Upload
others
View
4
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
177
CHAPTER-9
CONCLUSIONS
In view of the plight of the energy crisis, in this work an attempt is
made into investigation of using alternative fuels in particular estrified
vegetable oils as substitute fuels to diesel fuel. It is learnt that any
kind of vegetable oil is inferior to diesel fuel in all aspects like
performance, emission and combustion parameters. Hence in this
work a set of five configurations of piston geometry and LHR engine
concepts have been used to enhance afore said parameters. The
esterified vegetable oils used as substitute fuel to diesel are mutton
tallow methyl ester (MTME), palm stearn methyl ester (PSME),
safflower methyl ester (SME).
The important physical and chemical properties of the above oils
are computed and individually tested with different configurations of
piston geometry. In this connection the performance, emission and
combustion characteristics are evaluated and also their suitability as
alternate fuel to diesel is examined. After conducting a detailed
experimentation a successful low heat rejection engine is developed
which can run with PSME oil. In this work the following significant
observations are made and are presented as conclusions of the
investigations pertaining to the base engine available in the
department of mechanical engineering JNTU (H) CEH.
178
• The mechanical efficiency obtained with piston-5 is
93.62%, 90.02%, 93.14% and 91.77% for Diesel, Mutton
tallow methyl ester, Palm stearn methyl ester and Safflower
methyl ester respectively. The mechanical efficiency
obtained is maximum with PSME fuel compared to other
two esterified vegetable oils. This is due to impingement of
fuel on the piston walls led to minimum.
• For LHR engine the mechanical efficiency obtained is
maximum for piston-5 and is about 94.46%. This is almost
equal to diesel. This is because of reduced heat losses in
the engine obtained with insulation provided for LHR
engine.
• It is observed that the volumetric efficiency is gradually
decreased with increase in engine output. However the
volumetric efficiency obtained is maximum for PSME fuel
with piston-4 and piston-5 are 91.1% and 90.2%
respectively. This is due to controlled generating swirl
during intake process which led in controlling volumetric
efficiency.
• The volumetric efficiency is further reduced for piston-5
with PSME in LHR engine and is about 89%. The general
trend is that the volumetric efficiency drops with increase
in power output. Because of insulation combustion
chamber, the temperature increases due to heat loss to
incoming air results a drop in volumetric efficiency.
179
• The EGT computed with piston-5 for PSME is moderate and
is about 481.5 0C in a base engine. Where as with LHR
engine the EGT obtained is about 514.8 0C. The increase in
the EGT with LHR engine is higher than the base engine
and is about 6.07%. This is due to better and complete
combustion process with in the stipulated time.
• From the investigations it is learnt that the SFC obtained is
minimum for piston-5 with PSME fuel and is about 0.277
kg/kW-hr. The SFC for diesel is about 0.269 and is lower
than PSME, which is about 3%. This is due to piston
relative velocity between the air moment and injected fuel
vapour.
• The SFC is further reduced in LHR engine compared to
base engine and is about 5.5%. This is due to reduced heat
losses in the engine obtained with insulation provided for
LHR engine.
• The exhaust emissions like CO, HC, O2, CO2 and NOX at
closer to rated load for PSME oil with piston -5 of base
engine are 0.321%, 40 ppm, 11.79%, 6.4% and 1474
respectively.
• Similarly the exhaust emission like CO, HC, O2, CO2 and
NOX at rated load for PSME oil with piston -5 of LHR engine
are 0.215%, 38 ppm, 11.48%, 6.28% and 1398 respectively
and these levels are lower than that of diesel in normal
engine.
180
• The HC emissions obtained are minimum with piston-5 of
LHR engine using PSME as fuel and is about 38 ppm.This
is due to minimum heat loss from the combustion chamber
to cooling media.
• The cylinder pressure obtained is maximum with piston-4
compare to other pistons in normal engine. For different
load operations the cylinder pressure obtained is minimum
with piston-1. The cylinder pressure after ignition increases
rapidly while the combustion pressure caused by injection
later than the TDC rises slightly.
• At closer to rated load operation for piston-5 and piston-1
with PSME oil the EGT obtained are 4810C and 477 0C
respectively. These values are more or less same compared
to normal engine piston. However the gas temperature and
gas velocities vary significantly across the combustion
chamber. This is due to heat flux distribution over the
combustion chamber.
• The indicated thermal efficiency obtained with PSME in
LHR engine is about 37%. Where as with diesel fuel in
conventional engine is about 33.73%. This is due to
enhancement of combustion rate and heat release rate
using the concepts of adiabatic process in converting the
normal engine as LHR engine.
• It is observed the CO2 emissions obtained with piston-5 for
PSME fuel of LHR engine is higher than that of PSME and
181
diesel fuel of normal engine are 6.28% and 6.4%
respectively. This has occurred due to better insulation of
combustion chamber, where it leads to better and complete
combustion of mixture in the cylinder.
