Chapter 9 HPES Handout

8/19/2019 Chapter 9 HPES Handout

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Chapter 9

HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

From the Pre-Spanish to the present, the education system of the Philippines has undergone several stages ofdevelopment.

EDUCATION DURING THE PRE-SPANISH PERIOD

Educational Aims

-for survival and conformity-for enculturation

Training-Domestic chores and practical honing-Theoretical/moral and spiritual awakening

Teaching Methods- “Tell me” and “show me” or

demonstration method-Observation and imitation

-Indoctrination

Teaching Content

-broad, indefinite and unwritten

-unstructured/incidental. EDUCATION DURING THE SPANISH ERA

Educational Aim

-Indoctrination of Christianity-Promotion of the Spanish Language-Imposition of Spanish Culture

Agencies of Education

-Primary School-Secondary School-Vocational School-Tertiary Schools (Colleges/Universities)

Teaching Methods

-dicatation-memorization

-other techniques such as:- moro-moro- cenaculo, and

- other theatrical performances

The Media of Instruction

-Spanish-Latin

Type of Education

-Authoritarianism-Teacher-dominated

-Subject centered-Imposition of severe discipline

Outstanding Contributions of the Spanish

Friars to Philippine Education-Upliftment of the Philippine Education

through Royal Decree of 1863-Linguistics

3. EDUCATION DURING THE AMERICAN ERA

(1898-1942) Educational Aim

-To promote democratic ideals and way of life.


-Elementary School

-Secondary or High school-Vocational School

-College or Tertiary SchoolSubjects for Study: Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, GooManners and Right Conduct (GMRC), Civics, Hygiene

and Sanitation, Gardening, Domestic Science, AmericanHistory, and Philippine History

Other Education Institution are Burgos Institute in

Malolos and Military Academy of Malolos Medium of Instruction is English

Teaching Method

-Teaching was done through democratic way of teachin

Outstanding Contributions of the Americans to

Philippine Education

-Religious freedom-Development of the intelligence, right attitudes and habof children

-Citizenship-Democratic ideal as a philosophy-Guidance and consultancy.

Legal Mandate - Educational Act of 1901

- 1925 Monroe Survey Commission Act No. 3162 and3196

Education during the Commonwealth Period (1935-

1942)

The fundamental aims of education set forth in the 19Constitution are:

1. To develop moral character, personaldiscipline, civic conscience, and vocationalefficiency

2. To teach the duties of citizenship.

Legal Mandate

-Executive Order No. 17-Executive Order No. 134

-Executive Order No. 236-The Education Act of 1940 (C.A. 586)

4. EDUCATION DURING THE JAPANESE ERA

(1943-1945)

Education Aims

1.Making the people understand the position of thePhilippines as a member of the East Asia Co- ProsperitySphere;

2. Eradication of the old idea of reliance upon westernstates particularly the United States and Great Britain;


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3. Fostering a new Filipino culture based on theconsciousness of the people as Orientals;4. Elevating the morals of the people giving up

over-emphasis on materialism;5. Diffusion of elementary education and

promotion of vacation education;6.Striving for the diffusion of the Japaneselanguage in the Philippines and the termination of

the use of the English language in schools, and7. Inspiring the people with the spirit to love labor.


-Vocational School-Technical School

-Agricultural School

5. EDUCATION DURING THE REPUBLIC (1945-

1972)

Educational Aims

-Education aimed at the full realization of thedemocratic ideals and way of life.

Legal Mandates

-Board of Textbook was created pursuant to R.A.139, enacted on June 14, 1947. -Civil service eligibility of teachers was made

permanent pursuant to R.A. 1079 on June 15,1954. -Board of National Education (BNE) was

formulating educational policies to give directionto Philippine Education pursuant to RA 1124-Flag ceremony was made compulsory in allschools including the singing of the Nationalanthem pursuant to R.A. 1265, approved on June

11, 1955. -The life, the works, and writings of the Jose Rizal

shall be included in all levels pursuant to R.A.1425 approved on June 12, 1956. -Elementary education was nationalized and

abolished matriculation fees pursuant to R.A. 4007-The Magna Carta for Public School Teachers(R.A. 4670) was enacted on June 18, 1966 to

promote the socio-economic status of the publicschool teachers, their living and working

conditions, their employment and career prospects.-Finance and support provincial schools , a Special

Education Fund and local school board werecreated pursuant to R.A. 5447, enacted in 1968.

-In 1969, President Marcos created the PresidentialCommission to Study the Philippine Education(PCSPE) pursuant to Executive Order No. 202.

