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budgeing
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CHAPTER 9
Budgeting
Budgeting
A budget is a detailed plan, expressed in quantitative terms, that specifies how resources will be acquired and used during a given period of time.
It is a quantified plan of action.
Nature of a Budget
Estimates profit potentialMonetary termsA period of one yearA management commitmentCan be changed under specified conditionsCompared with actual financial performance
15-3
Key Purposes of the Budgeting System
The five primary purposes are:1. Planning. 2. Facilitating Communication and Coordination.3. Allocating Resources.4. Managing Financial and Operational Performance.5. Evaluating Performance and Providing Incentives.
Organizations Use Many Types of Budgets
Organizationgoals
Individual goalsand values
Long-rangestrategic plan
Anticipatedconditions
Masterbudget
Actual periodresults
Individualbeliefs
Performanceevaluation
Strategicevaluation
Organization Individual
Types of Budgets
• Master budget (profit plan)– a comprehensive profit plan that covers all phases of
an organization’s operation.
• Pro-forma (projected) financial statements– similar to historical statements, except that they
project the future.
• Capital budget– Focuses on the acquisition of long-term assets
Budgeted Income Statement
Cash BudgetCash Budget
Sales of Services or GoodsSales of Services or Goods
EndingInventoryBudget
Work in Processand Finished
Goods
EndingInventoryBudget
Work in Processand Finished
Goods
ProductionBudget
ProductionBudget
DirectMaterialsBudget
DirectMaterialsBudget
Selling andAdministrative
Budget
Selling andAdministrative
Budget
DirectLabor
Budget
DirectLabor
Budget
OverheadBudget
OverheadBudget
EndingInventoryBudget
Direct Materials
EndingInventoryBudget
Direct Materials
Budgeted Balance Sheet
Budgeted Statement of Cash Flows
Illustrating the Master Budget
Schedule Title of Schedule
1 Sales Budget
2 Production Budget
3 Direct-Materials Budget
4 Direct-Labor Budget
5 Manufacturing Overhead Budget
6 Selling, General, and Administrative Expense Budget (SG&A)
7 Cash Receipts Budget
8 Cash Disbursements Budget
9 Cash Budget
10 Budgeted Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured and Sold
11 Budgeted Income Statement
12 Budgeted Balance Sheet
Sales Forecast
Sales Forecasting the process of predicting sales of services or goods.
The master budget begins with a sales forecast. Items to consider in sales forecasts:◦ Past sales levels and trends◦ General economic conditions◦ Industry trends◦ Company pricing policies◦ Action of competitors◦ New products
Sales Budget of Collegiate Apparel
Collegiate Apparel Company is preparing budgets for the year ending December 31, 20x1.
Budgeted sales are:First quarter – 15,000 unitsSecond quarter – 5,000 unitsThird quarter – 10,000 unitsFourth quarter – 20,000 units
The selling price is $12 per unit.
Collegiate Apparel Company is preparing budgets for the year ending December 31, 20x1.
Budgeted sales are:First quarter – 15,000 unitsSecond quarter – 5,000 unitsThird quarter – 10,000 unitsFourth quarter – 20,000 units
The selling price is $12 per unit.
Sales Budget of Collegiate Apparel
Production Budget
Sales Budget
ProductionBudget
Complete
d
Plan of resources needed to meet currentsales demand and ensure inventory levels
are sufficient for future sales.
Forecasting Production
Rearrange the basic inventory formula as follows . . .
Units inbeginninginventory
Units inbeginninginventory
Requiredproduction
in units
Requiredproduction
in units
Salesin
Units
Salesin
Units
Units in ending
inventory
Units in ending
inventory+ – =
Now, solve for required production . . .
Unitsto be
Produced
Unitsto be
Produced=
Salesin
Units
Salesin
Units+
Units in ending
inventory
Units in ending
inventory–
Expectedbeginninginventory
Expectedbeginninginventory
The Production Budget
Collegiate Apparel wants units in ending finished goods inventory to be 10% of the next quarter’s expected sales in units.
At the beginning of the year, 1,500 completed units were on hand.
During the first quarter of 20x2, 15,000 units are expected to be sold.
Let’s prepare the production budget.
Collegiate Apparel wants units in ending finished goods inventory to be 10% of the next quarter’s expected sales in units.
At the beginning of the year, 1,500 completed units were on hand.