182
SCOPRE FOR FUTURE WORK
• The suitability of the successful PSME oil, adding of ignition
improvements, new lubricants is to be tested for different
configurations of piston geometry.
• These investigations can be carried out in high speed
automobile multi cylinder engines.
• The volumetric effieciency drop in case of LHR engine may be
enhanced by adopting with supercharging/turbo charging of
engine.
• The endurance test like 1000 hours or more running is to be
carried out.
• Different LHR configurations can to be examined with different
configurations of piston geometry.
183
REFERENCES
1. Sanjay Patil “Thermodynamic modelling for performance
analysis of compression ignition Engine fuelled with Bio-
Diesel and its blends with Diesel” International journal
of recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), ISSN:
2277-3878, Volume 1, Issue 6, January 2013.
2. Sumit Sharma et al., “Performance studies of Bio-Diesel
fuelled Diesel Engine: a review” International Journal of
Mechanical Engineering applications research, Vol. 3,
Issue 1, January - April 2012.
3. M.C. Navindgi et al., “performance evaluation, emission
characteristics and economic analysis of four non edible
straight vegetable oils on a single cylinder CI Engine”
ARPN journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
Vol.7, No.2, February 2012. ISSN 1819-6608.
4. S. Ghosh et al., “Performance and exhaust emission
analysis of direct injection Diesel Engine using
pongamia oil” International journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 2, Issue
12, December 2012.
5. S. Jaichander et al., “Performance and exhaust emission
analysis on pongamia Bio-Diesel with different open
184
combustion chambers in a DI Diesel Engine” Journal of
Scientific & Industrial Research, Vol.71, July 2012, pp
487-491.
6. D. Vashist et al., “Comparative study of performance and
emission characteristics of a Diesel Engine fuelled by
caster and Jatropa methyl ester with the help of T test”
International Journal of Automobile Engineering, Vol.2,
No.2, April 2012.
7. Parekh P.R et al., “Emission and performance of Diesel
Engine using waste cooking oil bioDiesel blends – A
review” Journal of Engineering research of studies, Vol.
111, Issue 1, January – March 2012.
8. Prasad U.S.V et al., “Effect of oxygenated additives on
control of emissions in a DI Diesel Engine; using Bio
Diesel – Diesel blends” International conference on
Mechanical, Automobile and Robotics Engineering (IC
March 2012) penang, Malaysia, pp 256-260.
9. Norbert Hemmeriein et al., “Performance, Exhaust
Emissions and Durability of Modern Diesel Engines
Running on Rapeseed Oil”. Society of Automotive
Engineers, USA, Paper No. 910848, 2012.
10. Barsin N.J. et al., “Performance and Emission
Characteristics of a Naturally Aspirated Diesel Engine
185
with Vegetable Oils”, Society of Automotive Engineers,
Paper No. 810262, USA, 2012.
11. Bhabani Prasanna Pattanaik et al., “Performance &
emission studies a single cylinder DI Diesel Engine
fuelled with Diesel of rice brain oil methyl ester blends”,
International journal of advances in Engineering &
technology, March 2012, ISSN 2231-1963.
12. Dr. R. Suresh et al., “Experimental investigation of
Diesel Engine using blends of Jatropa methyl ester as
alternative fuel”, International journal of emerging
technology and advanced Engineering Vol.2, Issue 7,
July 2012.
13. M. Venkatraman et al., “Computer modeling of a CI
Engine for optimization of operating parameters such as
compression ratio, injection timing and injection
pressure for better performance and emission using
Diesel-Diesel Bio-Diesel blends” American journal of
applied sciences, 8(9), 2011, pp 897-902.
14. Siddalingappa et al., “Performance and emission
characteristics of single cylinder Diesel Engine running
on Karanja oil / Diesel fuel blends”, Scientific research
Engineering, 2011, pp 371-375.
186
15. Pramanik “Properties and use of Jatropa curcas oil and
Diesel fuel blends in CI Engine”, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Regional Engineering College,
Warangal,2011,l506004, India
16. Cumali Ilkilic et al., “Bio Diesel from safflower oil and its
application in a Diesel Engine”, Fuel Processing
Technology 92 (2011), pp 356-362.
17. B.K. Venkanna et al., “Performance, emission and
combustion characteristics of a direct Diesel Engine
running on calophyllum inophyllum linn oil (hone oil)”
International journal of agricultural & biological
Engineering 26 march 2011, Vol.4, No.1.
18. B. Tesfa et al., “Combustion Characteristics of CI Engine
running with Bio-Diesel Blends”, International
Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality,
13th to 15th April, 2011.
