Chapter 9: Selection of Action

Slide Template

VARIABLES INFLUENCING SIMPLE AND CHOICE RT

Stimulus Modality

• Examples

Stimulus Intensity

• Relationship between stimulus intensity and simple reaction time.

Temporal Uncertainty

• Warning Interval • Imperative Stimulus

Expectancy

• Role of expectancy • Warning intervals in RT

VARIABLES INFLUENCING CHOICE REACTION TIME

The Information Theory Model

• The Hick-Hyman Law– Quantify the uncertainty of stimulus events

• Role of expectancy.

The Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off

• The Speed-Accuracy Operating Characteristic.– Figures 9.3 and 9.4.– Speed-Accuracy Trade-On

• The Speed-Accuracy Micro-Trade-Off. – Fast guess. – Memory load

The Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off

• The Speed-Accuracy Operating Characteristic.– Figures 9.3 and 9.4.– Speed-Accuracy Trade-On

• The Speed-Accuracy Micro-Trade-Off. – Fast guess. – Memory load

Other Considerations

• Stimulus Discriminability• The Repetition Effect – Alternation effect

• Response Factors• Practice• Executive Control

S-R Compatibility

• Location compatibility. – Colocation principle. – Congruence (ordered array)– Rules– Mapping of ordered quantity from least to most– Cant and angling

S-R Compatibility

• Movement compatibility. – Population stereotype– Congruence of display movement– Mismatching dimensions– Constrained vs. unconstrained controls– Frame of reference modifications– Compensatory status vs. pursuit command display– Warrick movement– Movement in different planes

S-R Compatibility

• Transformations and population stereotypes.• Modality S-R compatibility– Central processing code.

• Consistency and training. • Knowledge in the world. – Real-world examples – Figure 9.9

STAGES IN REACTION TIME

Stages in Reaction Time

• Subtractive• Additive factors • Psychophysiological techniques

SERIAL RESPONSES

The Psychological Refractory Period

• Inter-stimulus interval• Single-channel theory of PRP. • Figure 9.10.• Relationship between RT and Inter-Stimulus

Interval. • Figure 9.11.

Decision Complexity

• The Decision Complexity Advantage• Bandwidth• Decision complexity advantage• Chording.

Pacing

• Forced-paced versus self-paced• Response-stimulus interval

Response Factors

• Response Complexity• Response Feedback• Response Repetition

Preview and Transcription

• Transcription tasks• Benefits of lag• Preview

ERRORS

Categories of Human Error: An Information-Processing Approach

• Information processing context for representing human error– Figure 9.13.

• Mistakes– Knowledge-based and rule-based.

• Slips– Capture of behaviour.

• Lapses– Post-completion errors.

• Mode errors– Automation.

• Distinction between Error Categories.

Human Reliability Analysis

• Figure 9.14.• Performance shaping factors. – Table 9.1. – Fault tree analysis. Figure 9.15.

• Error monitoring • Non-independence of Human Errors.• Integrating human and machine reliabilities

Errors in Organizational Context

• Examples

Error Remedies

• Task Design• Equipment Design – Remedies

• Training• Assists and Rules• Error-Tolerant Systems