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Chapter 7:The Path to Commitment:Attraction, Dating, Partnering, and Cohabitation
Interpersonal Attraction• The Evolutionary Theory• Sexual selection–Members of one sex compete among
themselves for opportunities to mate• One person chooses to mate with a
specific person• Some are more preferable than others
Interpersonal Attraction• The Right Stuff: What Men Want• Men are concerned with quantity according
to evolutionists• Men select women who possess fertility cues–Physical attractiveness–Certain physiological features important
• Reproductive Promise: Youth– Youth equals attractiveness and
beauty–Nip and tuck• Surgical and non-surgical
procedures on women and men increased dramatically
Interpersonal Attraction
Interpersonal Attraction• Reproductive Promise: The Language of
Curves–Puberty signals changes in body shape for
males and females–Waist-to-hip ratio contributes to
attractiveness–Means woman is capable of reproducing
Interpersonal Attraction• The Right Stuff: What Women Want• Sexual selection – women more selective
than men• Concerned with the quality of children• Look for positive genetic traits and
characteristics
Interpersonal Attraction• Provider/Protector Cues• Women want man who:–Can provide and protect– Is willing to provide and protect–Attraction based on protector/provider
cues
Interpersonal Attraction• Women seek men who are culturally
successful• Display dominant behaviors• Ambition- determination and motivation• Industry- hard work, diligence, productivity• Good financial prospects- ability for
economic gain
Social Exchange Theory• Key Concepts –All behavior is a series of varying exchanges–All individuals seek to maximize their
rewards and minimize their costs–When rewards are received, the benefactor
feels obligated to reciprocate–Rewards minus costs equal the outcome of
the interpersonal exchange
Figure 7.1: The Filter Theory of Mate Selection
Filter Theory of Mate Selection• Individuals use a filtering mechanism to sort out a
potential mate from the pool of candidates• Filters– Propinquity: geographic closeness– Homogamy: someone who is similar to you• Exogamy – outside a particular group• Endogamy – inside a certain group• Heterogamy – partners of different races
Filter Theory of Mate Selection• Physical attractiveness filter – individuals are
attracted to those who are at least as attractive as they are
• Balance sheet filter – refers to reciprocity– look for someone who can offer us
something others cannot
Dating• Purposes of dating– Socialization: dating provides time for
interaction–Recreation: provides time to enjoy each
other’s company and have fun–Mate selection: provides opportunity to
compare and contrast personality traits of different people
Table 7.1: Scripted Events for a Typical Date
Table 7.2: Scripts for Hypothetical and Actual First Dates for Gay Men and Lesbians
Dating in the 21st Century• Speed dating - Allows people to meet each
other face to face and if they are interested, then they can arrange for a more extended date
• Internet Dating – internet chat rooms are replacing bars as a meeting place for available singles
Figure 7.3: Sexual Acts in College Hookups
Dating in the 21st Century
• “Hookin’ up” – physical interactions without absence or commitment or affection, gaining popularity on college campuses
• “Friends with benefits” or “booty call” – people who have regular sex but do not relate as a couple
Figure 7.2: Dating–Related Activities Online
Figure 7.3: Sexual Acts in College Hookups
Knapp’s Relationship Escalation Model• Initiation – couples present their public
selves, observe the traits of the other person• Experimenting/exploration – information
gathering stage• Intensification – formal interactions give way
to less formal, more spontaneous conversation
Knapp’s Relationship Escalation Model• Integrating – become a couple and are
identified as a couple• Bonding/intimacy – couple reaches a shared
level of interdependence
Duck’s Relationship Filtering Model• Sociological or incidental cue – a person’s
location or position• Pre-interaction cue – at a glance information
helps to decide if they would want to date a person
• Interaction cues – make assessments about whether they want to get to know someone better
Duck’s Relationship Filtering Model• Cognitive cues – when we decide to spend
more time with someone, these cues tell us more about a person than just superficial information
Commitment• Commitment is the result of 3 factors:– Growing satisfaction with each other’s ability
to meet and gratify important needs– Decreasing reliance on friends and family to
meet needs that the couple provides for each other
– Increasing investments in the relationship such as time, material resources and emotional/personal investment
CommitmentA long term orientation• 3 types of commitment:–Personal commitment: feeling, thoughts,
beliefs about a life mate–Moral commitment: a person’s value and
belief system– Structural commitment: commitments
bound by institutions such as marriage
Table 7.3: Distress/Protest Reactions to Breaking Up
Cohabitation• The living arrangements of unmarried,
intimate partners• Rates of cohabitation vary by– Regions– Religion– Age– Race– Social class– Educational attainment
Figure 7.4: Percentages of Persons of the Opposite Sex sharing Living Quarters across regions of the United States
Figure 7.5: Living Together without Getting Married
Figure 7.6: Rates of Cohabitation by Race
Figure 7.7: Percentage of Parents Who were Married or Cohabitating at the Birth of Their First Child, by Race/Ethnicity and Sex
Does Cohabitation Work?• Relationship dissatisfaction and marital
failure – cohabitation before marriage correlated with high relationship dissatisfaction and higher risk of divorce
• Relationship Violence – cohabitation before marriage has an increased risk of violence against women and children