19. Guan Hua Huang et al., “Bio-Diesel production by micro
algal biotechnology”, Applied Energy, Vol. 87, Issue 1,
Jan. 2010, pp 38-46.
20. R. Partha sarathi et al., “Experimental investigations on
the effects of emulsified Diesel fuel on DI Diesel Engine”,
8th ASPACC-2010.
187
21. Otto Anderson et al., “Residual animal fat and fish for Bio-
Diesel production potentials in Norway”, Biomass and
bio-energy 34(2010),pp 1183-1188.
22. Georgios Karavalakis et al., “Influence of Oxidized Bio
Diesel Blends on Regulated and Unregulated Emissions
from a Diesel Passenger Car”, Environ Sci. Technol.
2010, 44, pp 5306-5312.
23. Wilson Parawira “Review Bio-Diesel production from
Jatropa curcas a review”, scientific research and essays
Vol.5 (14), 18 July 2010, pp 1796-1808.
24. SP Singh et al., “Bio-Diesel production through the use of
different sources and characterization of oils and their
esters as the substitute of Diesel: A review”, Renewable
and sustainable energy reviews, Vol. 14, 2010, pp 200-
216.
25. Bhupendra Singh Chauhan et al., “Performance and
emission studies on an agriculture Engine on neat
Jatropha Oil”, Journal of Mechanical Science and
Technology, 24 (2) (2010), pp 529-535.
26. K. Annamali et al., “Experimental investigation on the
performance and emission characteristics of naturally
aspirated DI Diesel Engine fuelled with methyl ester of
nerium”, 8th ASPACC, 2010.
188
27. Isahak et al., “Transesterification of palm oil using nono-
calcium oxide as a solid base catalyst”, World Applied
Sciences Journal, 9 (Special Issue of Nanotechnology),
ISSN: 1818-4952, 2010.
28. Ratnakara Rao et al., “Optimization of Injection
Parameters For Stationary Diesel Engine”, Global Journal
of Researches in Engineering, Vol. 10, Issue 2, June
2010, pp 2-10.
29. K. Kannan et al., “Experimental study of the effect of fuel
injection pressure on Diesel Engine performance and
emission”, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, Vol. 5, no. 5, May 2010, PP 42-45.
30. K. Purushottam et al., “Performance emission and
combustion charecteristics of a compression ignition
Engine operating on neat orange oil”, Renewable energy,
34 (2009), pp 242-245.
31. Shereena K.M. “BioDiesel: An Alternative fuel produced
from Vegetable oils by Transesterification” Electronic
Journal of Biology, Vol.5 (3), 2009, pp 67-74.
32. P.K. Devan and N.V. Mahalakshmi. A study of the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of
a CI engine using methyl ester of paradise oil-eucalyptus
oil blends. Applied Energy 86 (2009) pp. 675-680.
189
33. L.F. Razon et al. “Alternative crops for Bio-Diesel
feedstock CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture,
Veterinary Science”, Nutrition and Natural Resources
(2009) 4, No. 056.
34. M.H. Jayed et al., “Environmental aspects and challenges
of oilseed produced Bio-Diesel in Southeast Asia”,
Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, Vol. 13, 2009,
pp 2452- 2462.
35. Ramadhas A.S et al., “Experimental investigations on
diethyl ether as fuel additive in bioDiesel Engine”,
International Journal of Global energy Issues, Vol.29,
No.3, 2009, pp. 329-336.
36. Pugazhvadivu et al., “Investigations on a Diesel Engine
fuelled with Bio-Diesel blends and diethyl ether as an
additive”, Indian Journal of Science and Technology,
Vol.2, No.5, 2009.
37. B. Baiju et al., “A comparative evaluation of compression
ignition Engine characteristics using methyl and ethyl
esters of Karanja oil”, Renewable energy, 34 (2009),
pp1616-1621.
38. Md. Nurun Nabi et al., “Bio-Diesel from cotton seed oil
and its effect on Engine performance and exhaust
emissions”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 29 (2009), pp
2265-2270.
190
39. Cengiz oner et al., “Bio-Diesel production from inedible
animal tallow and an experimental investigation of its use
an alternative fuel in a direct injection Diesel Engine”,
Applied Energy, 86 (2009), pp 2114-2120.
40. V.S. Hariharan et al., “Study of the performance, emission
and combustion characteristics of a Diesel Engine using
Sea lemon oil-based fuels”, Vol.2, No. 4, (April, 2009),
ISSN:0974-6846.
41. Dilip Kumar Bora, “Performance of single cylinder Diesel
Engine with Karabi seed Bio-Diesel”, Journal of Scientific
& Industrial Research, Vol. 68, November 2009, pp 960-
963.
42. Sukumarpuhan et al., “Combustion, performance and
emission characteristics of a DI CI Engine using Bio-
Diesel with varied fatty acid composition”, International
Journal of renewable energy technology, Vol. 1, No. 1,
2009, pp 81-100.
