Chapter 7Politics and Society in the New

Republic, 1787-1820

The Political Crisis of the 1790s• Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton

The Federalist Implement the Constitution

• Swept the election of 1788

• George Washington president

• John Adams vice president

Devising the New Government

• Executive department:

• Foreign Affairs (state)-

• Finance (treasury)-

• War-

• Judiciary Act of 1789-

The Bill of Rights

• Safeguarded fundamental personal rights like:

• This eased Antifederalists concerns of oppressive government

• Balance of national and state government

Hamilton’s Financial Program• Enhance national authority and assist financiers and merchants

• Three path-breaking reports to Congress:

Public Credit: Redemption and Assumption

• Hamilton asked Congress to redeem at face value the $55 million in Confederation securities held by foreign and domestic investors. Why?

• Created a “national debt” from paying wealthy speculators

• Accepted war debt from states

• Why was this criticized?

• How did he win political support in VA and MD?

Creating a National Bank

• Jointly owned

• Responsibilities:

• Thomas Jefferson and James Madison opposition

• Why?

Raising Revenue through Tariffs

• Raising revenue to pay interest

• Excise tax

• Whisky tax

• Higher protective tariffs vs. revenue tariffs

• Sold western land (Jefferson)

Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision• The Federalists split into two factions

• Hamiltonians remained Federalists from the _______.

• Jeffersonians called themselves ___________ from the ______.

• The French Revolution 1789 helped Jefferson’s cause. How?

The French Revolution Divides Americans• In 1793 President G. Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality

Ideological Politics

• Most Americans welcomed the Revolution. Why?

• Why did some condemn the Revolution?

• Whisky Rebellion created fear of domestic insurgency

• Washington raised army of 12,000 to disperse Whiskey Rebels

Jay’s Treaty

• Washington sent John Jay to England to protect merchant neutrality during war

• The U.S. -accepted Britain's right to stop neutral ships and required U.S. to pay pre-Revolutionary debt

• England-

• Federalists= pro-British foreign policy

The Rise of Political Parties

• The First Party System

• Most Americans were against parties. Why?

• John Adams ( ) was elected president in 1796.

• The XYZ Affair 1798- French foreign prime minister Talleyrand solicited a loan and bribe from American diplomats to stop the seizures.

• Effect:

Constitutional Crisis and the “Revolution of 1800”

• Naturalization Act

• Alien Act

• Sedition Act

• Republican outrage-

• Republicans set forth “states rights” interpretation of the Constitution

• States had a “right to judge” the legitimacy of national laws

The Election of 1800

• Thomas Jefferson ( ) was elected president.

• Tie vote with Aaron Burr was a tie. Controversy similar to 2000 election.

• Significance-

The Westward Movement and Jeffersonian RevolutionThe Expanding Republic and Native American Resistance

Conflict over Land Rights

• Invoking the Paris treaty and regarding Britain's Indian allies as conquered peoples, the U.S. government asserted both sovereignty over and ownership of the trans-Appalachian west, Indian nations rejected both claims.

• Farmers moving to Indiana and Illinois territories sparked new conflicts with Native Americans.

Assimilation Rejected

Migration and the Changing Farm Economy

South Migrants

• Landlessness and opposition to slavery –

• Slaveholders from Carolinas-

• Increase in slavery; cotton gin

Innovation on Eastern Farms

The Jeffersonian Presidency

• Pirates in North Africa demanded tribute from merchants in the Mediterranean

• How was this issue resolved?

• Marbury vs. Madison (1803)-

• Reversing Federalist policies

• Alien and Sedition Acts

• Amended the Naturalization Act

• Shrinking government

• Abolished all internal taxes including Whiskey Tax

• Reduced size of army

• Repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801

Jefferson and the West

• Pinckney’s Treaty-

• Supported policies to make it easier for farmers to acquire land

The Louisiana Purchase

• Napoléon violated Pinckney’s Treaty

• Losing the Haitian Revolution

• Effect:

• Jefferson pragmatically accepted a loose interpretation of the Constitution

Secessionist Schemes

• Federalists threatened secession fearing western expansion

• Ex-vice president Aaron Burr conspired to seize territory in New Spain or establish LA as a separate nation

Lewis and Clark Meet the Mandan and Sioux

• 1804 Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore

• First maps with details of natural resources

The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics

Conflict in the Atlantic and the West

• France and England blocked and seized American vessels trading the other

• English were involved in “impressment” of Americans

• 8000 American navy officers impressed

• Chesapeake attacked in 1803

The Embargo of 1807-

• Effect:

• James Monroe ( ) elected in 1808

Western War Hawks

• England violates Treaty of Paris and Jay’s Treaty

The War of 1812

• Cause:

Federalist Oppose the War

• Why?

• By 1815, England grew tired of war

• Treaty of Ghent 1815

The Federalist Legacy

• After the war the Federalist split into 2 factions and eventually crumbled

Marshall’s Federalist Law

• John Marshall-

Asserting National Supremacy

• McCulloch vs. Maryland 1819-

• Gibbons vs. Ogden 1824-

Upholding Vested Property Rights

• Fletcher vs. Peck 1819-

• Dartmouth College vs. Woodward 1819-

The Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams

• The Adams-Onis Treaty 1819-

• Monroe Doctrine

• “Era of Good Feelings”