6. EDUCATION DURING THE NEW SOCIETY

1972-1986)

Educational Aims

-provision for a broad education which willenhance self-actualization;

-manpower training in middle-level skills, and-development of the high-level professions andevaluation

The fundamental aims of education in the 1973 Constitutare:

To foster love of country Teach the duties of citizenship

Develop moral character, self-discipline, andscientific, technological and vocational efficien

Agencies/ Contents Studied

-curricular changes in elementary education-focused on education

-integration of values in all learning areas-curricular changes in secondary education-YDT and CAT introduced as new courses-elective offerings as part of the curriculum

Madia of Instruction

-English and Filipino

Educational Programs Initiated

-Project IMPACT-ISOSA-CPS-PRODED-NCEE

-NEAT-NSAT

Legal Mandates

P.D. No. 1-Integrated Reorganization Plan The National College Entrance Examination

Tertiary honor students are granted civil serviceeligibility

Department Order No. 25 s. 1974

Professional Board Examination for Teacher Batas Pambansa Blg. 232 (Education Act of

1982)

7. EDUCATION DURING THE PRESENT PERIOD

(1986-2000) Educational Aim

To promote national development and values

education.

Educational System and Curricular Reforms

-Implementation of NESC. Its features are:

-fewer learning areas, emphasis on mastery

learning;

-focused on the development of 3R’s, and -emphasis on the development of intellectual skills

which are as important as work skills.

-Focus on the development of humanism andFilipinism in all learning areas.

Implementation of SEDP in response to the need to

continue pupil development.

-it aims to improve policy making andincrease the internal efficiency of the educational

system. Its features are:

- subjects generally oriented to thedevelopment of values;

- specific competencies;


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o replacement of PBET by LET(Licensure Examination for

Teachers);

o transfer of authority of

administering the LET fromCSC and DECS to the BOARD

of Professional Teachers under

PRC, ando the formulation, adoption, and

promulgation of the Code of

Ethical and Professionalstandards for Professional

Teachers by the Board for

Professional Teachers pursuant

to paragraph (e), Article II ofR.A. 7836.

R.A. 6655 on May 26, 1988 (during the termof President Corazon Aquino) provides free

public secondary education with following

pertinent provisions: tuition fee supplement for

students in private schools,

vocational and technical courses

which charge less than P1,500tuition fee;

high school textbook assistance;

expansion of Educational

Service Contracting Scheme; voucher system of the Private

Education Student Financial

assistance Program ( PESFA); scholarship grants to graduating

valedictorians and salutatorians;

tuition fee supplements tostudents in private colleges and

universities;

educational loan funds, and

college faculty development

fund. The government also looked at the welfare of

poor but deserving students by enacting the

Student Employment Law (R.A. 7323),February 3, 1992.

Congress acted on EDCOM’s recommendation

on the division of DECS into CHED (RA7722), May 18, 1994, which assumed the

functions of the Bureau of Higher Education,

TESDA (R.A. 7796), August 25, 1994.

Congress repeated the National College

Entrance Examination (P.D. 146) by virtue of R.A

7731 on June 2, 1994 Along the professionalization of teachers started by

P.D. 1001 R.A. 7836 was signed into law on

December 16, 1994, it has these important

provisions:

o creation of the Board for Profession

Teachers composed of 5

commissioners under PRC;o replacement of PBET by LET

(Licensure Examination for Teacher

o transfer of authority of administerinthe LET from CSC and DECS to the

BOARD of Professional Teachers

under PRC, and

o the formulation, adoption, and promulgation of the Code of Ethical

and Professional standards for

Professional Teachers by the Board

for Professional Teachers pursuant t paragraph (e), Article II of R.A. 783

8. EDUCATION DURING THE 21st CENTURY

Aim: To provide the school age population and you

adults with skills, knowledge and values to become cari

self-reliant, productive and patriotic citizens.

The K-12 Program otherwise known as “Enhanced Basic

Education Act of 2013,” approved on May 15, 2013 by

President Benigno S. Aquino, III which covers thefollowing:

ELEMENTARY

Kindergarten (Children ages-5-6 years old)

Subjects for study:

Kagandahang Asal (Values Education)

Kalusugang Pisikal at Pagpapaunlad sa KakayahanMotor (Physical Health, and Motor Development)

Pagpapaunlad sa kakayahan Sosyo-Emosyunal(Socio-Emotional Development)

Pagpapaunlad ng Kakayahang Makipamuhay (SociDevelopment)

Language, Literacy and Communication

Mathematics

Understanding of the Physical and Natural

Environment

GRADES 1-6 (Children ages 6-12 years old)

Subjects for study


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Mother Tongue (up to Grade 3 only)

Filipino

English

Mathematics

Science

Araling Panlipunan Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (EsP)

Music

Arts

Physical Education

Health

Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP)

Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOLL (GRADES 7-10) Children ages 12-16 years old

Subjects for study

Filipino

English

Mathematics

Science

Araling Panlipunan

Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (EsP) Music

Arts

Physical Education

Health

Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP)

Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)

SENIOR HIGH (Grades 11-12) Children ages 16-18 years old)

Senior High School is two years of specialized upper secondary education; students may choose a specialization

based on aptitude, interests, and school capacity. The choice of career track will define the content of the

subjects a student will take in Grades 11 and 12. Each student in Senior High School can choose among three

tracks: Academic; Technical-Vocational-Livelihood; and Sports and Arts. The Academic track includes threestrands: Business, Accountancy, Management (BAM); Humanities, Education, Social Sciences (HESS); and

Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM).