43. T.T. Kywe “Production of Bio-Diesel from Jatropha oil in
pilot plant”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and
Technology, 50, 2009.
44. Ch. Satyanarayana et al., “Influence of Key Properties of
Pongamia Bio-Diesel Performance Combustion and
Emission Characteristics of a DI Diesel Engine”, Issue 2,
Vol.4, April 2009.
191
45. Syed Ameer Basha et al., “A review on Bio-Diesel
production combustion, emissions and performances”,
Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, Vol. 13, 2009,
pp1628-1634.
46. N. Janardhana et al., “Comparative Analysis Of
Performance And Emissions Of An Engine With Palm Oil
Bio-Diesel Blends With Diesel”, COBEM, 2009.
47. Kraai G.N. et al., “Novel highly integrated Bio-Diesel
production technology in a centrifugal contactor separator
device”, Journal of Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume
154, Issues 1-3, 15 November 2009, pp 384-389.
48. Eevera T. et al., “Bio-Diesel production process
optimization and characterization to assess the suitability
of the product for varied environmental conditions”,
Renewable Energy, 34, 2009, pp 762-765.
49. Kaya,C. et al., “A. Methyl ester of peanut seed oil as a
potential feedstock for Bio-Diesel production”. Renewable
Energy, 34, 2009, pp 1257-1260.
50. Ahmad M. et al., “Optimization of base catalyzed
transesterification of peanut oil Bio-Diesel”, African
Journal of Biotechnology, Volume 8 (3), 2009, pp 441-
446.
192
51. Hoang Duc Hanh et al., “Bio-Diesel production through
transesterification of triole in with various alcohols in an
ultrasonic field”, Renewable Energy, 34, 2009, pp 766.
52. Lin L. et al., “Bio-Diesel production from crude rice bran
oil and properties as fuel”, Applied Energy, 86, 2009, pp
681-688.
53. Sinem Caynak et al., “Bio-Diesel production from pomace
oil and improvement of its properties with synthetic
manganese additive”, Fuel, 88, 2009, pp 534–538.
54. Murari Mohon Roy. “Effect Of Fuel Injection Timing and
Injection Pressure On Combustion And Odorous
Emissions In DI Diesel Engines”, J. Energy Resource
Technology, September 2009, Volume 131, Issue 3,
032201 (8 Pages) Doi:10.1115/1.3185346,
55. Qi D.H. et al., “Combustion and performance evaluation
of a Diesel Engine fuelled with Bio-Diesel produced from
soybean crude oil”, Renewable Energy, 2009, pp1-8.
56. B.K.Venkanna et al., “Performance, Emission and
Combustion Characteristics of Direct Injection Diesel
Engine Running on Rice Bran Oil / Diesel Fuel Blend”,
International Journal of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, 2:3 2009, pp 131-137.
193
57. S. Sinha et al., “Bio-Diesel development from rice bran Oil:
Transesterification process optimization and fuel
characterization”, Energy Conversion and Management,
49 (2008), pp 1248-1257.
58. Peer. M. Schenk et al., “Second generation Bio-fuels high
efficiency microalgae for Bio-Diesel production”, Springer
science, Business media, LLX, 2008.
59. Yinnan Yuan et al., ”Combustion and emissions of the
Diesel Engine using bio-Diesel fuel”, Front. Mech. Eng.
China, 2008, 3(2), pp 189-192.
60. Miller Jothi N.K. et al., “LPG fueled Diesel Engine using
diethyl ether with exhaust gas recirculation”,
International Journal of thermal sciences, 47, 2008, pp
450-457.
61. Iranmanesh M. et al., “Potential of Diethyl ether as a
supplementary fuel to improve combustion and emission
characteristics of Diesel Engine ”, SAE Paper, 2008-28-
0044.
62. Iranmanesh M. et al., “Potential of Diethyl ether as a
blended Supplementary oxygenated fuel with Bio-Diesel to
improve combustion and emission characteristics of
Diesel Engine”, SAE Paper, 2008-01-1805.
194
63. Zafer Utlu et al., “The effect of Bio-Diesel fuel obtained
from waste frying oil on direct injection Diesel Engine
performance and exhaust emissions”, Renewable Energy,
33 (2008), pp 1936-1941.
64. K Pursotham et al., “The effect of orange oil-Diesel fuel
blends on direct injection Diesel Engine performance
exhaust emissions and combustion”, Thammasat
International Journal of science and technology, Vol. 13,
No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2008, pp 38-47.
65. Cengiz oner et al., “Bio-Diesel production from inedible
animal tallow and an experimental investigation of its use
an alternative fuel in a direct injection Diesel Engine”,
Applied Energy, 86 (2008), pp 2114-2120.
