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Chapter 9
Sherie LoikaSherie Loika Vickie Engel Vickie EngelEyrin BookEyrin Book Laure OwensLaure Owens
Kande BahlmanKande Bahlman
Learners Who Are Learners Who Are Deaf or Hard of HearingDeaf or Hard of Hearing
Sherie LoikaSherie Loika
Physiological Perspective
Measurable degree of hearing lossDecibels - units of relative loudness of
sounds
DeafDeaf = hearing loss greater than 90 dB
Hard of HearingHard of Hearing = hearing loss less than 90 dB
Educational Perspective
How much is the hearing loss likely to affect the child’s ability to speak and develop language?
At what age was the onset of hearing loss?
Terms Associated with Deafness
Congenitally deafCongenitally deaf - deafness present at birth Adventitiously deafAdventitiously deaf - deafness that occurs
through illness or accident in an individual born with normal hearing
Prelingual deafnessPrelingual deafness - deafness that occurs before the development of spoken language, usually at birth
Postlingual deafnessPostlingual deafness - deafness occurring after the development of speech and language
Hearing Threshold Classification
Mild 26-54 dBModerate 55-69 dBSevere 70-89 dBProfound 90dB & above
Decibel Table
Demographic Aspects of
Hearing Impairment
Gallaudet ResearchGallaudet Research
http://www.odc.state.or.us/tadoc/dmisc1.htm
Prevalence
Anatomy and Physiology
Movie clipEar Diagram Quiz
Microtia Grade III (Little Ear)
Deformity of the Outer Ear
Atresia
No Middle Ear, Ear Canal, or Ear Drum
Measurement of Hearing Ability
Eyrin BookEyrin Book
Screening Tests
At birth in hospitalsPeriodically in public schools
Grade Pre-K, K, 1,3,5,7, and 9Called a pure tone sweep check done with
the use of an audiometer.Can also be screened upon request or new
or re-eval special education students.
Pure Tone Audiometry
Hertz - unit of measurement of the frequency of sound; refers to the highness or lowness of a sound.
Audiometric zero - lowest level at which people with normal hearing can hear. Also known as the zero hearing threshold.
Speech Audiometry
Tests a person’s detection and understanding of speech, rather than using pure tones to detect hearing loss
Speech reception threshold (SRT) is the decibel level at which a person can understand speech.
Other Tests - Play Audiometry
Uses a game like format to test hearing of young and hard to test children.
The examiner teaches the child to do various activities when they hear a signal
Other Tests - Tympanometry
A method of measuring the middle ear’s response to pressure and sound.
A rubber tipped robe is inserted into the child’s ear, sealing the ear canal, and the effects of pressure and sound are then measured to assess the functioning of the middle ear.
Other Tests – Evoked Response Audiometry
Technique involving electroencephalograph (EEG) measurement of changes in brain-wave activity in response to sounds.
Method has become more popular with the development of more sophisticated computers.
Can be done while the child is sleeping.
Psychological & Behavioral Characteristics
Vickie EngelVickie Engel
QUESTION…
If you were forced to choose, which would
you rather be…
blind or deaf?
English Language & Speech Disorders
75% of children who are profoundly deaf have non-intelligible speech.
Children born deaf, are unable to hear themselves and adults’ responses to them.
Deaf children are handicapped in learning to associate the sensations they receive when they move their jaws, mouths, and tongues with auditory sounds these movements produce.
Another way the speech is impaired, is the lack of hearing adult speech.
Intellectual Ability
MythMyth - Hearing impaired people have a lower conceptual
intelligence.
Do not assume that the IQ level of hearing impaired is lower than hearing people strictly because their language is not as developed.
Academic Achievement
Most children with hearing loss have extreme deficits in academic achievement.
Reading ability is most affected. It is not unusual for graduating students who
are deaf to be able to read at no more than a fourth-grade level.
Math is their best academic subject, but they are usually far behind hearing students.
Interesting Fact…
Deaf children with deaf parents have a higher reading achievement and better language skills than do those who have hearing parents.
Why?Why?Positive influence of sign language
Social Adjustment
Studies show that students who are deaf are at risk for loneliness.
