Chapter 9

Section 1

U.S. MARKETS EXPANDCountry more industrializedNortheast: Textile Mills/FactoriesShift in farming…Self-Sufficiency: Variety of food for familyChanges to Specialization: 1-2 crops to sellMarket Revolution begins…Buy/sell moreGoods/services rise, income rises

ENTREPRENEURAL SPIRITUS Economy: CapitalismCapitalism: private businesses/individuals control means of production(factories, machines, land)Capital: money, property, machines, factoriesEntrepreneurers: businessmen investing in industriesRisks: huge profits and large losses

INVENTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTSSome for enjoyment…others fuel economyCharles Goodyear: vulcanized rubber…the rubber didn’t melt or freezeElias Howe: Sewing Machine (1846)I.H. Singer: added foot pedal to sewing machine

INSTANT COMMUNICATIONSamuel Morse: Telegraph (1837)Tapped code over metal wireBusinessmen used it, RR workers1853: 23,000 miles of telegraph in US

EMERGENCE OF RAILROADS• 1860s: Canals die out• RR cost more than canals…• RR much faster…• Advantages of RR:• Speed, comfort, operate in all weather• 1850s: 10,000 miles of RR tracks

MIDWEST FARMING• 2 inventions create fertile soil:• Steel Plow and Mechanical Reaper• 1837: John Deere – Steel Plow• Horses replace oxen• Cyrus McCormick – Mechanical Reaper• 1 worker = work of 5• Cash crops: corn and wheat

Section 2

THE FRONTIER LURE SETTLERS1840: Expansion fever grips nationWestern movement, “Destined by God”“The fulfillment of our Manifest Destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Province for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.” - John O’ Sullivan (U.S. Magazine)Belief the US was destined to move west

ATTITUDES TOWARD THE FRONTIERBiggest attraction: LandLand Ownership = ProsperityMerchants/manufacturers expand westTrade expands to AsiaOregon harbors link US to China & JapanMany went west for a fresh start

THE BLACK HAWK WARNative Americans in Illinois & IowaWhites want NA off landChief Black Hawk leads a rebellionIllinois militia kills 200 Sauk tribeSauk removed from land

FORT LARAMIE TREATYSome NA attack settlersGov’t calls for ConferenceLaramie, NYMeeting w/ NA tribesCalls for peace and friendshipNA would get control of Central PlainsNA promised no attacksGov agrees to honor NA boundariesUS eventually breaks treaty

SANTA FE TRAIL780 miles: Independence, MO to Santa Fe, NMA prosperous trade routeNA tribes attack close to NMFirst American presence in NM & AZ

OREGON TRAIL Methodist missionaries setup schoolsConvert NA, travel via Oregon Trail: Independence, MO to Portland, ORFertile soil and vast rainfall attracts othersSame route as Lewis and Clark1844: 5,000 people arrive in Portland

MORMON MIGRATIONMormons go west on Or. TrailTo escape persecutionJoseph Smith est. Mormon Church Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SaintsSmith encourages polygamySmith is jailed in 1844Anti-Mormons murder Smith Brigham Young emerges as new leaderYoung encourages further west movementSettle in Great Salt Lake region

RESOLVING TERRRITORIAL DISPUTESGB & US clash over Oregon Terr.Treaties help calm disputes1844: President Polk calls to annex of Oregon Terr.“Fifty-Four, Forty or Fight”: Slogan on Polk’s viewsNorthern limit of disputed territory…Latitude 54” 40’Fur trade in area declines, as does GB interests in area Peaceful agreement w/GB on northern boundary of Canada

Section 3

MEXICO INVITES US SETTLERSAmerican farmers into areaEarly 1820s, land grants offered by MexicoLand grant agents(empresarios)Stephen F. Austin est. colony in TexasLand sold cheap, had to follow Mexican lawsEnglish speaking people take over area

TEXAS FIGHTS FOR INDEPENDENCEVast cultures in Texas1830: Immigration halts in Mexico, borders sealedMexican troops arrive in Texas1835: 1,000 people arrive in Texas monthlyG.T.T. “Gone to Texas”Stephen F. Austin, “Father of Texas”Wants self-government for TexasMexican President: Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna opposedSanta Anna had Austin arrestedTexas Revolution begins…

“REMEMBER THE ALAMO!” (1836)Santa Anna refuses to listenHe sends 4,000 troops into San AntonioLt. Col. William Travis prepares to defendStations men at the AlamoJim Bowie & Davy Crockett12-day siege of the Alamo“I shall never surrender or retreat” – William TravisAll 187 defenders of the Alamo are killed

THE LONE STAR REPUBLICMexico suffers heavy lossesSam Houston leads rebelsBattle of San Jacinto RiverRebels kill 630 men“Remember the Alamo!”Santa Anna is capturedTreaty of Velasco grants Texas independenceSanta Anna releasedMexico refuses to recognize TexasSam Houston elected President of Republic of Texas

TEXAS JOINS THE UNIONTexans want annexation to USHouston invites US to annex TexasPresident J.Q. Adams not in favor1842: Texas denied againSlavery divides the issue of annexationTexas annexed (1845)War now inevitable with Mexico

Section 4

POLK URGES WARAnnex of Texas causes furyUS and Mexican Gov’t in distrustPolk wants warBelieves NM and CA would join UnionBorder issues arise

SLIDELL’S REJECTIONPolk sends John Slidell to MexicoSlidell is to negotiate CA, NM, to USAlso, suggest Rio Grande as TX borderGen. Jose Herrera refuses himPolk sends Gen. Zachary Taylor to Rio GrandeTaylor and troops blockade river

THE WAR BEGINSMexico also sends troops to Rio GrandeMexican troops attack US soldiersPolk asks Congress to declare war on Mexico

KEARNY MARCHES WESTPolk plans seize of CA ,NMHe sends Col. Stephen Kearny to Santa FeKearny marches from Kansas to Santa Fe (800 miles)“The Long Marcher”NM falls to US, no shots firedKearny heads to CA

THE BEAR FLAG REPUBLICSpanish missions in CA20 missions in early 1800sControlled by Mexico7,000 Mexicans in CA by 1830s700 Americans in CA by 1830sJohn C. Fremont leads American settlers in CA1846: Seize town of SonomaRebels declare independence Proclaim nation of Bear Flag Republic

THE WAR IN MEXICOAmericans win battle after battlePoor leadership with Mexican armyUS troops led by…Capt. Robert E. Lee and Capt. Ulysses S. GrantPolk devises a schemeSanta Anna exiled in CubaPolk would sneak Santa Anna back into MexicoSanta Anna would end the war/border disputes

THE WAR IN MEXICOSanta Anna reneged his promiseHe returned to command army/PresidencyMexican army exhausted1847: Gen. Winfield Scott takes VeracruzThey take Mexico City by Sept.Scott’s army never lost a battle

TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGOFeb. 1848, treaty ends warRio Grande: border for TXNM and CA ceded to USUS pays $15 million for CA, NV, UT, NM…Some of CO, WY and AZ1853: President Franklin Pierce Pays $15 million for more territoryGadsden Purchase est. border of lower current 48 states

TAYLOR’S ELECTION IN 1848Polk doesn’t seek reelectionZachary Taylor elected PresidentPolk dies 5 months after leaving office

THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSHSutter’s Mill, Jan. 1848James Marshall discovers goldCalifornia Sierra NevadaWord spread fastNews reaches San FranciscoMigration to CA skyrocketed400 people in 1848…44,000 in 1850!People as far as Europe/AsiaCalled Forty-NinersLate 1849, CA total population was over 100,000