66. Wimonrat Trakarnpruk et al., “Palm oil Bio-Diesel
synthesized with potassium loaded calcined hydrotalcite
and effect of Bio-Diesel blend on elastomer properties”,
Renewable Energy, 33 (2008) pp 1558-1563.
67. Yu-Jie Fu et al., “Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl
Esters in BioDiesel produced from Yellow Horn Oil by LC”,
Chromatographia, 2008, 67, January (No.1/2).
68. Umer Rashid et al., “Production of Sunflower oil methyl
esters by optimized alkali-catalyzed methanolysis”,
Biomass and Bioenergy, 2008.
195
69. Wallace Magalhaes Antunes et al., “Transesterification of
Soybean oil with methanol catalyzed by basic solids”,
Catalysis Today, 133-135 (2008), pp 548-554.
70. A.S. Ramadhas et al., “Characterization and effect of
using rubber seed oil as fuel in the CI Engines”,
Renewable Energy, 30 (2005), pp 795-803.
71. K. Suresh Kumar et al., “Performance and exhaust
emission characteristics of a CI Engine fueled with
Pongamia pinnata methyl ester (PPME) and its blends
with Diesel”, Renewable Energy, (2008).
72. Sehmus Altun et al., “The comparison of Engine
performance and exhaust emission characteristics of
sesame oil-Diesel fuel mixture with Diesel fuel in a direct
injection Diesel Engine”, Renewable Energy, 33 (2008), pp
1791-1795.
73. Surendra R. et al., “Jatropha and Karanj Bio-Fuel: An
Alternate Fuel for Diesel Engine”, Vol.3, No.1, February
2008, ISSN 1819-6608.
74. M.C.G. Albuquerque et al., “Properties of Bio-Diesel oils
formulated using different biomass sources and their
blends”, Renewable Energy, 34, 2008.
196
75. M.A. Kalam et al., “Testing palm Bio-Diesel and NPAA
additives to control NO and CO while improving efficiency
in Diesel Engines”, Biomass and Bio-energy, 2008.
76. Deepak Agarwal et al., “Performance evaluation of
vegetable oil fuelled compression ignition Engine”
Renewable energy, 33 (2008), pp 1147-1156.
77. Ghai S. et al., “Emissions and performance study with
sunflower methyl ester as Diesel Engine fuel”, APRN
Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol.3, No. 5,
October 2008.
78. Sinha S. et al., “Bio-Diesel development from rice bran oil:
Transesterification process optimization and fuel
characterization”, Energy Conversion and Management,
49, 2008, pp 1248-1257.
79. G. Lakshmi Narayana Rao, S. Sampath, K. Rajagopal,
“Experimental Studies on the Combustion and Emission
Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Used
Cooking Oil Methyl Ester and its Diesel Blends”,
International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and
Technology 4;2 spring 2008.
80. Rosli Abu Bakar et al., “Fuel Injection Pressure Effect On
Performance Of Direct Injection Diesel Engines Based On
197
Experiment”, American Journal of Applied Sciences, 5 (3),
2008, pp 197- 202.
81. Ertan alptekin, Mustafa canakci ”determination of the
density and the viscosities of bodiese-diesel fuel blends”
renewable energy,33(2008), 2623-2630.
82. V. Pradeep, R.P. Sharma, “Use of Hot EGR for NO control
in a compression ignition engine fuelled with bio-diesel
from Jatropha oil”, Renewable Energy 32 (2007) 1136-
1154.
83. D.Agarwal et al., “Performance and emissions
characteristics of Jatropha oil in a direct injection
compression ignition Engine”, Applied Thermal
Engineering, 27 (2007), pp 2314-2323.
84. S. Sundarapandian et al., “Performance and Emission
Analysis of Bio Diesel Operated CI Engine”, ISSN 1934-
7197, Vol.1, Issue 2, 2007.
85. Merlut Sureyya Kocak et al., “Experimental study of
emission parameters of Bio-Diesel fuels obtained from
canola Hazel nut and waste cooking oils”, Energy & fuels,
2007, 21, pp 3622-3626.
86. R. Karthikeyan et al., “Performance and emission
characteristics of a turpentine-Diesel dual fuel Engine”,
Energy, 32 (2007), pp 1202-1209.
198
87. Rathore Vivek et al., “Synthesis of Bio-Diesel from edible
and non-edible oils in supercritical alcohols and
enzymatic synthesis in supercritical carbon dioxide”, Fuel,
2007, 86: 2650-9.
88. Tiwari ALok Kumar et al., “Bio-Diesel production from
Jatropha oil (Jatropha curcas) with high free fatty acids:
An optimized process”, Biomass and Bio-energy, 2007,
31, pp 569-75
89. Cherng-Yuan Lin et al., “Engine performance and emission
characteristics of a three-phase emulsion of Bio-Diesel
produced by peroxidation”, Fuel Processing Technology,
88, 2007, pp 35–41.
