that the net area sown in the district is

12.84 lakh acres, forming 33.81per cent of the total geographical area,

followed by forest with 28.89 per cent of the total area.

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Table – 3.4: The pattern of Land Utilisation of the districtFor the year 2009-10 is as follows

S. No CategoryArea in

lakhs Acres

% of the total Area

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Forest

Land put to non-agl uses

Barren and un-cultivable and

Permanent pastures and other grazinglands

Cultivable waste

Misc. Crops grown not included in the net area sown

Current fallows

Other fallows

Net Area Sown

3.71

0.60

0.52

0.45

0.11

0.50

1.57

1.04

4.34

28.89

4.67

4.05

3.50

0.86

3.89

12.23

8.10

33.81

Total 12.84 100.00

Source: Chief Planning Officer, Hand book of statistics, Warangal district 2010-11.

Soils

Soil is the most important natural resource for crop cultivation. In

Warangal district, there are mainly four types of soils. These are:

1. Chalka soils (sandy loarns) constitute major part, which is 64 per cent of

the soils in the district.

2. Black soils (Regar) farm 21 per cent of the soils.

3. Loamy sands (Dubba) consist of 14 per cent of the soils.

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4. Laterite and other soils constitute one per cent of the soils.

The red soils are light in texture and poor in moisture retentive capacity.

Almost all the crops are grown in the district in these soils. However, cotton is

also grown in the soils, which are not suitable for the cultivation of the same.

This is also one of the reasons for failure of the crop in these soils. Agricultural

extension has failed to educate farmers on this aspect. Crops suffer in the light

soils because of poor moisture retentive capacity, especially in the periods of

scarce rainfall or droughts and the yields of crops get reduced or crops may fail

altogether. This leads to farmers’ distress.

Irrigation

The major sources of irrigation in the district are open dug wells, bore

wells, tanks, lakes streams, etc and all these sources depend on rainfall. Two-

thirds of the area irrigated is under wells. Most of the tanks have become

defunct because of poor maintenance, silt-up and breaches. There is the highest

number of pump sets in the district. When rains fail, the sources are also

become dry and this is one of the reasons for drying up of the crops and hence

crop failure. No advisory system is in place to advise farmers on proper water

management.

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Canal irrigation in the district is extremely limited. Flood flow canal is

one of the major sources of irrigation in the irrigated areas.

The major tragedy in the district is the declining ground water levels and

the inadequate and interrupted power supply which are of grant concern to the

farmers. SRSP irrigates about 1.5 laksh acres in the district.

Table 3.5: Irrigation Particulars

S. No Source of Irrigation 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

1 Canals 0 0 4828 246 10126

2 Tanks 0 0 89586 12650 98076

3 Tube wells 0 0 108157 108359 129166

4 Dug wells 0 0 235905 212904 244459

5 Lift irrigation 0 0 3059 1547 2663

6 Other sources 411478 393350 3410 811 2828

7 Gross area irrigated 411478 393350 444945 336517 487318

8 Area irrigated more than 100568 107601 132756 91992 141995

9 Net area irrigated 310910 285749 312189 244525 345323

Source: District Statistical Hand Book – 2011.

It is observed from the table that the net irrigated area in the district is 3,

45,323 hectares, while the gross irrigated area is 4, 87,318 hectares. The

maximum area (2, 44,459 hectares) is under dug wells. The next important

source of irrigation is tube wells, under which 1, 29,166 hectares of land is

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irrigated. It may be concluded that the irrigation potential is very low in the

district.

Cropping Pattern

The details of cropping pattern are presented in the Table below. The

major area is covered by cotton, paddy, pulses, chilles etc. Cotton is the major

crop which occupies the highest area in the district.

Table- 3.6: Crop wise Normal Area sown particularsFor 2012 in Warangal District (area in ha)

Crop

Kharif 2012 Rabi 2012

Normal Area

Are Shown

% coverage

ProposedArea for

Karif-2013

NormalArea

Area shown

% coverage

Paddy 136419 138366 101 145000 70475 70651 100

Jowar 171 103 60 125 6019 2554 42

Maize 43314 48122 111 55000 28695 40610 142

Green gram 25813 18609 72 20000 2856 2452 86

Red gram 18471 9554 52 12000 954 405 42

Black gram 477 61 13 75 1932 1652 86

Cowgram 278 143 51 175 1569 1767 113

Groundnut 6179 3502 0 3800 25365 26975 106

Sesamum 7831 2286 0 3000 207 36 17

Castor 1803 968 54 1250 0 0 0

Soyabean 8 0 0 10 0 0 0

Cotton 204942 274304 134 280000 0 0 0

Chillies 14226 11448 80 12000 9029 11863 131

Turmeric 1084 51685 110 542960 149105 160410 108

Source: Joint Director of Agriculture, Warangal

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The details of the projected area and production of different crops in the

district are presented the table below.