During the first quarter of 20x2, 15,000 units are expected to be sold.
Let’s prepare the production budget.
The Production Budget
5,000 × 10% = 500 units5,000 × 10% = 500 units
Direct-Materials Budget
Direct materials needed for the budget period can be determined as follows . . .
Requiredmaterialspurchases
Requiredmaterialspurchases
=Materialsused in
production
Materialsused in
production+
Endingmaterialsinventory
Endingmaterialsinventory
–Beginningmaterialsinventory
Beginningmaterialsinventory
Direct-Materials Budget
At Collegiate Apparel 1.5 yards of fabric are required per unit of product.
Management wants fabric on hand at the end of each quarter to be 10% of next quarter’s raw materials required. On January 1st, 2,100 yards of fabric are on-hand. During the first quarter of 20x2, Collegiate expects 21,000 yards of fabric to be required.
Each yard of fabric cost the company $2.
Let’s prepare the direct materials budget.
At Collegiate Apparel 1.5 yards of fabric are required per unit of product.
Management wants fabric on hand at the end of each quarter to be 10% of next quarter’s raw materials required. On January 1st, 2,100 yards of fabric are on-hand. During the first quarter of 20x2, Collegiate expects 21,000 yards of fabric to be required.
Each yard of fabric cost the company $2.
Let’s prepare the direct materials budget.
Direct-Materials Budget
8,250 × 10% = 825 units8,250 × 10% = 825 units
Responsibility for Budget Administration
Budget Committee – Consists of key senior executives who may advise the budget director during the preparation of the
budget. The authority to give final approval to the
budget usually rests with the board of directors.
Budget Department
Publishes procedures and forms for budget preparation.
Publishes assumptions for the basis of budgets.Facilitate communications among departments.Makes analyses and budget recommendations.Administers budget revisions.Analyzes performance against budget.
15-20
Participative Budgeting
Participative Budgeting – the use of input from lower- and middle-management employees.
◦ The process is time consuming but enhances employee motivation and acceptance of goals.
◦ Budget negotiation is the heart of budgeting process.
Advantages of Participative Budgeting1. Individuals at all levels of the organization are
viewed as members of the team whose judgments are valued by top management.
2. Budget estimates prepared by front-line managers are often more accurate than estimates prepared by top managers.
3. Motivation is generally higher when individuals participate in setting their own goals than when the goals are imposed from above.
4. A manager who is not able to meet a budget imposed from above can claim that it was unrealistic. Self-imposed budgets eliminate this excuse.
1. Individuals at all levels of the organization are viewed as members of the team whose judgments are valued by top management.
2. Budget estimates prepared by front-line managers are often more accurate than estimates prepared by top managers.
3. Motivation is generally higher when individuals participate in setting their own goals than when the goals are imposed from above.
4. A manager who is not able to meet a budget imposed from above can claim that it was unrealistic. Self-imposed budgets eliminate this excuse.
Budgets and Feedback
Budgets offer feedback in the form of variances: actual results deviate from budgeted targets
Variances provide managers with Early warning of problems A basis for performance evaluation A basis for strategy evaluation
Budgeting and Human Behavior
The budgeting process may be abused both by superiors and subordinates, leading to negative outcomes
Superiors may dominate the budget process or hold subordinates accountable for events they have no control over
Subordinates may build “budgetary slack” into their budgets
Ethical Problems in Budgeting
Much of the information for the budget is provided by persons whose performance is then compared with the
budget they help develop.
I think saleswill increase by10% next year.
Let’s prepare thesales forecast with a4% increase, so we
will really look good!
Critics of Budgeting
Budgeting process is inefficient Senior managers spend 10% to 20% of their time on
budgeting. Yet, most suggest that budgeting is not a valuable use of their time.
It becomes obsolete rapidly. It does not motivate the right behavior.It is out of sync with the strategic planning.
15-26
Budgetary Slack: Padding the Budget
Padding the budget means intentionally underestimating revenues or overestimating costs.
The difference between the revenue or cost projection that a person provides and a realistic estimate of the revenue or cost is called budgetary slack.
A solution: reward managers for making accurate estimates.
Padding the budget means intentionally underestimating revenues or overestimating costs.
The difference between the revenue or cost projection that a person provides and a realistic estimate of the revenue or cost is called budgetary slack.
A solution: reward managers for making accurate estimates.