90. Deepak Agarwal et al., “Performance and emissions
characteristics of Jatropha oil (preheated and blends) in a
direct injection compression ignition Engine”, Applied
Thermal Engineering, 27 (2007), pp 2314–2323.
91. Ghazikhani .M. et al., “A Investigation of the Effect of the
Engine Specific Fuel Consumption and Exhaust
Emissions in Turbocharged Diesel Engines”, 15th Annual(
International) Conference on Mechanical Engineering-
ISME 2007, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran,
Iran, May 15-17, 2007, pp 1-6.
199
92. Yi Ren et al., “Combustion and emission characteristics of
a direct injection Diesel Engine fuelled with Diesel – Di
ethyl abdicate blends”, Energy & Fuels, 2007, 21, pp
1474-1482.
93. Jon H. Van Gerpen et al., “Bio-Diesel: An Alternative Fuel
for Compression Ignition Engines”, ASABE Distinguished
Lecture Series, No. 31, February 2007.
94. Math. M.C. et al., “Optimization of restaurant waste oil
methyl ester yield”, Journal of Scientific and Industrial
research, 66, Nov. 2007, pp 772-776.
95. Radwan. S.M. et al., “Jojoba methyl ester as a Diesel fuel
substitutes: Preparation and Characterization”. Applied
Thermal Engineering, 27, 2007, pp 314-322.
96. Joseph B. Gonslaves, “An Assessment of Bio-fuels
Industry in India”, United Nations Conference on Trade
and Development, Geneva, 18th October 2006.
97. Veljkovic V.B. et al., “Bio-Diesel production from tobacco
(Nicotiana tabacum L.) seed oil with a high content of free
fatty acids” Fuel, 85, 2006, pp 2671-2675.
98. C.L.Maher et al., “Optimization of alkali-catalyzed
transisterification of Pongamia pinnata oil for production
200
of bioDiesel”, Bioresource Technology, 97 (2006), pp
1392-1397.
99. C.D. Rakopolos et al., “Comparative performance and
emissions study of a direct injunction Diesel Engine using
blends of Diesel fuel with vegetable oil on Bio-Diesels of
various origins”, Energy conversion and management,
47(2006), pp 3272-3287.
100. Deepak Agarwal et al., Experimental investigation of
control of NOx emissions in Bio- Diesel Fuelled CI Engine
”, Renewable Energy 31, Paper No. 2356-2369, 2006
101. O.D. Hebbal et al., “Performance characteristics of a Diesel
Engine with Deccan hemp oil”, Fuel, (2006)
doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2006.03.011
102. M. Pugazhvadivu et al., “Investigations on the performance
and exhaust emissions of a Diesel Engine using preheated
waste frying oil as fuel”, Renewable Energy, 30 (2005), pp
2189-2202.
103. A.S. Ramadhas et al., “Performance and emission
evaluation of a Diesel Engine fueled with methyl esters of
rubber seed oil”, Renewable Energy, 30 (2005), pp1789-
1800.
104. Sukumar puhan et al., “Mahua oil (madhuka indica seed
oil) methyl ester as Bio-Diesel preparation and emission
201
characteristics”, Biomass and bio energy, 28 (2005), pp
87-93.
105. Leenus Jesu Martin M. et al., “Effect of Cotton Seed oil
and Diesel Blends on the performance and emission of a
compression ignition Engine”, Proceedings of 19Th
National Conference on I.C. Engines and combustion,
Annamalai University, 2005, PP 101-105.
106. A.S. Ramadhas et al., “Characterization and effect of using
rubber seed oil as fuel in the CI Engines”, Renewable
Energy, 30 (2005), pp 795-803.
107. Bouaid A. et al., “Pilot plant studies of Bio-Diesel
production using Brassica carinata as raw material”,
Catalysis Today, 106, 2005, pp 193-196.
108. F. Patri et al., “ CFD modeling of the in cylinder flow in
direct injection Diesel Engines”, Computers & fluids,
33(2004), pp 995-1021.
109. F.K. Forson et al., et al., “Performance of Jatropha oil
blends in a Diesel Engine”, Renewable Energy, 29, 7,
2004, pp 1135-1145.
110. S. Bari et al., “Effect Of Fuel Injection Timing With Waste
Cooking Oil As A Fuel In A Direct Injection Diesel Engineǁ
Proceedings Of The Institution Of Mechanical Engineers”,
202
Part D: Journal Of Automobile Engineering, Volume 218,
Number 1 / 2004.
111. Gumpon Prateepchaikul et al., “Palm oil as a fuel for
agricultural Diesel Engines: Comparative testing against
Diesel oil”, J. Sci. Technology, 2003, 25(3), pp 317-326.