Core curriculum subjectsThere are seven Learning Areas under the Core Curriculum: Languages, Literature, Communication,

Mathematics, Philosophy, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences.

Oral comunication

Reading and writing

Komunikasyon at pananaliksik sa wika at kulturang Filipino

21st century literature from the Philippines and the world

Contemporary Philippine arts from the regions

Media and information literacy General mathematics

Statistics and probability

Earth and life science

Physical science

Introduction to philosophy of the human person/Pambungad sa pilosopiya ng tao

Physical education and health

Personal development/pansariling kaunlaran

Earth science (instead of Earth and life science for those in the STEM strand)

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Disaster readiness and risk reduction (taken instead of Physical science for those in the STEM strand)

Applied track subjects

English for academic and professional purposes

Practical research 1

Practical research 2

Filipino sa piling larangan

o

Akademik

o Isports

o Sining

o Tech-voc

Empowerment technologies (for the strand)

Entrepreneurship

Inquiries, investigatories, and immersion

Specialized subjects

Accountancy, business, and and management strand

Humanities and social sciences strand

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics strand

General academic strand

After going through Kindergarten, the enhanced Elementary and Junior High curriculum, and a specialized

Senior High program, every K to 12 graduates will be ready to go into different paths – may it be furthereducation, employment, or entrepreneurship.

Every graduate will be equipped with:1. Information, media and technology skills,

2. Learning and innovation skills,

3. Effective communication skills, and4. Life and career skills.

By SY 2016-2017, Grade 11/Year 5 will be introduced, and Grade 12/Year 6 by SY 2017-2018The phased implementation of the new curriculum will be finished by SY: 2017-2018

List of Secretaries of Education

# Name Term Began Term Ended President Period

Under Pres. Emilio Aguinaldo, supervision on schools and basic education was put under

the Department of the Interior. First Republic

The Department of Public Instruction was established in January 1901 upon the

recommendation of the Taft Commission,

with Dr. Fred Atkinson as the first General Superi ntendent . In 1916, the post was renamedas the Secretary of Publi c I nstructi on .

The position was held by Americans until the proclamation of the Philippine

Commonwealth.

Insular

Government (Americanoccupation)

Secretar ies of Publ ic I nstruction

Manuel Quezon

Commonwealth 1 Sergio Osmeña November 15,1935

April 18, 1940

2 Jorge Bocobo April 19, 1940 January 22, 1941

Secretary of Public I nstruction, Health, and Publi c Welfare

Commonwealth War Cabinet Commonwealth

3 Sergio OsmeñaDecember 24,1942

August 1, 1944

http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deped.gov.ph%2Fk-to-12%2Fcurriculum-guides%2FAcademic-Track&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNH7scXyUUufh8x501qhX_ADVU_L3whttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deped.gov.ph%2Fk-to-12%2Fcurriculum-guides%2FAcademic-Track&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNH7scXyUUufh8x501qhX_ADVU_L3whttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Interior_and_Local_Government_%28Philippines%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_Commissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Atkinsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931946%29#Insular_Government_.281901.E2.80.931935.29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931946%29#Insular_Government_.281901.E2.80.931935.29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931946%29#Insular_Government_.281901.E2.80.931935.29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Quezonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Quezonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Quezonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Quezonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931946%29#Insular_Government_.281901.E2.80.931935.29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931946%29#Insular_Government_.281901.E2.80.931935.29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Atkinsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_Commissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Interior_and_Local_Government_%28Philippines%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldohttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deped.gov.ph%2Fk-to-12%2Fcurriculum-guides%2FAcademic-Track&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNH7scXyUUufh8x501qhX_ADVU_L3whttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deped.gov.ph%2Fk-to-12%2Fcurriculum-guides%2FAcademic-Track&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNH7scXyUUufh8x501qhX_ADVU_L3w


7/8

Secretary of Publ ic I nstruction and In formation

Philippine Executive Commission Sergio Osmeña

4 Carlos P. Romulo October 1944 February 1945

Commissioner of Education, Health and Publi c Welf are N/A

Japanese

occupation Claro M. Recto 1942 October 1943

Min ister of Education José P. Laurel Second Republic

Camilo Osías October 1943 February 1945 Secretar ies of I nstruction

Sergio Osmeña Commonwealth

(restored)