Table – 3.7: The projected area and production of differentcrops are presented in the Table

Crop

Kharif 2013 Rabi 2013

Area coveragein ha

Productivityin kgs/ha

Production in M.ts

Area coverage

in ha

ProductivityIn Kgs ha

Production in M.Ts

Paddy 136419 138366 101 145000 70475 70651

Jowar 171 103 60 125 6019 2554

Maize 43314 48122 111 55000 28695 40610

Green gram 25813 18609 72 20000 2856 2452

Red gram 18471 9554 52 12000 954 405

Black gram 477 61 13 75 1932 1652

Cowgram 278 143 51 175 1569 1767

Groundnut 6179 3502 0 3800 25365 26975

Sesamum 7831 2286 0 3000 207 36

Castor 1803 968 54 1250 0 0

Soyabean 8 0 0 10 0 0

Cotton 204942 274304 134 280000 0 0

Chillies 14226 11448 80 12000 9029 11863

Turmeric 1084 51685 110 542960 149105 160410

Source: Joint Director of Agriculture, Warangal

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Credit Plan:

During 2011-12 out of Rs 1,190 crore of crop loans, about Rs 1,083

crore were disbursed to the farmers. In 2012, the crop loans target is fixed at Rs

1,345 crore for kharif and rabi. The details of the crop loans and term loans are

shown in the Table given below.

Table-3.9: Particulars of the Crop Loans & Term Loan for the year of 2009-13 (figures in Rs)

Year

Crop Loans Term Loan

Loa

nee

far

mer

s

pla

nn

ed

Non

-loa

nee

farm

ers

pla

nn

ed

Ten

ant

farm

ers

Pla

nn

ed

Tar

get

Ach

ieve

men

t

Tar

get

Ach

ieve

men

t

2009-10 921.00 715.41 79.00 41.76 76000 214000 4034

2010-11 1080.00 921.82 175.00 - 590000 39000 6200

2011-12 1190.00 1083.00 175.00 120.00 800000 45000 32000

2012-13 1345.00 - 190.00 - - - -

Source: Joint Director of Agriculture, Warangal

Educational Institutions

The Warangal city has considerably developed during the past three

decades. Many new educational institutions are established, namely, Kakatiya

University, National Institute of Technology, KITS, Govt. Polytechnic,

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Kakatiya Medical College, I.T.I. Evening College, Law College, Women’s

College of Education, Music and Dance School etc., besides the other private

colleges in all fields. The School of Distance and Learning Continuing

Education (SDLCE) has also added to growth of education and culture to

large sections of population.

Small and Medium Industries

The district has large a number of small and medium size industries like

tanning, light engineering, rice mills, wood works, etc. The granite industry,

A.P. Rayons at Kamalapur and Singareni Colleries at Bhoopalpally are

providing employment to the people.

Trade

After Hyderabad, Warangal occupies importance in trade in Telangana

region. The district is covered with regulated markets. Enumamula market

yard with 30 platforms and 172 shops spread over 112.06 acres is considered to

be the biggest market yard to cater to the needs of farmers in Warangal and

Karimnagar districts.

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Self –Help Groups

Women’s self- help group movement has made a good impact on the

district. It helped promote literacy of women, decrease in growth rate of

population, apart from empowering them economically and socially. Today

there are 2,500 self –help groups with 3.10 lakh women as members with Rs 85

e corpus of Rs 85 crore.

Small Scale Industries

There are about 320 small scale units in the district. Most of them are

into services, for and agri-business. The number of jobs created by these SSI is

almost negligible.

Power

Agriculture sector has got the highest number of power connections.

This is followed by domestic and commercial services.

Transport and communications

The district is well connected with train services with 20 railway stations

and all are in broad gauge category.

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Road connectivity

The district is connected with national highways, state highways, district

roads, Zilla Parishad roads, Mandal Parishad roads and village roads. Most of

the roads in the district are black topped.

Table 3.10: Livestock and Poultry Population

S. No ITEM 2003Census 2007Census

1 Cattle(Total) 662469 808238

Male Over 3year 360810 484668

Female 140314 165392

Young stock 161345 158178

2 Buffaloes(Total) 479950 744491

Male Over 3year 53375 23066

Female 242893 383543

Young stock 183682 337882

3 Sheep 1107154 1981321

4 Goats 306556 547034

5 Horses and Ponies 7 7

6 Donkeys 57 80

7 Mules 00 00

8 Camels 15 00

9 Pigs 33627 43839

10 Other livestock 00 00

1 Ducks 00 00

2 Others 48948 19613

11 Total Livestock 2640631 4144623

12 Total Poultry 3609899 4770676

Source: District Statistical Hand Book, 2011.

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It is evident from the Table the total livestock position in the district has

improved substantially. It contributes significantly to the agrarian economy of

the district. However, there is concentration of livestock in the hands of large

farmers. Sheep and goats are mostly reared by the traditional communities that

are known by rearing them.

The description of the study area provides a background to the empirical

study conducted in the district, which is presented in the chapter V.