112. Tomasevic A.V. et al., “Methanolysis of used frying oil
Fuel processing Technology, 81, 2003, pp 1-6.
113. Subramanian et al., “Use of Diethyl ether along with water
Diesel emulsion in a DI Diesel Engine”, SAE Paper, 2002-
01-2720.
114. C.W. Yu et al., “Comparison of combustion characteristics
of waste cooking oil As fuel in direct injection Diesel
Engine”, Journal of automobile Engineering, Vol. 216,
2002, pp 237-243.
115. C.A. Silvico et al., “Performance of a Diesel generator
fuelled with palm oil”, Journal of fuel, 81,2002, pp 2097-
2102.
116. Giannelos, P.N. et al., “Tobacco Seed Oil as an Alternative
Diesel Fuel: Physical and Chemical Properties”,
International Journal of Industrial Crops and Products,
16, 2002, pp 1-9.
203
117. Mohammad I. et al., “An Experimental evaluation of the
transesterification of waste palm oil into Bio-Diesel”, Bio-
resource Technology, 85, 2002, pp 253-256.
118. Bari. S. et al., “Effect of Preheating of Crude Palm Oil
(CPO) on Injection System, Performance and Emission of
a Diesel Engine.” International Journal of Renewable
Energy, 27, 2002, pp 339-351.
119. Machacon HTC, Seiichi Shiga, Takao Karasawa, Hisao
Nakamura, “Performance and Emission Characteristics of
a Diesel Engine Fueled with Coconut Oil-Diesel Fuel
Blend” Journal Biomass Bio energy, 2001, (20) PP:63-69.
120. H.H. Masjuki et al., “Performance, emissions and wear
characteristics of an IDI Diesel Engine using coconut
blended oil”, part D 215, I. Mech. E., 2001.
121. Recep Altin et al., “The Potential of Using Vegetable oil
Fuels as Fuel for Diesel Engines”, International Journal of
Energy Conversion Management, 42, 2001, pp 529-538.
122. M.K. Sangha et al., “Characteristics of selected plant oils
and their esters”, Agricultural Mechanization In Asia,
Africa and Latin America, 2000, Vol. 31, No.1, pp 50-
53.119
123. Sharp CA, Howell SA, Jobe J. The effect of biodiesel fuels
on transient emissions from modern diesel engines, part
204
II: unregulated emissions and chemical characterization.
SAE paper 2000, 2000-01-1968.
124. Hansen, A.C., Mendoza, M., Zhang, Q. and Reid, J.F.
(2000). “Evaluation of oxy diesel as a fuel for direct
injection compression–ignition engines”, Final Report for
Illinois Department of Commerce and Community Affairs,
Contract IDCCA 96-32434.
125. Vijaya Raju N. et al., “Estrified Jatropha oil as a fuel in
Diesel Engines”, Proceedings of the 16th National
Conference on I.C. Engines and Combustion, New Delhi,
India, 2000.
126. A.S. Cheng et al., “Emissions performance of Oxygenate-
in-Diesel Blends and Fischer-Tropsch Diesel in a
Compression Ignition Engine”, SAE, 1999-01-3606,1999.
127. Alam M. et al., “Performance of NOx Catalyst in a DI Diesel
Engine Operated with Neat Dimethyl Ether”, Society of
Automotive Engineers, Paper No. 1999-01-3599, 1999,
USA.
128. M.C.G. Albuquerque et al., “Properties of Bio-Diesel oils
formulated using different biomass sources and their
blends”, Renewable Energy, 34, 2008.
129. Rosca Radu et al., “The use of Sunflower Oil in Diesel
Engines”, SAE Paper No. 972979, 1997.
205
130. Rasmus Christensen et al., “Engine Operation on Dimethyl
Ether in a Naturally Aspirated DI Diesel Engine Society of
Automotive Engineers”, paper No.971665, 1997, USA.
131. Cigizoglu K. et al., “Use of Sunflower Oil as an Alternative
Fuel for Diesel Engines”, Energy Sources, Vol. 19, No. 6,
July (1997), PP 559-566.
132. Kajitani S. et al., “Engine Performance and Exhaust
Characteristics of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Operated
with DME”, Society of Automotive Engineers, Paper
No.972973, 1997, USA.
133. Cvengros J. et al., “Production and Treatment of Rapeseed
Oil Methyl Esters as Alternative Fuels for Diesel
Engineers”, Bio-source Technology, Vol. 55, No. 2,
Feb.1996, PP 145-152.
134. Sapaun S.M. et al., “The use of palm oil as Diesel fuel
substitute”, Journal of Power and Energy (Part A), 210,
1996, pp 47-53.
135. Robert A. Niehaus et al., “Cracked Soybean Oil as a Fuel
for a Diesel Engine”, Transactions of ASAE, USA, June
1996.