5 Maximo KalawFebruary 27,

1945May 4, 1945

6 Jose Reyes May 5, 1945 January 3, 1946

7 Francisco Benitez January 3, 1946 May 27, 1946

8 Manuel GallegoMay 28, 1946 July 4, 1946

Manuel A. Roxas July 4, 1946 October 1947

Third Republic

Secretaries of Education

* Manuel GallegoOctober 1947 April 17, 1948

April 17, 1948September 20,

1948

ElpidioQuirino

9 Prudencio Langcauon September 1948September 13,1950

10 Pablo LorenzoSeptember 14,

1950April 3, 1951

11 Teodoro Evangelista May 18, 1951September 30,

1951

12 Cecilio PutongApril 18, 1952

December 30,

1953

December 30,

1953January 13, 1954

Ramon Magsaysay13 Pastor Endencia January 13, 1954 June 30, 1954

14 Gregorio Hernandez, Jr. July 1, 1954 March 28, 1957

15 Martin Aguilar, Jr. March 29, 1957September 2,

1957

Carlos P. Garcia

16 Manuel LimSeptember 3,1957

November 17,1957

17 Daniel Salcedo November 18,1957

1959

18 Jose E. Romero

1959December 30,

1961

December 30,1961

September 4,1962

Diosdado Macapagal 19 Jose Tuason

September 5,

1962

December 30,

1962

20 Alejandro Roces December 30, September 7,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_P._Romulohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claro_M._Rectohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claro_M._Rectohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilo_Os%C3%ADashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_A._Roxashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_A._Roxashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Philippine_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpidio_Quirinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpidio_Quirinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_P._Garciahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_P._Garciahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_E._Romerohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_E._Romerohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Roceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Roceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Roceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_E._Romerohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_P._Garciahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpidio_Quirinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Philippine_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_A._Roxashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilo_Os%C3%ADashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claro_M._Rectohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_P._Romulo


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1962 1965

21 Carlos P. RomuloDecember 30,

1965

December 16,

1967

Ferdinand Marcos

Onofre Corpuz( acting) December 17,

1967April 20, 1971

22 Juan Manuel April 21, 1971September 23,1972

Secretary of Education and Culture

* Juan ManuelSeptember 24,

1972June 1978

Ministers of Education and Cul ture

* Juan Manuel June 1978 June 1979

23 OnofreCorpuz

July 1979 February 1981

February 1981September 10,

1982

Fourth Republic

Ministers of Education, Cultu re and Sports

* OnofreCorpuz September 11,1982

January 1984

24 Jaime Laya January 1984 February 1986

Secretaries of Education, Cul ture and Sports

Corazon Aquino

Fifth Republic

25 Lourdes Quisumbing February 1986 December 1989

26 Isidro Cariño January 3, 1990 June 30, 1992

27 Armand Fabella July 1, 1992 July 6, 1994

Fidel V. Ramos 28 Ricardo Gloria July 7, 1994 December 1997

29 ErlindaPefianco February 2, 1998 June 30, 1998

30Bro. Andrew Gonzalez,

FSC, Ph.D. July 1, 1998 January 22, 2001 Joseph Estrada

31 Raul Roco January 22, 2001 August 10, 2001

Gloria Macapagal

Arroyo

Secretaries of Education

* Raul Roco August 11, 2001 August 2002

32 Edilberto de Jesus September 2002 August 2004

Florencio Abad( acting) September 24,

2004July 8, 2005

Ramon Bacani(OIC) July 8, 2005 August 30, 2005

Fe Hidalgo (OIC) August 31, 2005 October 3, 2006

33 Jesli Lapus October 4, 2006 March 15, 2010

34 Mona Valisno March 15, 2010 June 30, 2010

35 Bro. Armin Luistro, FSC June 30, 2010 Present Benigno S. Aquino III

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_P._Romulohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onofre_Corpuzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onofre_Corpuzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Philippine_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Philippine_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onofre_Corpuzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onofre_Corpuzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Philippine_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Philippine_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gonzalezhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gonzalezhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gonzalezhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Estradahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Rocohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Rocohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edilberto_de_Jesushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edilberto_de_Jesushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencio_Abadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencio_Abadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Luistrohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Luistrohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_S._Aquino_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_S._Aquino_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Luistrohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencio_Abadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edilberto_de_Jesushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Rocohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Estradahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gonzalezhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gonzalezhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Philippine_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onofre_Corpuzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Philippine_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onofre_Corpuzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_P._Romulo

Documents

Chapter 9 HPES Handout