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CHAPTER 9:Eastern Peoples & Eastern Religions
Columbian Exposition
• 1893 in Chicago
• World’s Parliament of Religiono Swami Vivekananda
o Anagarika Dharmapala
o Soyen Shaku
Asian Exclusion
• harassment & discrimination
• immigration lawso 1882 Chinese Exclusion Acto 1907 Gentlemen’s Agreemento 1924 Oriental Exclusion Act
• Japanese internment camps
Looking from Europe & the East Coast of the U.S.
• Nearer East – Eastern Orthodoxy
• Middle East – Islam & Baha’i
• Farther East – Hinduism & Buddhism
Eastern Orthodoxy in America
• Russian Orthodoxo earliest to arrive
• Greek Orthodoxo largest branch in America
• other national churchese.g.) Romanian, Serbian
Eastern Orthodox Churches
• “right religion”
• patriarchates: Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem
• autocephalous churches
• autonomous churches
Eastern Orthodox Practice
• Divine Liturgy
• Hesychasm
• Iconso point of connection to sacredo 8th- & 9th-century controversy
Eastern-Western Split within Christianity
• opposed primacy of Roman Popeo “filioque” controversy
• Pope excommunicated Bishop of Constantinople
• 4th Crusade in Constantinople
Islam in America
• Muslim slaves
• African American Muslimso Nation of Islam
• Arab & European Muslim immigrants
• Immigration Act of 1965
Religion of Islam
• Muhammad
• Allah
• Qur’an
• umma
• jihad
Pillars of Islam
1) confession of faith
2) prayer 5x a day
3) alms
4) fast during Ramadan
5) hajj
Forms of Islam
• Sunni – caliphs
• Shiite – imamso line of Alio await the Mahdi
• Sufi – sheikhso mysticism
Developments in America
• mosques as Islamic centers
• Muslim Students Association
• Islamic Society of North America
• September 11th, 2001
Baha’i
• “completes” previous religions
• Baha’u’llah
• age of universal unity & peace
• equality & reverence for living things
• forbids partisan politics
Hindu Religion
• religions of India
• Brahman & Atman
• monism
• polytheism
• puja
Yoga
• “union & the discipline to achieve it”
• 3 broad paths to the divineo bhakti o karmao jnana
• Hatha yoga
Early Export Forms of Hinduism
• Vedanta Societyo Vivekanandao raja yoga
• Self-Realization Fellowshipo Yoganandao kriya yoga
Later Export Forms of Hinduism
• Transcendental Meditationo Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
• ISKCONo “Hare Krishnas”
o A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
Post-1965 Hinduism
• temple cultureo ecumenical
• guru culture
Buddhism
• Siddhartha Gautama
• Four Noble Truths
• Eightfold (Middle) Path
1) human suffering has a cause2) the cause of suffering is desire3) there is a way to end suffering4) the way to end it is to end
desire
Major Forms of Buddhism
• Theravada – Southeast Asiao arhat
• Mahayana – China & Japano bodhisattva
• Vajrayana (Tantric) – Tibeto mystical union with divinity
Buddhists in U.S.
• early sympathizerso Transcendentalistso Theosophists
• monks & lay Buddhistso Pure Land Buddhist immigrantso Tibetan refugees
Buddhist Meditation
• popular export forms of Buddhism
• Rinzai Zeno koans
• Soto Zen
• Vipassana Insight Meditation
Trends of American Buddhism
• “Church” or “Temple” Buddhism
• “Convert” Buddhism
• “Missionary” Buddhismo Nichiren Shoshu o Soka Gakkai International, USA
Expansion, Contraction, & Combination
• postpluralism
• Healthy-Happy-Holy Organization
o 3HO
o Yogi Bhajan
o kundalini yoga, Tantric & Sikh
OVERVIEW
• Near East – Eastern Orthodoxy
• Middle East – Islam & Baha’i
• Farther East – Hinduism & Buddhism
• ethnic & export forms in U.S.