206
136. Masjuki H. et al., “Indirect Injection Diesel Engine
Operation on Palm Oil Methyl Esters and Its Emulsions”,
Proceedings of Institute of Mechanical Engineers, London,
211, 1996, pp 291-299.
137. Raubold W. “Thermodynamic Analysis of the Engine
Internal Process to Determine the Suitability of Vegetable
oils as Alternative Fuels for Diesel Engines”, ASME
Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Meeting ICE,
Vol. 24, 1995.
138. Azmi Yahya et al., “Performance And Exhaust Emissions of
a Compression Ignition Engine Operating on Ester Fuels
at Increased Injection Pressure and Advanced Timing”,
Biomass and Bio energy, Vol. 6, No. 4, 1994, pp 297-319.
139. Bhaskar T. et al., “The use of Jatropha oil and its blends
with Diesel in low heat rejection Diesel Engine”,
Proceedings of the XII National Conference on IC Engines
and Combustion, 1992, pp 73-79.
140. Srinivas R.P. et al., “Vegetable Oils and their Methyl esters
as Fuels for Diesel Engines”, Indian Journal of
Technology, 29(1991) PP 292-297.
141. J.F. Reid et al., “Quantifying Diesel injector coking with
computer vision”, ASAE 32, 5, 1989, pp 1503-1506.
207
142. Srinivasa Rao, R and Gopala Krishna, K.V., “Esterified
Vegetable Oils as Fuels in Diesel Engines”, XI National
Conference on I.C. Engines & Combustion, PP:171-179,
1989.
143. M.L. Schlick et al., “Soybean and Sunflower Oil
Performance in a Diesel Engine”, Trans. ASAE 31(5),
(1988), PP 1345-1349.
144. Butt Y.C. “Use of Non Edible Vegetable Oils as fuel for
Diesel Engine”, Proceedings of X National Conference on
I.C. Engines and Combustion, Rajkot, India, December
1987, pp 17-19.
145. Niehaus R.A. et al., “Cracked Soybean Oil as a Fuel for
Diesel Engine”, ASAE Paper No.85-1560, ASAE, St.
Joseph, MI, (1985).
146. Geottler HJM et al., “Performance of a Diesel Engine
operating on blends of Diesel fuel and crude sunflower oil
at normal and elevated fuel temperature”, Society of
Automotive Engineers,1985, Paper No. 852087.
147. Kenneth J. Suda “Vegetable Oil or Diesel Fuel A Flexible
Option”, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1984, Paper
No. 840004.
208
148. Hawkins C.S. et al., “Engine Durability Tests on an
Indirect Injection Diesel Engine”, Society of Automotive
Engineers, USA, 1983, Paper No. 831351.
149. Gerhard Vellguth “Performance of Vegetable Oils and Their
Monoesters as Fuel for Diesel Engines””, Society of
Automotive Engineers, USA, 1983, Paper No. 831358.
150. Auld D. L. et al., “Production and fuel characteristics of
vegetable oilseed crops in the Pacific Northwest Vegetable
Oil Fuels”, Proceedings of the International Conference on
Plant and Vegetable Oils Fuels, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE.
1982.
151. Bettis B.L. et al., “Fuel characteristics of vegetable oil from
oil seed crops in the Pacific Northwest”, Agronomy
Journal, 74, 1982, pp 335-339.
152. Tahir A.R. et al., “Sunflower oil as a fuel for compression
ignition Engines”, Proceedings of the International
Conference on Plant and Vegetable oil fuels, St. Joseph,
MI, ASAE, 1982.
153. Pryde E. H. “Vegetable oil fuel standards. Vegetable Oil
Fuels” Proceedings of the International Conference on
Plant and Vegetable Oils Fuels. St. Joseph, MI: ASAE.
1982.
209
154. C.E. Goering et al., “Fuel Properties of Eleven Vegetable
Oils”, Trans. ASAE, 25 (4-6), 1982, PP 1472-1477.
155. Yarbrough C.M. et al., “Compression Ignition performance
using sunflower seed oil”, ASAE, 1981, Paper No. 81-
3576.
156. Vander Walt A.N et al., “Diesel Engine Tests with
Sunflower Oil as an Alternative Fuel”, Third International
Conference on Energy Use Management, West Berlin,
1981, pp 1927-1933.
157. Bacon, D.M. et al., “The use of vegetable oils in straight
and modified form as Diesel Engine fuels beyond the
energy crisis-opportunity and challenge”, Third
International conference on Energy Use Management,
Volume, III, Berlin, 1981, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp
1525-1533.
158. Bruwer J. J. et al., “The Utilization of Sunflower Seed Oil
as a Renewable Fuel for Diesel Engines”, National Energy
Symposium of American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
Missouri, 1980.