Two factors to that may contribute to the isolation of deaf students: InclusionHearing status of the parents
Deaf Culture
Factors that define the Deaf community as a true culture…
linguistic differentiationattitudinal deafnessbehavioral normsendogamous marital patternshistorical awarenessvoluntary organizational networks
Erosion of the Deaf Culture
InclusionDeaf clubs
Deaf Activism
Cochlear implants
Educational Considerations
Laure OwensLaure Owens
Approaches to Educating Deaf
Oralism-manualism debateVerbal communicationManual communication
Currently…Currently…Total Communication Approach
Used by most educational programsBicultural-Bilingual Approach
Advocated by Deaf community
Total Communication
SpeechSigning English system
Signing Exact EnglishSigned EnglishSeeing Essential EnglishFinger spelling
SimultaneousUse
Bicultural-Bilingual Approach
American Sign Language (ASL)--primaryEnglish—secondaryCurriculum consists of instruction in Deaf
cultureCurriculum & instruction developed by
deaf individualsASL naturally before teaching EnglishExposure to ASL & English simultaneously
Debate
Deaf Community argues…Use of signing English systems criticizedArgue word order is not critical element in
teaching EnglishSlow, awkward
Total Communication Defenders argue…Correspondence of word order benefits
learning of English language.
Service Delivery Models
Placement varies based on severity of hearing lossResidential schools
Profoundly deafStudents of deaf parentsOlder students
80% of deaf students in local schools39% in general education classrooms
Success in an Integrated Setting
Time to learn & planCommitment to the model of educationSupport servicesClarity of program designParent participationDirect instruction by teachers of the deaf
within the regular classroom
Technological Advances
Hearing AidsTelevision, Video, & Movie CaptioningTelephone AdaptationsComputer-Assisted Instruction (CAI)
Early Intervention
Kande BahlmanKande Bahlman
Early Intervention
Permanent hearing loss affects 24,000 infants in USA annually.
20-30% of hearing loss in children occurs during infancy and early childhood.
Most critical period of development of hearing and speech is first 6 months of life.
Time is of the Essence
First six years of lifeFirst three years most criticalAmerican Academy of PediatricsNational Institute of HealthScreened before hospital dischargeContinuance of hearing screenings
Average Age of Identification Average Age of Identification in U.S. is 2½ to 3 years.in U.S. is 2½ to 3 years.
Identification
Early diagnosis and intervention can mean the difference between toddlers entering school with severe language and concept
delays versus children with age appropriate language and concept
development.
Research Indicates…
Children whose hearing losses are identified in the first 6
months of life ANDAND
who receive intervention services, develop language
within the normal range.
Deaf Children of Deaf Parents
Babies develop ASL at a rate similar to rate that hearing babies of hearing parents develop English
Day to day interaction of moms and babies are more facilitative and natural
Parents who sign with their deaf children develop cohesive families with high degrees of bonding and sharing of interests
Parents are better prepared to cope with infant’s deafness
Deaf Children of Hearing Parents
Slow development of English and ASL
Interactions unrelated to child’s activity or interest
Lack of language model High degree of parental stress Unprepared parents Lack of understanding of visual
modality in communication Struggle with appropriate sign
language delivery
Communication Decisions
Preschool intervention projects teaching basics of sign language to parents and to children
Providing native signers as models Development of the IFSP and IEP Researching the different communication approaches Choice based on child’s needs, family situation, and
program availability in family’s area Learning the program and giving it a fair chance Re-evaluating and changing approach when appropriate.
“The one need all deaf and hearing children
have in common is the need for effective communication of
meaningful information, including information that says ‘I love you’.”
Communication
Transition to Adulthood
UnemploymentUnderemploymentCollege education
Postsecondary Education
Before mid-1960’s Traditional colleges/universities Federal funding Over 100 postsecondary
education institutions in U.S. and Canada
Some still choose traditional schools
Traditional schools providing special programs
Interpreters
TransliterationASL
Family Issues
95% of deaf adults choose deaf spouses
90% of offspring from these marriages have normal hearing
Hearing children often serve as interpreters for deaf parents
Deaf face greater obstacles when entering work force due to lack of unskilled and semi-skilled trades
Brighter outlook